Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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The Utilization of a Mixture of Palm Oil and Shellfish Industrial Waste in Producing Paving Block: Producing Paving Block
No full textThe population growth in Indonesia will lead to increased demands in the development sector.This growth must be balanced with environmentally friendly development practices. Therefore,there is a need for alternative uses of industrial waste into other finished materials. Concretebricks (Paving blocks) are one of the building construction materials that function to cover orpave the ground. Boiler ash is one of the solid wastes of the palm oil industry which comes fromthe remains of burning shells and fibers in boiler machines. Palm oil shells are also one of thesolid wastes of the palm oil industry which comes from the separation between fiber and shellswhich occurs in the Light Tenera Dust Separator machine. (LTDS). Seashells can be considereda form of solid waste. According to the research findings, paving blocks treated with S1 and S2exhibit water absorption capacities that comply with SNI 03-0691-1996 standards, whichstipulate a maximum of 8% for C grade, suitable for pedestrian use. Paving blocks treated withS3 also meet the SNI 03-0691-1996 standards, with a maximum absorption of 10% for D grade,which is ideal for covering plants and home gardens. Lower water absorption rates indicatehigher quality paving blocks. Variance analysis reveals that water absorption capacitysignificantly impacts the quality of paving blocks. The compressive strength test showed thatpaving blocks with S2 treatment had the highest strength, averaging 2.10 MPa. The highpercentage of boiler ash, which acts as a partial binder for the sand, is the reason for this. Thelowest compressive strength, averaging 1.01 MPa, is observed in paving blocks treated with S3.This is because of the significant amount of shell ash, which contains the chemical compoundsilica, similar to sand. Additionally, according to SNI 03-0691-1996, the compressive strengthtest results for paving blocks treated with S1, S2, and S3 do not meet the minimum requirementof 8.5 MPa. Analysis of variance indicates that the compressive strength of paving blocks variessignificantly.Population growth in Indonesia will lead to an increased demand in the development sector. This growth must be balanced by environmentally friendly development practices. Therefore, there is a need for alternative uses of industrial waste for other finished materials. Concrete bricks (Paving blocks) are building construction materials that cover or pave the ground. Boiler ash is one of the solid wastes of the palm oil industry which comes from the remains of burning shells and fibers in boiler machines. Palm oil shells are also one of the solid wastes of the palm oil industry, which comes from the separation between fiber and shells, which occurs in the Light Tenera Dust Separator machine (LTDS). Seashells can be considered solid waste. According to the research findings, paving blocks treated with S1 and S2 exhibit water absorption capacities that comply with the SNI 03-0691-1996 standards, which stipulate a maximum of 8% for C grade, suitable for pedestrian use. Paving blocks treated with S3 also met the SNI 03-0691-1996 standards, with a maximum absorption of 10% for the D grade, which is ideal for covering plants and home gardens. Lower water absorption rates indicate higher quality paving blocks. Variance analysis revealed that the water absorption capacity significantly impacts the quality of the paving blocks. The compressive strength test showed that the paving blocks with S2 treatment had the highest strength, averaging 2,10 MPa. The lowest compressive strength, averaging 1,01 MPa, was observed in the paving blocks treated with S3
Rapid Analysis of ICUMSA Value of Cane Sugar Using Multi-Channel Spectra Sensor Based-Portable Device
Full text linkOne of important quality parameters of white crystal cane sugar is its color, which is measured as the ICUMSA value referring to the standard method established by the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA). It is usually measured in a laboratory using a complex and lengthy chemical analysis method. To overcome this challenge, this research attempts to explore the potential use of multi-channel spectral sensors in the UV-Vis-NIR region as an alternative method to predict the ICUMSA value. The proposed portable device uses an AS7265X sensor as the main component. The spectra data of 60 cane sugar samples were collected using the proposed device followed by measurements of ICUMSA value in the laboratory using standard methods as reference. The prediction using partial least squares regression (PLSR) model achieved R2 = 0.896, RMSEC = 0.072%, RMSEP = 0.103%, CV = 26.087%, and RPD = 3.104. The multiple linear regression (MLR) model achieved R2 = 0.910, RMSEC = 0.067%, RMSEP = 0.111%, CV = 24.328%, and RPD = 3.328. The artificial neural network (ANN) model achieved R2 = 0.999, RMSEC = 0.004%, RMSEP = 0.037%, CV = 1.433% and RPD = 9.543. This result indicates that the developed PLSR, MLR, and ANN models can predict the ICUMSA value well with ANN as the best model. It also can be concluded that the proposed portable device can be an alternative for rapid analysis of ICUMSA value.One of important quality parameters of white crystal cane sugar is its color measured as ICUMSA (International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis) color value. It is usually measured in laboratory through a complex and lengthy chemical analysis method. To overcome this challenge, this research tries to explore the potential use of multi-channel spectra sensors in UV-VIS-NIR regions as an alternative method to predict the ICUMSA value. The proposed portable device uses a AS7265X sensor as its main component. After that, measurements were made in the laboratory using standard methods as reference data. The result of the prediction with partial least squares (PLS) is R2 = 0,896, RMSEC = 0,072%, RMSEP = 0,103%, CV=26,09% and PRD = 3,10. Multiple linear regression (MLR) predictions are R2= 0,935, RMSEC=0,057%, RMSEP=0,090%, CV=20,64% and RPD = 3,92. The prediction of ICUMSA with an artificial neural network model (ANN) is R2=0,9996, RMSEC=0,004%, RMSEP=0,037%, CV=1,43% and the RPD value is 9,54. This shows that developed PLS, MLR and ANN are able to predict the ICUMA value, with ANN as the best model
Rapid Prediction of Moisture and Ash Content in Sungkai Leaves Herbal Tea (Peronema canescens Jack.) using NIR Spectroscopy
Full text linkIt is imperative to measure the chemical composition of Sungkai leaf herbal tea in order to produce high-quality goods that promote human health. The moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea are critical parameters for assessing the quality of herbal tea. This study aimed to evaluate an NIR spectroscopy method for quickly determining the moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea. Sungkai leaf herbal tea has a moisture content between 3.93% and 7.59%, and an ash content between 3.94% and 5.51%. We developed a calibration model using partial least squares (PLS) with several pretreatment methods. We split the data into calibration and prediction sets and performed an internal random cross-validation. A PLS calibration model with Rp2 = 0.86, a root means square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.30 (%), and a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 2.76, performed exceptionally well at predicting the moisture content when the standard normal variate (SNV) pre-treatment was applied to the NIR spectra. The Savitzky-Golay derivative (a 9-point smoothing window, second-order polynomial, dg2) pre-treatment method also generated the best PLS calibration model for ash content determination, with Rp2 = 0.70, RMSEP = 0.16 (%), and RPD = 1.86. NIR spectroscopy can quickly determine the moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea, as suggested by these findings
Physico-Chemical Properties of Gembili (Dioscorea esculenta L.) Flour from White-fleshed and Purplish-White-fleshed Tubers
Full text linkMutu tepung berupa sifat fisikokimia dan sensoris merupakan parameter yang sangat penting yang akan mempengaruhi desain, proses, dan hasil dalam pengolahan produk turunan tepung gembili. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sifat fisik dan kimia tepung dari umbi gembili berdaging putih (Yawal Porei) dan tepung gembili berdaging putih-keunguan (Thai) serta mengetahui preferensi konsumen terhadap tepung yang dihasilkan. Sifat fisik tepung gembili dianalisis antara lain rendemen, derajat putih, dan modulus kehalusan (FM). Sedangkan, komposisi kimia tepung yang dianalisis meliputi kadar air, karbohidrat, protein, kadar abu dan serat kasar. Sebanyak 35 orang panelis tidak terlatih digunakan pada uji organoleptik untuk menilai preferensi konsumen. Hasil yang diperoleh menujukkan bahwa kedua jenis umbi gembili menghasilkan tepung dengan sifat fisik dan kimia yang berbeda. Tepung gembili putih mempunyai beberapa keunggulan dari segi sifat fisik dan kimia yakni rendemen (15.62%Β±0.41), derajat putih (79.55Β±0.98), karbohidrat (82.86%Β±0.21) dan serat kasar (5.28% Β± 0.61) yang berpotensi sebagai beras analog, mie, bahan campuran cake, filler, maupun cookies. Sedangkan, tepung gembili putih-keunguan tinggi kadar protein (5.40%Β±0.16) dan kadar abu (6.75%Β±0.05) yang berpotensi dibuat sebagai produk roti. FM kedua jenis tepung gembili tidak jauh berbeda (1.10 Β± 0.13 dan 1.11 Β± 0.0) serta memiliki kadar air telah memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) yaitu di bawah 14,5%. Penilaian sensoris menunjukkan bahwa tepung gembili putih lebih disukai oleh panelis dibandingkan tepung gembili putih-keunguan. Tepung gembili yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai tepung komposit untuk produk pangan.Flour quality in the form of physicochemical and sensory properties is an essential parameter that will influence the design, process, and results of the processing of gembili flour derivative products. This study aims to evaluate flour\u27s physical and chemical properties from white-fleshed gembili tubers (Yawal Porei) and purplish-white-fleshed gembili tubers (Thai) and determine consumer preferences for the flour produced. The physical properties of gembili flour were analyzed, including yield, whiteness, and fineness modulus (FM). Meanwhile, the chemical composition of the flour analyzed includes moisture content, carbohydrates, protein, ash content and crude fibre. 35 untrained panellists were used in organoleptic tests to assess consumer preferences. The results show that the two gembili tubers produce flour with different physical and chemical properties. White-fleshed gembili flour has several advantages in terms of physical and chemical properties, namely yield (15.62% Β± 0.41), whiteness (79.55 Β± 0.98), carbohydrates (82.86% Β± 0.21) and crude fibre (5.28% Β± 0.61) which has the potential as a rice analogue, noodles, cake, fillers, and cookies. Meanwhile, purplish-white-fleshed gembili flour has a high protein content (5.40% Β± 0.16) and ash content (6.75% Β± 0.05), which has the potential as a bakery product. The FM of the two types of gembili flour was not much different and has a moisture content that meets the Indonesian National Standard, below 14.5%. The sensory assessment showed that the panellists preferred white-fleshed gembili flour to purplish-white-fleshed gembili flour. The sensory assessment showed that the panellists preferred white-fleshed gembili flour to purplish-white-fleshed gembili flour
Rice Husk Availability Mapping as Biomass Cofiring Material at Power Plant in Indramayu
Full text linkIndonesia berencana untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) sebesar 29% pada tahun 2030 untuk mengatasi penggunaan energi fosil yang tinggi. Salah satu strateginya adalah PT PLN mengimplementasikan teknologi pembakaran biomassa di 52 pembangkit listrik pada tahun 2025. Namun, keberlanjutan pasokan menjadi tantangan tersendiri, dengan penelitian yang belum memadai dan hanya 33,52% yang tercatat di pabrik penggilingan. Penelitian ini menghitung ketersediaan sekam padi untuk pembakaran biomassa di Kabupaten Indramayu, daerah penghasil beras terbesar di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan spasial, survei, wawancara, dan Quantum GIS (QGIS) versi 3.22.12, peta visual ketersediaan sekam padi dibuat. Data dari 95 penggilingan padi (79 kecil, 12 menengah, 4 besar) menunjukkan potensi sekam harian masing-masing sebesar 0,87, 4,83, dan 10,74 ton. Data produksi nasional memperkirakan ketersediaan sekam padi tahunan sebesar 272.106 ton. Analisis spasial dari survei dan wawancara mengindikasikan 601.669 ton/tahun, sementara distribusi menurut skala penggilingan menunjukkan 588.861 ton/tahun. Persaingan penggunaan sekam padi cukup tinggi untuk industri seperti genteng, batu bata, dan semen, dengan fraksi pemulihan sebesar 13,23%, 17,50%, dan 23,33% pada saat panen, serta 3,90%, 10%, dan 15% pada saat tidak panen. Sekam padi yang tersedia di Indramayu untuk bahan bakar biomassa adalah 77.102,17 ton/tahun. Jumlah ini berkontribusi sebesar 0,78% terhadap kebutuhan biomassa nasional dan 45,56% terhadap kebutuhan PLTU Indramayu. Kebijakan yang mendorong penggunaan dan pengelolaan sekam padi di daerah penghasil padi diperlukan untuk meningkatkan implementasi pembakaran biomassa.Indonesia plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 29% by 2030 to address its high fossil energy use. One strategy involves PT PLN (Persero) implementing biomass cofiring technology in 52 power plants by 2025. As the 4th global rice producer, rice husk become a potential source for this strategy in Indonesia. However, sustainability of supply is a challenge, with inadequate research and only 33.52% recording at the rice mills. This study aims to quantify the rice husk availability for biomass cofiring in Indramayu Regency, the Indonesia\u27s largest rice-producing area. Using a spatial approach, surveys, interviews, and Quantum GIS (QGIS) version 3.22.12, a visual map of rice husk availability was created. The result of the research is 95 data of rice mills (79 small, 12 medium, 4 large) which showed daily husk potentials of 0.87, 4.83, and 10.74 tons, respectively. National production data estimated theoretically an annual availability of 272,106 tons of rice husk. Spatial analysis from surveys and interviews indicated 601,669 tons/year, while distribution by milling scale suggested 588,861 tons/year. Competition for rice husk use was high in industries like roof tile, brick, and cement, with recovery fractions (Ξ±) of 13.23%, 17.50%, and 23.33% during harvest, and 3.90%, 10%, and 15% in the off-season. With information of operational days from each mill scale during the harvesting and the off-season, the mobilizable of rice husk was calculated as 77,102.17 tons/year. Policies promoting the use and management of rice husk in rice-producing areas are necessary to enhance biomass cofiring implementation
Application of Ice Gel For Edible Flowers Distribution Packaging of Butterfly Pea
Full text linkButterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a popular edible flower in Indonesia that is rich in antioxidants. However, they are perishable and sensitive to temperature changes during storage and transportation. The use of ice gel in distribution packaging has been identified as an effective solution to maintain its quality. This study aimed to determine the optimal positioning of ice gel in two types of distribution packaging: a Styrofoam box and an insulated box. The experiment involved cooling 36 g of flowers per distribution package over 2 h of simulation using six pieces of ice gel at two different positions (positions 1 and 2). The results showed that the ice gel placed in position 2 reduced the temperature inside the packaging more rapidly and maintained the lowest temperature for a longer period than the ice gel placed in position 1. Therefore, placing the ice gel in position 2 is the best option for application in the distribution package. Ice gel position 2 can reduce the flowerβs temperature from 20Β°C to 10.7Β°C in the Styrofoam box and from 20oC to 11Β°C in the insulated box during simulation.Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a popular edible flower in Indonesia that is rich in antioxidants. However, it is perishable and sensitive to temperature changes during storage and transportation. To maintain its quality, the use of ice gel in distribution packaging has been identified as an effective solution. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal positioning of ice gel in two types of distribution packaging, namely styrofoam box and insulated box. The experiment involved cooling 36 grams of flowers per distribution package over 2 hours of simulation using six pieces of ice gel with two different positions. The results showed that ice gel placed in position 2 was able to reduce the temperature inside the packaging more rapidly and maintain the lowest temperature for a longer period compared to ice gel placed in position 1. Therefore, placing ice gel in position 2 is the best option to be applied in the distribution package. Ice gel position 2 can reduce the flowerβs temperature from 20Β°C to 10.7Β°C in the styrofoam box and from 20 oC to 11Β°C in the insulated box during simulation
Non-destructive Prediction of Brix Value in Sugarcane Based of Portable NIR Spectroscopy
Full text linkThe quality of sugarcane in the plantation is the most important information for farmers and sugar factories for assessing the maturity of sugarcane and determining the optimal harvest schedule. The brix value is used as a quality index in the sugar industry and is an important parameter for the evaluation of cane quality and maturity. Traditional methods of determining brix involve time-consuming and labor-intensive processes, often involving destructive sampling. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a non-destructive approach using portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict the sugar content in sugarcane stalks. The main objective of this study was to develop a nondestructive prediction model for the brix value in sugarcane using portable NIR spectroscopy. Data processing involved two models: Partial Least Squares (PLS) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), along with various data pre-treatment techniques. The PLS model showed an improvement in prediction accuracy with data pre-treatment, especially with the Savitzky-Golay method (R2 = 0.755, RMSEP = 1.22%, RMSEP = 1.43%, CV = 6.13%, and RPD = 2.02). In addition, the ANN model combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed high predictive performance when sugarcane was 11 months old (R2 = 0.797, RMSEC = 0.56%, RMSEP = 0.87%, CV = 3.04%, and RPD = 2.96)
Study of the Effect of NaOH Type Alkaline Catalyst on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel
Full text linkDependence on fossil fuels causes significant environmental damage and increases costs and scarcity in the future. To overcome this problem, a transition to renewable energy is needed, one of which is biodiesel which can be obtained from used cooking oil. This study aims to convert used cooking oil that cannot be reused into biodiesel products. Biodiesel synthesis can be carried out by the transesterification process, using NaOH catalyst with concentration variations of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% of the total mass of oil. The test parameters are calorific value, density, viscosity and flash point as well as yield on used cooking oil biodiesel products. The test results show that the use of a catalyst concentration of 1% produces more optimal density, viscosity, and calorific value and flash point. Each value is 0.859 g / cmΒ³, 2.34 cSt, 10,356 cal / g, and 139Β°C. However, the use of a catalyst concentration of 0.5% shows that the biodiesel product is less than optimal. This can be shown by the highest density, viscosity and flash point values of the catalyst concentration variations used. Each value is 0.88 g/cm3, 3.16 cSt and 178Β°C, while the calorific value is also low with a value of 9,689 cal/g. However, when viewed from the yield, the catalyst concentration of 0.5% produces the highest value of all catalyst concentration variations used with a value of 88%
An Intelligent Food Recommendation System for Dine-in Customers with Non-Communicable Diseases History
Full text linkThe rising prevalence of diet-related diseases necessitates a focus on individual food selection to enhance nutrition intake and promote overall health. This study introduces a novel food recommender system utilizing artificial intelligence, specifically a genetic algorithm (GA), to intelligently match diverse nutritional needs with available food items. The research incorporates machine learning methodologies, such as collaborative and content-based filtering, to develop a recommendation model. Data from a commercial restaurant, Nutrisurvey, and the Indonesian food composition list inform the nutritional analysis of five menu items. Consumer variability, considering factors like sex, body mass index, medical conditions, and physical activity, are integrated into the GA framework for personalized food pattern matching. The presented results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model in offering tailored food recommendations for consumers with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. The multi-objective optimization technique employed in the system ensures a balance between nutritional adequacy and individual preferences. The presented GA-based approach holds promise for promoting healthier food choices tailored to individual needs, contributing to the broader goal of fostering a sustainable and personalized food system
Pesticide Residue Reduction on Curly Chili (Capsicum annum L.) Using Ozone Fine Bubble Technology.
Full text linkResidu pestisida pada cabai keriting dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bagi konsumen. Pencucian cabai keriting menggunakan air ozon fine bubble merupakan metode yang menjanjikan untuk mengurangi residu pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis dan durasi optimal ozon fine bubble dalam mendegradasi residu pestisida khususnya profenofos, serta mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap umur simpan dan mutu fisik cabai keriting. Setelah dicuci, cabai keriting disimpan pada suhu ruang dan diamati setiap dua hari sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencucian dengan ozon fine bubble 1 ppm selama 10 menit efektif menurunkan residu profenofos pada cabai keriting hingga 89,8% tanpa mengurangi kualitasnya. Umur simpan cabai keriting diamati dan mulai kehilangan nilai komersialnya setelah 6-8 hari.Pesticide residues in curly chilies may cause health problems in consumers. Washing curly chilies using ozone fine-bubble water is a promising method for reducing pesticide residues. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose and duration to degrade pesticide residues, especially for profenofos, and to determine their effect on the shelf life and physical quality of curly chilies. After washing, the curly chilies were stored at room temperature and observed every two days. The results showed that washing with 1 ppm ozone fine bubble water for 10 min was effective in reducing profenofos residue on curly chili by up to 89.8% without reducing its quality. The shelf life of curly chilies was observed, and they started losing their commercial value after 6-8 days.