Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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Rancang Bangun Mesin Pencuci Sekaligus Peniris Potongan Nanas Otomatis
No full textIndonesia termasuk negara penghasil buah dengan variasi dan jumlah yang besar. Salah satu produksi yang cukup besar adalah nanas. Industri kecil menengah yang mengolah nanas untuk menjadi produk turunan banyak bermunculan di berbagai daerah. Hanya saja proses pengolahan umumnya masih dilakukan secara manual. Salah satu yang masih perlu ditingkatkan kualitasnya adalah proses pencucian dan penirisan nanas. Oleh karena itu maka pada penelitian ini dikembangkan mesin pencuci dan peniris nanas secara otomatis. Mesin yang dikembangkan menggunakan sistem satu tabung sehingga mengurangi proses pemindahan nanas dari satu tahap ke tahap berikutnya. Pengujian terhadap mesin yang dikembangkan telah dilakukan. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa mesin ini mampu mengolah sebanyak 6,5 kg nanas dalam satu kali proses. Pengujian untuk menentukan waktu pencucian dan penirisan yang paling efektif juga telah dilakukan. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa waktu pencucian yang efektif selama 180 detik dan penirisan selama 90 detik. Selain dari sisi tingkat kebersihan dan kekeringan yang dihasilkan, pengujian ini juga melihat tingkat kerusakan tekstur nanas hasil dari proses pencucian dan penirisan. Simulasi untuk mengukur waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengoperasikan mesin telah dilaksanakan. Diperoleh data bahwa waktu rata-rata yang dibutuhkan adalah 303 detik, terhitung mulai dari memasukan nanas, pencucian, penirisan, hingga mengeluarkan nanas dari tabung. Dengan waktu dan berat efektif yang diperoleh maka dapat dihitung kapasitas mesin. Kapasitas mesin ini adalah sekitar 77 kg perjam atau sekitar 8.008 kg perbulan. Dengan kapasitas tersebut maka mesin ini dapat digunakan oleh IKM dengan kapasitas produkti yang besar.Indonesia is a country that produce a large variety and quantity of fruit. One of the prominent fruits is pineapple. Small and medium-sized industries that process pineapples into derivative products have sprung up in various regions. However, most of the processing is still conducted manually. One thing that still needs to be improved is the washing and drying process. Therefore, this research developed an automatic washing and drying machine. The developed machine uses a one-tube system so it could reduce the transfer process from one stage to the next. Testing on the developed machines has been carried out. The test results show that this machine is capable to process as much as 6.5 kg of pineapple in one batch. Another test to determine the most effective duration of washing and drying process was also carried out. The test results show that the effective washing time is 180 seconds, and the drying process is 90 seconds. Apart from the level of cleanliness and dryness of pineapple, this test also observes the damage of pineapple as a result of the washing and drying process. Simulations to measure the total time to operate the machine have been carried out. The data shows that it takes 303 seconds, starting from inserting pineapple to the tube, washing, draining, and finally removing pineapples from the tube. By using both data of average total processing time and optimum weight, the capacity of developed machine could be calculated. The capacity of this machine is around 77 kg per hour or 8.008 kg per month. With this capacity, this machine can be used by SME with a large production capacity
Studi Model Kinetika Ekstraksi Berbantu Ultrasonik pada Lada (Piper nigrum L.)
No full textUltrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) digunakan untuk mengekstraksi oleoresin dari lada yang memberikan metode yang lebih kompetitif dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan melakukan validasi model orde kedua dari model kinetika ekstraksi berbantu UAE pada lada putih yang dapat menggambarkan hubungan antara rendemen oleoresin, amplitudo UAE dan waktu ekstraksi. Biji lada digiling hingga memiliki ukuran partikel sebesar 100 mesh. Ekstraksi UAE dilakukan dengan menambahkan 200 g bubuk lada ke dalam 800 ml etanol (1:4). Proses maserasi juga dilakukan sebagai perlakuan kontrol. Amplitudo dan waktu ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi berrbantu UAE adalah 45, 60, 75, dan 90 %; dan 45, 60, 75, dan 90 menit. Nilai eksperimen konsentrasi oleoresin lada putih (Ct) dan perhitungan model sangat berkaitan dengan kapasitas ekstraksi saat saturasi (Cs) dan konstanta laju ekstraksi (k). Nilai Cs berkisar antara 29,24–34,48 g/l dan nilai k berkisar antara l/g.menit. Perolehan hasil dari kedua Ct menghasilkan nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,85 dan nilai galatnya pada perhitungan model berkisar antara 0,18–14,09 %. Model kinetik orde kedua yang dikembangkan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi hasil rendemen oleoresin lada putih berbantu UAE dengan kondisi batas amplitudo UAE 45–90 % dan waktu ekstraksi 45–90 menit.Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) is used to extract oleoresin from pepper that offer a competitive method compared to maceration. This research was aimed to study and to validate a second order of kinetics model of UAE white pepper extraction that can describe the relationship between oleoresin yield, UAE amplitude, and extraction time. Pepper is milled to particle size of 100 mesh. Then the 200 g of powder of pepper is poured to ethanol of 800 ml (1:4) to subjected to UAE extraction. A maceration process is also carried out as control. Amplitude and extraction times used in the UAE extraction are 45, 60, 75, and 90%; and 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The value of white pepper oleoresin concentration experiment (Ct) with model calculations is closely related to the extraction capacity at saturation (Cs) and the resulting extraction rate constant (k). The value of Cs between 29,24–34,48 g/l and the value of k between l/g.minute. The results from the two Ct obtained produce a correlation coefficient value of 0.85 and the error value between 0,18–14,09 %. The second-order kinetic model developed can be used to predict the yield of UAE-assisted white pepper oleoresin with UAE amplitude limit conditions of 45–90 % and extraction time of 45–90 minutes
Laju Deoksigenasi dan Reoksigenasi Sungai Bedadung (Studi Kasus di Desa Tamansari dan Desa Lojejer, Jember)
No full textSungai Bedadung merupakan salah satu sungai utama yang berada di DAS Bedadung dan terletak di Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Akibat penggunaan lahan oleh penduduk sekitar sungai, banyak saluran drainase yang membuang pencemar nonpoint source ke badan air dari kegiatan industri, domestik dan pertanian. BOD dan DO adalah dua parameter penting yang dapat menggambarkan kesehatan air sungai. BOD digunakan untuk menggambarkan konsentrasi pencemar yang ada di perairan. Konsentrasi DO dikendalikan oleh proses fisika, kimia, dan biologi pada perairan, seperti deoksigenasi dan reoksigenasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis laju deoksigenasi dan reoksigenasi di Sungai Bedadung ruas desa Tamansari dan Desa Lojejer Jember. Pengukuran lapang terdiri atas pengukuran debit, temperature dan DO Sungai Bedadung di empat titik pantau (BDG01, BDG02, BDG03, and BDG04), sedangkan pengukuran BOD5 dan long-term BOD2,4,6,8,10 dilakukan secara laboratorium. Laju deoksigenasi dan reoksigenasi ditentukan menggunakan persamaan empiris lalu dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa debit Sungai Bedadung sebesar 6.466 m3/det, dan kualitas air yaitu DO 7.008 mg/L dan BOD 0.928 mg/L. Nilai laju deoksigenasi dan reoksigenasi diperoleh masing-masing sebesar 0.975 mg/L.hari dan 1.051 mg/L.hari. Besar laju reoksigenasi lebih besar dibandingkan laju deoksigenasi menunjukkan kemampuan penambahan oksigen perairan lebih tinggi daripada pengurangan oksigen sehingga disimpulkan Sungai Bedadung masih dapat melakukan purifikasi alami.Bedadung river is one of the biggest rivers that passes through Jember Region, East Java, Indonesia. Due to land uses caused by surrounding civilization, many of drainage channels throw in nonpoint source pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural activities to river. DO and BOD are two of most important parameters reflecting ecological health of river. BOD reflects the number of organik pollutant contained water. DO concentration is controlled by a number of physical, chemical and biological processes, such as deoxygenation and reoxygenation. The aim of this research to analyze deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates of Bedadung River segment Tamansari and Lojejer villages, Jember. The primary data were obtained by measuring of stream flow and water quality parameters (temperature, DO and BOD) at 4 observed stations (BDG01, BDG02, BDG03, and BDG04). The result showed that stream flow was 6.466 m3/det, and its water quality such as DO 7.008 mg/L dan BOD 0.928 mg/L. The values of deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate were 0.975 mg/L.day and 1.051 mg/L.day, sequentially. The reoxygenation rate value was higher than deoxygenation value, concluded that Bedadung stream was able to increase its dissolve oxygen content and attempt self purification
Application of Zeolite-KMnO4 and Silica Gel to Extend Green Life of Manggo Arumanis (Mangifera indica L): Postharvest handling
No full textMangoes are harvested when ripe have an "eating quality" that consumers are them in, but quickly reach the senescence phase, making it less profitable for businesses. As a climacteric fruit, the ripening process of mango can be slowed down by using an ethylene adsorber. This study aims to determine the combination of zeolite-KMnO4 and silica gel as ethylene adsorber (EAB) to maintain the green life of ripe The material used is ethylene adsorber (EAB) which is applied to mango arumanis which is packaged with a weight package of 1000±50 g. After the shelf life is reached, the EAB is removed from the packaging and the mangoes are left at room temperature for natural ripening and continued until conditions are not acceptable to consumers. The results showed that the EAB application was able to maintain the green life of mangoes by the scenario of the shelf life both at cold and room temperature storage. Natural ripening of mango was achieved 5 days and 2 days after EAB was removed from the packaging, for cold and room temperature storage, respectively. The length of time until the panellists did not receive it was 20 days for cold storage and 12 days for the room, while the control for cold storage was 6 and 3 days at room temperatur
Analisa Head Losses dengan Penerapan Simulasi pada Diameter Pipa dan Pengaruh Nilai Net Positive Suction Head terhadap Terbentuknya Kavitasi pada Pompa
No full textThe pump works by converting mechanical energy into kinetic energy where along the fluid flow there will be a flow loss which causes a decrease in the thrust pressure on the discharge side of the pump. This is due to fluid friction against the pipe walls, and the use of elbows, valves, etc. This analysis aims to calculate the amount of pressure loss (head losses) in the cross-sectional area of the pipe, the available Nett Positive Suction Head (NPSHa), and in the end it will be compared with the required Nett Positive Suction Head (NPSHr) of the pump. This research was conducted in one of the Palm Oil Mill in Tanah Putih District, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. Data obtained from pump specification data, suction pipe specifications, pressure pipe specifications, daerator height data, upper drum height data, and pumped water temperature data. The instrument analyzed is a pump engine that distributes water from the daerator to the upper drum with the Pump Brand : Southern Cross, type: 52L-4, pump capacity: 25 m3/hour, pump rotation : 3000 rpm, head : 40 meters, temperature : 100 0C, year : 1989. The results obtained that the flow velocity in the suction and compressive pipes is 0.8567 m⁄s, the Reynold number for pipe 4 " is 295050 m (turbulent flow), relative pipe Roughness for pipe 4" is 0.0015, losses on the suction pipe is 0.1082 m, the loss in the pressure pipe is 0.0927 m, the head loss at the 900 elbow pipe connection is 0.0012 m. The head loss on the gate valve resistance is 0.0059 m
Pengaruh Amplitudo Ultrasonik dan Waktu Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen dan Mutu Oleoresin Pala
No full textNutmeg oleoresin is one of the nutmeg derivative products with high values produced from the extraction process. The conventional extraction process using maceration takes a long time so that it is less suitable for industries needs. This study aims to examine the UAE direct sonication method for increasing yield and quality of nutmeg eleoresin. Nutmeg with optimal maturity level were harvested, dried and milled into 60 mesh particle size. Nutmeg powder of 200 g was placed in beaker glass filled with etanol 800 ml (material and solvent ratio 1:4) and UAE was carried out using a sonicator with a frequency of 20 kHz and power of 700 W. Four ultrasound amplitude levels (45, 60, 75, 90%) and four levels of extraction time (30, 45, 60, 75 minutes) were taken as UAE treatments. Extraction using maceration at room temperature for 7 hours was done as control. The results showed that the greater the amplitude of the ultrasound, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. The longer the extraction time, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. Ultrasonic assisted extraction can increase nutmeg oleoresin yield by 11 to 52% and faster time (<= 1,25 hour) than maceration extraction method (7 hours)
Kombinasi Iradiasi dan Coating Kitosan untuk Pengendalian Cendawan Thielaviopsis paradoxa pada Buah Salak Selama Penyimpanan
No full textSnake fruit is one of the export potential fruit which is susceptible to fungus. The objectives of this study are to analyze the effect of irradiation and chitosan coating on snake fruit damage caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa and to determine the best treatment that can be used to control T. paradoxa fungus attack on snake fruit during storage. The treatments consist of 3 types: (1) irradiation (0.5 kGy; 1 kGy; 1.5 kGy), (2) coating followed by irradiation (0.5 kGy;1 kGy;1.5 kGy), (3) control (no treatment). The samples are stored at 12 oC (RH 70-75%). The results shows that the chitosan irradiation and coating treatment was proven to inhibit the growth of T. paradoxa fungus during storage. The best treatment is the the treatment with use 1 kGy irradiation dose which is combined with chitosan coating. The fruit damage for 20 days of storage is 41.67% with the severity of the disease is 21.67%. In application, the technology can effectively be applied considering the fungus attack on fruit is not as heavily as that in research. Irradiation dose of 1.5 kGy causes the flesh to mature
Pendugaan Umur Simpan Pasta Cabai dengan Penambahan Natrium Benzoat Menggunakan Metode Akselerasi Arrhenius
No full textPasta cabai merupakan hasil olahan cabai yang memiliki prospek yang cukup menjanjikan. Masalah pemasaran erat kaitannya dengan masa simpan produk. Diperlukan adanya metode untuk menduga umur simpan dari pasta cabai yang akan dipasarkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan umur simpan pasta cabai dengan menggunakan metode Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) dengan pendekatan Arrhenius. Penelitian menggunakan 5 perlakuan konsentrasi Natrium Benzoat, yaitu 0 g/kg bahan, 0.25 g/kg bahan, 0.5 g/kg bahan, 0.75 g/kg bahan dan 1 g/kg bahan. Penyimpanan dilakukan pada suhu 20 oC, 25 oC dan 40 oC. Pengamatan dilakukan pada hari ke 0, 4, 8, 12 dan 15. Parameter kritis yang digunakan yaitu nilai kesukaan dari panelis. Digunakan 10 orang panelis untuk menilai setiap sampel pasta cabai dengan skor 1 sampai 6 (1=tidak suka sekali, 2=tidak suka, 3=agak tidak suka, 4=agak suka, 5=suka, 6=suka sekali). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendugaan umur simpan pasta cabai pada sampel pasta cabai yang diberi penambahan Natrium Benzoat sebesar 0 g/kg bahan, 0.25 g/kg bahan, 0.5 g/kg bahan, 0.75 g/kg bahan dan 1 g/kg bahan yaitu secara berurutan sebesar 3.37 hari, 12.63 hari, 12.93 hari, 14.75 hari, dan 63.30 hari pada suhu 25 oC. Penggunaan Natrium Benzoat sebanyak 1 g/kg bahan merupakan dosis maksimal yang diizinkan sesuai Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 722/MENKES/Per/IX/1988.Chili paste is a processed chili product that has a promising prospect. Marketing problems are closely related to product shelf life. A method is needed to estimate the shelf life of the chili paste that will be marketed. The purpose of this study was to determine the shelf life of chili paste using the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method with the Arrhenius approach. The study used 5 treatments of Natrium Benzoate concentration, namely 0 g / kg of material, 0.25 g / kg of material, 0.5 g / kg of material, 0.75 g / kg of material and 1 g / kg of material. Storage was carried out at temperatures of 20 oC, 25 oC and 40 oC. Observations were made on days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 15. The critical parameter used was the panelist\u27s preference value. 10 panelists were used to rate each sample of chili paste with a score of 1 to 6 (1 = disliked very much, 2 = disliked it, 3 = slightly disliked it, 4 = liked it a little, 5 = liked it, 6 = liked it very much). The results showed that the estimated shelf life of chili paste in the chili paste sample which was added with Natrium Benzoate was 0 g / kg of material, 0.25 g / kg of material, 0.5 g / kg of material, 0.75 g / kg of material and 1 g / kg of material at 25 oC, namely 3.37, 12.63, 12.93, 14.75 and 63.30 days respectively. The use of Natrium Benzoate as much as 1 g / kg of material is the maximum dose permitted in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 722 / MENKES / Per / IX / 1988
Desain dan Uji Kinerja Alat pengering Hybrid Dengan Efek Cerobong Tipe Tumpukan untuk Pengeringan Biji Kopi Arabika
No full textArtificial drying method for arabica coffee beans requires a large consumption of electrical energy. Electricity is needed to rotate the blower which functions to circulate hot air to the dryer so that it can evaporate some of the water contained in the coffee beans. Most of the arabica coffee producing areas in Aceh province have not been reached by the electricity network so the use of artificial dryers cannot be used. To overcome this obstacle, the air flow circulation system with chimney effect can be used to drain dry air. The aim of this research is to design a chimney effect hybrid dryer which is heat source from solar and biomass energy, to test the performance of the dryer and compare it with the sun drying method. Parameters observed were temperature, moisture content and specific energy consumption of solar radiation and biomass. Dryer capacity is 5 kg of arabica coffee beans. The results showed that the chimney effect hybrid dryer can be used to dry 5 kg of coffee beans. The drying show that drying temperature on the dryer chamber ranged between 37.3-60.9°C. To reduce the moisture content of coffee beans from 52.5 to 12.8% bb, it was take 16-17 hours, while the sun drying method takes up to 46 hours (6 days). The total specific energy consumption of hybrid dryer was 57.1 MJ/kg of water vapor, while the specific energy consumption of the drying method was 59.4 MJ/kg of water vapor
Desain dan Kinerja Mesin Ekstruder Twin Screw untuk Pembuatan Pakan Ikan Terapung
No full textAbstractProduction of floating fish feed independently by fish farmer group currently constrained with types of extruders available. Single screw extruders used fail to produce floating fish feed. It caused by the extrusion process is not optimal due to either temperature or improper screw speed. An alternative solution is using extruder twin screw with temperature and screw speed can be controlled. The objective of the study is developing and assessing of twin screw extruder performance in producing floating fish feed. Principle work of extruders is conveying and mixing feed stuff to the dies under high temperature and pressure. The main component of extruder consists of a motor drive, screw, barrel, heater, dies, and cutter. Evaluation of extruder performance involve temperature, screw speed, engine power, and quality of feed produced that are floatability and unit density. The result of design and assessment are obtained prototype of twin screw extruders which have capacity 10,93 kg/h, stability temperature and screw speed, the power requirement is 5,17 kW, specific mechanical energy 136,11 kj.kg-1. Produced fish feed have floatability 96% and unit density 0,620 (mg/mm3). Abstrak Pembuatan pakan ikan terapung secara mandiri oleh kelompok pembudidaya saat ini terkendala jenis ekstruder yang tersedia. Ekstruder single screw yang digunakan belum bisa menghasilkan pakan ikan terapung. Karena proses ekstrusi yang tidak optimal baik disebabkan suhu maupun putaran screw yang tidak tepat. Sebagai alternatif ialah dengan menggunakan ekstruder twin screw dengan suhu dan putaran yang bisa dikontrol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menguji kinerja ekstruder twin screw dalam memproduksi pakan ikan terapung. Prinsip kerja dari ekstruder adalah mendorong dan mengaduk bahan pakan menuju dies dalam kondisi tekanan dan panas yang tinggi. Komponen utama ekstruder terdiri dari motor penggerak, twin screw, barrel, element pemanas, dies dan pemotong. Pengujian kinerja meliputi suhu, kecepatan screw, daya mesin serta kualitas pakan yang dihasilkan berupa daya apung dan unit density. Hasil desain dan pengujian diperoleh mesin ekstruder dengan kapasitas 10,93 kg/jam, suhu dan putaran screw stabil saat dioperasikan, kebutuhan daya sebesar 5,17 kW, specific mechanical energy 136,11 kj.kg-1. Pakan ikan yang dihasilkan memiliki daya apung 96 % dan unit density 0,620 (mg/mm3)