Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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Software Development of Palm Oil Seed Authentication System Based on Ultrasonic Waves
No full textFake palm oil seeds pose a substantial economic threat, which makes their authentication crucial. However, distinguishing between genuine and fake seeds remains a challenge. This study explored the potential of ultrasonic technology to measure shell thickness as a distinguishing factor based on the reported variations between the two types. Ultrasonic wave measurement software was developed using Arduino Uno to facilitate the analysis. The results highlight the complexity of accurately measuring the seed shell thickness owing to high attenuation. Micro-CT imaging confirmed the presence of pores within the seed structure, which significantly scattered and absorbed ultrasonic waves, limiting the penetration depth and accuracy. Despite these obstacles, the developed software exhibited promising capabilities, accurately determining the thickness or propagation speed with a high-resolution time-of-flight measurement of up to 62.5 nanoseconds. Additionally, the software is capable of sampling ultrasonic signals at frequencies up to 178 kHz. Although the software performs well under specific conditions, further advancements in ultrasonic technology are necessary to mitigate porosity-related limitations and enhance the effectiveness of seed authentication methods, particularly in transducer selection and measurement techniques such as Harmonic or QSC testing
Shelf-Life Estimation of Dried Sago Noodles Using the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Method
Full text linkIndonesia holds significant potential for sago (Metroxylon sp.) development, especially in the eastern regions. Sago starch offers an alternative to wheat flour in noodle production, promoting local food diversification. This study aims to estimate the shelf-life of dried sago noodles using the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method based on selected quality parameters. Dried sago noodles were produced from sago starch sourced from Merauke, South Papua, and stored at 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C. Quality attributes—moisture content, aroma, and taste—were analyzed during storage to model degradation kinetics and determine activation energy (Ea) using the Arrhenius approach. Among the tested parameters, aroma exhibited the lowest activation energy (636.04 cal/mol), indicating it as the critical parameter for predicting shelf-life. Based on the regression of ln k versus 1/T, the shelf-life at 27°C (room temperature) was estimated at 49 days. The study concludes that aroma degradation is the key factor in determining the shelf-life of dried sago noodles, and that accurate sensory evaluation using trained panelists is crucial for improving the reliability of shelf-life prediction
Analysis of Headloss in Controlled Recirculating Aquaculture System for Fish Heatcheries
Full text linkConventional fish hatchery faces many challenges, such as extensive land use, excessive water use, environmental pollution, and a controlled maintenance system, making the fish hatchery process inefficient. The development of a Controlled Water Recirculation System (SRAT) can be a solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to obtain a water balance model and determine the amount of pressure loss that occurs in the SRAT piping network to improve the performance of SRAT by maintaining the uniformity of water discharge in each water tank in the SRAT. First, the average discharge was 2,134 L/min, with a uniformity of only 79%. After the intervention of the model, the uniformity value increased to 99% with an average of 1,269 L/min. It can be concluded that the built model can maintain the uniformity of water discharge in each tub contained in the SRAT.Conventional fish hatchery has many challenges such as large land use, excessive water use, environmental pollution and a controlled maintenance system, making the fish hatchery process inefficient. The application of the development of the Controlled Water Recirculation System (SRAT) can be a solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to obtain a water balance model, and determine the amount of pressure loss that occurs in the SRAT piping network, in order to improve the performance of SRAT by maintaining the uniformity of water discharge in each water tank in the SRAT. At first, the average discharge was 2,134 L/min with a uniformity value of only 79%. After the intervention of the model, the uniformity value increased to 99% with an average of 1,869 L/min. It can be concluded that the model built can maintain the uniformity of water discharge in each tub contained in the SRA
FONi\u27s Performances in the Hydroponic Cultivation of Various Vegetables
No full textLand conversion, a phenomenon being encountered today, has led to a decline in the availability of agricultural land. On the other hand, population growth requires more food, which means more farmland is needed. Hydroponics is a method to grow crops intensively in any form of space without using soil, but only nutritious water as the growing medium. Hydroponics can produce high-quality crops and is easy to implement, making it popular in urban areas. However, it requires a continuous flow of water using electric pumps, which ultimately increases investment and operating costs. In this study, FONi (An Unpowered Automatic Fertigator) was tested to maintain water levels and flow rates as required by the plants. FONi is designed to replace the water lost by plant evapotranspiration, utilizing an automatic water valve. Here, FONi demonstrated good performance in growing three types of vegetables, namely water spinach (kangkung), choy sum (caisim), and spinach (bayam). The water productivity of each was 47.51 kg/m³, 43.80 kg/m³, and 21.25 kg/m³, respectively, and the land productivity was 1.35 kg/m², 0.97 kg/m², and 0.57 kg/m², respectively. The overall water efficiency was above 80%. By applying FONi, hydroponic cultivation activities at the research site, which had been suspended, can resume without incurring electricity costs
Impact of Postharvest Processing on the Metabolite Profile of Arabica Green Coffee Beans
Full text linkTeknik pascapanen sangat memengaruhi komposisi dan kualitas biji kopi hijau melalui perubahan metabolit primer dan sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak tiga teknik pengolahan pascapanen seperti Natural, Fully Washed, dan Honey pada senyawa fenolik, aktivitas antioksidan, kafein, protein, dan warna dalam biji kopi hijau Arabika dari Solok Selatan, Indonesia. Analisis spektrofotometri dan kolorimetri dilakukan. Data dianalisis menggunakan AnoVA dan metode multivariat PCA dan pengelompokan menggunakan heatmap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses Honey memiliki kandungan polifenol tertinggi sebesar 3918,61 ± 349,85 mg GAE/g, sedangkan biji Fully Washed memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (1,41 ± 0,21%) dan kandungan kafein (1,41 ± 0,21%). Metode Natural menghasilkan kandungan protein tertinggi (24,26 ± 0,40%). Berdasarkan perbedaan warna menunjukkan perbedaan warna yang signifikan dimana di hubungkan pada perbedaan biokimia di antara metode pascapanen green bean. Penelitian ini menekankan dampak besar pemrosesan pascapanen dalam menentukan profil metabolit dan karakteristik kualitas biji kopi hijau. Temuan ini dapat membantu dalam merumuskan langkah-langkah pemrosesan yang akan digunakan dalam pemurnian kopi dan memaksimalkan manfaatnya bagi kesehatan.Postharvest techniques greatly affect the composition and quality of green coffee beans by altering some primary and secondary metabolites. This study aimed to assess the impact of three postharvest processing techniques (natural, honey, and fully washed) on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, caffeine, protein, and color in Arabica green coffee beans from Solok Regency, Indonesia. Spectrophotometric and colorimetric analyses were performed. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test, multivariate PCA, and heatmap clustering. Results showed that honey process had the highest polyphenol content of 3918.61 ± 349.85 mg GAE/g, whereas beans that were fully washed had the highest antioxidant activity (1.41 ± 0.21%) and caffeine content (1.41 ± 0.21%). Natural processing yielded the highest protein content (24.26 ± 0.40%). There were significant differences in the hue angle that were related to some of the biochemical differences among the treatments. This research emphasizes the importance of postharvest processing in defining the metabolite profile and quality features of green coffee beans. These findings can assist in formulating the processing steps to be used in refining coffee and maximizing its health-related advantages
Improvement of cured vanilla pod qualities (Vanilla Planifolia A.) with a combination of advanced sweating and drying methods”.
Full text linkBuah vanili kering merupakan bahan pangan yang digunakan sebagai pemberi rasa dan aroma pada berbagai makanan seperti es krim, kue kering, dan sirup. Buah vanili kering dihasilkan petani melalui proses pasca panen yang panjang meliputi pemanenan, pelayuan, pemeraman dan pengeringan dengan mutu yang bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kombinasi metode pemeraman lanjut dan pengeringan untuk meningkatkan mutu buah vanili kering dan mempersingkat waktu pengeringan. Sebanyak 33 kg buah vanili dipanen, dilakukan proses pelayuan dengan cara direndam dalam air panas bersuhu 60-65°C selama 2 menit, dilanjutkan dengan proses pemeraman selama 48 jam. Setelah itu, buah vanili diberi perlakuan tiga waktu pemeraman lanjutan (4,6, dan 8 hari) dan dua metode pengeringan (pengering efek rumah kaca dan pengering tipe rak). Proses ini berlanjut hingga kadar air mencapai 30-35%. Pengukuran fisika-kimia dan uji organoleptik dilakukan untuk memantau perubahan kualitas buah vanili selama perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan pemeraman lanjutan selama 4 hari, 6 hari, dan 8 hari pada proses pengeringan berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, warna, dan kadar vanilin buah vanili kering. Buah vanila yang diberi perlakuan pemeraman lanjutan selama 8 hari dengan pengering tipe rak menghasilkan kualitas buah vanila kering terbaik dengan waktu pengeringan yang lebih singkat yaitu 8 hari, dibandingkan dengan pengeringan tradisional 20 hari dan pengering efek rumah kaca 10 hari untuk mencapai kadar air 35%.Cured vanilla pods are raw food materials that are used as flavor and aroma agents in various foods, such as ice cream, cookies, and syrup. Cured vanilla pods are produced by farmers through long post-harvest handling, including harvesting, withering, sweating, and drying, with high variation in quality. This research aims to study the combination of advanced sweating and drying methods to improve the quality of cured vanilla pods and shorten the drying time. Approximately 33 kg of harvested vanilla pods was subjected to a withering process by soaking in hot water at a temperature of 60-65°C for 2 min, followed by a sweating process for 48 h. Subsequently, the vanilla pods were treated with three duration times of advanced sweating (4,6, and 8 days) and two drying methods (greenhouse effect/GHE solar dryer and tray dryer). These processes were continued until the water content reached 30-35%. Physicochemical measurements and organoleptic tests were carried out to monitor the quality change of the vanilla pods during the treatments. The results showed that adding advanced sweating for 4, 6, and 8 days in the drying process significantly affected the water content, color, and vanillin content of cured vanilla pods. Vanilla pods treated with advanced sweating for 8 days in the tray dryer method produced the best quality cured vanilla pods with a shorter drying time of 8 days, compared with traditional drying for 20 days and the GHE solar dryer for 10 days to reach the desired water content (35%)
Prediction of Chemical Content in Robusta Coffee Beans Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Network
Full text linkMetode cepat untuk prediksi kandungan kimia pada kopi robusta sangat dibutuhkan, sebagai pengganti metode kimia yang memakan waktu dan biaya yang mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi kandungan kimia pada biji kopi robusta Pagar Alam menggunakan Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) dan kalibrasi melalui Principal Component Analysis-Artificial Neural Network (PCA-ANN). Reflektansi biji kopi diukur menggunakan Spektrometer NIR Flex N500 (1000–2500 nm), kemudian dilakukan penentuan kandungan kimianya menggunakan metode kimia. Data reflektansi diolah menggunakan spectra pre-treatment, kemudian dikalibrasi dan divalidasi dengan kandungan kimia menggunakan PCA-ANN. Model terbaik untuk kadar air diperoleh dengan pra-perlakuan No1SG1 dan 8 PC (r = 0,95; RPD = 2,95; konsistensi = 90,36%). Kadar protein dapat diprediksi menggunakan pra-perlakuan 8 PC dan No1SG1 (r = 0,92; RPD = 2,38; konsistensi = 96,78%). Prediksi lemak yang baik menggunakan pra-perlakuan No1SG1 dan 10 PC (r = 0,93; RPD = 2,19; konsistensi = 80,08%). Kadar abu dapat diprediksi menggunakan pra-perlakuan 8 PC dan SG1 (r = 0,93; RPD = 2,29; konsistensi = 83,78%). Prediksi karbohidrat terbaik diperoleh dengan pra-perlakuan No1SG1 dan 5 PC (r = 0,93; RPD = 2,73; konsistensi = 108,85%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa spektroskopi NIR dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi secara akurat kandungan kimia biji kopi robusta Pagar Alam.A rapid method to predict chemical content of robusta coffee is necessity, instead of chemical method that time consuming and expensive. This research aimed to predict chemical content of Pagar Alam robusta coffee beans using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and calibration through Principal Component Analysis-Artificial Neural Network (PCA-ANN). Reflectance of coffee bean was measured using NIR Flex N500 Spectrometer (1000–2500 nm), followed by determination of its chemical content using chemical method. The reflectance data were processed using spectra pre-treatment, then calibrated and validated with chemical content using PCA-ANN. The best model for moisture content was achieved with No1SG1 pre-treatment and 8 PC (r = 0.95; RPD = 2.95; consistency = 90.36%). Protein content can be predicted using 8 PC and No1SG1 pre-treatment (r = 0.92; RPD = 2.38; consistency = 96.78%). Good fat prediction employed No1SG1 pre-treatment and 10 PC (r = 0.93; RPD = 2.19; consistency = 80.08%). Ash content can be predicted using 8 PC and SG1 pre-treatment (r = 0.93; RPD = 2.29; consistency = 83.78%). The best carbohydrate prediction was obtained with No1SG1 pre-treatment and 5 PC (r = 0.93; RPD = 2.73; consistency = 108.85%). The results indicate that NIR spectroscopy can be used to predict accurately the chemical content of Pagar Alam robusta coffee beans
Modification of a Rice Cooker into Black Garlic Aging Chamber and Performance Analysis
Full text linkThis study aimed to modify a conventional rice cooker into a temperature-controlled aging chamber for black garlic production. The modification involved disabling the automatic switch and replacing the internal sensor with an external DS18B20 sensor, connected to an STC-1000 digital thermostat. The system was designed to maintain consistent heating at three temperature settings: 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C, and enabled real-time temperature monitoring using a thermo recorder. Results showed that the modified rice cooker with only a thermostat had a temperature fluctuation of 10.8 °C. When combined with 4 mm cardboard insulation, the fluctuation decreased significantly to 3.8 °C.
Proses modifikasi dilakukan dengan menonaktifkan fitur otomatis switching dari micro switch bawaan penanak nasi dan mengganti sensor dengan sensor eksternal. Sensor eksternal yang digunakan yaitu DS18B20 yang terhubung dengan thermostat STC-1000. Sistem ini dirancang untuk dapat mengatur dan mempertahankan suhu selama proses aging pada tiga tingkat suhu yaitu 60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C secara efisien, serta mampu memantau suhu secara real-time melalui thermo recorder. Hasil menunjukkan penanak nasi dengan penambahan thermostat menghasilkan fluktuasi suhu sebesar 10,8°C sedangkan penanak nasi dengan penambahan thermostat dan pelapisan dengan menggunakan karton menghasilkan fluktuasi suhu sebesar 3,8°C. Modifikasi penanak nasi dengan thermostat dan pelapisan karton berpontensi menjadi solusi untuk digunakan sebagai aging chamber pada proses pembuatan bawang hitam
Analisis Korelasi Antara Debit Aliran dan Sedimen Melayang (Suspended Load) DAS Ciliwung di Wilayah Jakarta
No full textDAS Ciliwung berasal dari kaki Gunung Pangrango di Jawa Barat, dengan wilayah hilirnya berada di Jakarta dan mencakup sekitar 6.295 hektare. Sungai ini mengalir melalui kawasan padat penduduk dan terpapar pencemaran domestik maupun industri. Sedimentasi berlebihan telah mengurangi kapasitas aliran, merusak infrastruktur, dan meningkatkan risiko banjir. Penelitian ini menganalisis korelasi antara debit aliran dan total padatan tersuspensi (TSS) di segmen hilir DAS. Sampel air diambil dari tiga titik pengamatan, menghasilkan 11 kali pengamatan dan 33 sampel pada Januari 2025. Debit aliran diukur menggunakan kurva debit, sedangkan TSS dianalisis di laboratorium. Nilai TSS berkisar antara 8,5 hingga 284,5 mg/L, sementara debit aliran bervariasi antara 2,55 hingga 45,47 m³/s. Analisis korelasi menghasilkan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,9721 pada titik hulu, 0,9151 pada titik tengah, dan 0,0006 pada titik hilir. Korelasi positif yang kuat ditemukan pada segmen hulu dan tengah, sedangkan segmen hilir menunjukkan tidak adanya korelasi signifikan, kemungkinan akibat pengaruh hidrologis dan pasang surut. Hasil ini memberikan kontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dinamika transportasi sedimen dan dapat menjadi dasar untuk perencanaan pengelolaan sedimen serta strategi pengerukan berkelanjutan pada sistem sungai perkotaan.The Ciliwung River Basin originates at the foot of Mount Pangrango in West Java and flows downstream to Jakarta, with a catchment area of approximately 387 km². The downstream segment in Jakarta is highly vulnerable to sedimentation, which reduces flow capacity, damages infrastructure, and increases flood risk. These conditions highlight the urgency of analyzing the relationship between water discharge and total suspended solid (TSS) load in the downstream Ciliwung River as a scientific basis for river management in Jakarta. This study analyzed the correlation between water discharge and total suspended solids (TSS) in the downstream segment of the basin. Water samples were collected from three observation points, resulting in 11 observations and 33 samples in January 2025. The relationship between water discharge and TSS load was examined using linear regression correlation analysis in order to identify the degree of association and to establish the regression model between both variables. TSS ranged from 8.5 to 284.5 mg/L, while Water discharge varied from 2.55 to 45.47 m³/s. The correlation coefficients were obtained as 0.9721 at the upstream site, 0.9151 at the middle stream site, and 0.0006 at the downstream site. A strong positive correlation was found in the upstream and midstream segments, while the downstream segment showed no significant correlation, likely due to hydrological and tidal effects. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of sediment transport dynamics and can inform sustainable sediment management and dredging strategies in urban river systems
Portable Minapadi Model and Its Performance for Urban Farming
Full text linkThe conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses has threatened the food supply of urban areas. While there are many unused open spaces in the areas that would have the potential to produce certain foods that are regularly consumed. It is then necessary to introduce cultivation techniques that match the area’s conditions and operable by the people with no, or less experience in farming. This study aims to come up with a portable Minapadi (paddy and fish) culture deemed suitable for urban farming and identify its performance to produce rice as well as fish. The model was tested for one season (99 days) with the main parameters observed being water balances, rice and fish production and revenue. Applying automatic irrigation without using electricity, the irrigation water consumption was 738 mm with an efficiency of 54%. Land and water productivity were 3.62 tons/ha and 0.96 kg/m³, respectively. The fish survival rate was 85% with total production of 3.34 kg and feed efficiency of 2.74. This model earned IDR7,054.94/m³ for rice and IDR36,989.82/m³ for fish with total revenue of IDR44,044.76/m³. These results confirmed that this minapadi model has potential application to support the development of urban agriculture