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Pengaruh Proses Torefaksi terhadap Kualitas Serbuk Kayu
No full textSerbuk kayu memiliki potensi sebagai sumber energi baru terbarukan, namun pemanfaatannya masih rendah dikarenakan beberapa karakteristik negatif dari serbuk kayu antara lain kandungan oksigen yang tinggi, energi panas yang rendah, dan kadar air yang tinggi. Torefaksi merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat meningkatkan karakteristik serbuk kayu. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh proses torefaksi terhadap kualitas serbuk kayu. Metode penelitian menggunakan analisis eksperimental proses torefaksi dengan reaktor tipe batch yang dipengaruhi oleh parameter suhu (260 °C, 280 °C, dan 300 °C), waktu tinggal (30 menit), dan gas torefaksi sebagai gas inert. Karakteristik serbuk kayu yang meliputi nilai kalor, solid yield, energy yield, uji proximate dan ultimate menjadi data penting untuk menentukan keberhasilan proses torefaksi. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa proses torefaksi pada suhu 300°C merupakan hasil yang optimal. Kondisi ini dapat mengurangi solid yield dan energy yield serbuk kayu masing-masing sebesar 63% dan 84%; meningkatkan nilai kalor serbuk kayu sebesar 5350 kkal/kg (diklasifikasikan ke dalam kategori batu bara subbituminus); meningkatkan fixed carbon sebesar 33.35%; menurunkan volatile matter sebesar 60.97%; menurunkan kandungan oksigen dan hidrogen masing-masing sebesar 34.37% dan 5.72%. Kualitas serbuk kayu dari proses torefaksi disimpulkan dapat menjadi bahan bakar alternatif.Sawdust has potential as a new renewable energy source; on the other hand, the utilization is still lacking due to some negative characteristics of sawdust i.e., the high oxygen content, low heat energy, and high moisture content. Torrefaction is a method that can improve the sawdust characteristics. Therefore, this research has aimed to analyze the influence of the torrefaction process on sawdust quality. The research method uses the experimental analysis with a batch-type reactor, which is influenced by temperature (260°C, 280°C, and 300°C), residence time (30 minutes), and torrefaction gas as an inert gas. The sawdust characteristics include heat energy, solid yield, energy yield, proximate and ultimate analysis became the critical data for determining the success of the torrefaction process. The research results explain that the torrefaction process at the temperature of 300°C is the optimal result. These conditions can reduce sawdust solid yield and energy yield by 63% and 84%, respectively; improve heat energy sawdust by 5350 kcal/kg (classified into sub-bituminous coal category); increase fixed carbon by 33.35%; reduce volatile matter by 60.97%; reduce oxygen and hydrogen amount by 34.37% and 5.72%, respectively. The sawdust from the torrefaction process can be an alternative biofuel
Investigation of Fluid Flow in Biodiesel Reactor with 4 Different Types of Agitator using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Full text linkBiodiesel is formed by transesterification reaction of vegetable or animal fatty acid with alcohol. Agitation of fluid in the biodiesel reactor is required for occurring of the transesterification reaction. This research aims to study the flow behaviour in reactor with different type of agitator using computational fluid dynamics simulation and determine the optimum type of agitator in biodiesel production. Flow behaviour which was studied includes temperature and fraction distribution, turbulence intensity, and vorticity of fluid. The study was conducted in transient and steady state simulation with agitation types of helical screw, turbine, propeller, and anchor. The material that was modelled consist of cooking oil and methanol with mole ratio of 1:6. The mixing process used 500 rpm agitation speed and 60-65 oC mixing temperature. Furthermore, to determine the optimum agitator, the analytical hierarchy process method was carried out. The simulation results were analysed then obtained the score of each agitator, which were 0.314 (anchor), 0.350 (helical screw), 0.249 (propeller) and 0.087 (turbine). Based on the result, the optimum agitator was the helical screw type
Implementation of Arduino Uno-Based Temperature Control for Drying Kandis Acid (Garcinia xanthochymus)
No full textKandis acid is one of the spices that is often used for cooking and health ingredient. Processing kandis acid fruit skin is by the drying process. Drying can be done using tools or in the sun. Drying using tools is still not optimal because there is no temperature control during drying, this study drying was carried out using an arduino-based oven so that the initial temperature could be determined and the temperature during drying could be controlled. This study aims to evaluate the drying temperature control in an arduino uno-based oven and also to evaluate the drying method used on the quality of the kandis acid produced. Based on the research that has been done, controlling the drying temperature using an arduino uno-based oven that has been running well, the oven automatically controls the drying temperature to return to the set point temperature used (60 0C). The best quality of kandis acid is drying using a tool, seen from observations such as mold growth, drying time and drying rate. However, in drying using the sun, the value of vitamin C has a higher value than drying using a tool. The rind of the kandis acid used was 2,7 kg in each drying, the initial moisture content in drying using a tool was 83,289% with a final moisture content of 9,672% and the initial moisture content drying using sunlight was 83,744% with a final moisture content of 10,796%. The drying time for drying using a tool is 9,3 hours with a drying rate of 0,041 kg/hour, while for drying using sunlight was 20,7 hours with a drying rate of 0,036 kg/hour
Pengaruh Perlakuan pH terhadap Produksi Biohidrogen dari POME dengan Pendekatan Statistik
Full text linkPalm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) berpotensi untuk diubah menjadi biohidrogen dengan proses fermentasi gelap. Pendekatan statistik digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana hubungan antara pH dengan produksi biohidrogen yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi pengaruh pH terhadap produksi biohidrogen dari POME dengan pendekatan statistik. Tiga substrat POME dinetralkan pH-nya dan tiga substrat lainnya tanpa penetralan pH. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode integrasi numerik untuk memperoleh total produksi H2 selama interval pengukuran. Ada Sembilan kombinasi substrat yang diuji. Tiga substrat yang diuji menyimpulkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara subtsrat yang dinetralkan pH-nya dan tidak dinetralkan, enam substrat yang diuji menyimpulkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antara substrat yang dinetralkan dan tidak dinetralkan pH-nya. Kecenderungan persamaan regresi setiap substrat yang dinetralkan dan tidak dinetralkan adalah plonomial derajat 3.Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) has the potency to be converted to biohydrogen by dark fermentation. The statistical approach was used to determine the relationship between pH and biohydrogen production. This study aims to investigate the effect of pH on biohydrogen production with a statistical approach. Three substrates were treated with neutral pH and three without pH treatment. This experiment used the trapezoidal numerical integration method to get the total production of H2 produced per measurement time interval. There are nine substrate combinations tested. Three tests concluded that there was no difference in hydrogen production due to the pH treatment, and the sixth test concluded that there was a difference in hydrogen production due to the influence of pH. The tendency of every substrate to influence biohydrogen production without pH treatment and with pH treatment is a polynomial degree 3
Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit sebagai Alternatif Energi Pembangkit Listrik di Barat Selatan Aceh (Barsela)
Full text linkThe source of electrical energy from palm oil waste has been successfully developed as a renewable energy substitute for fossil energy. The amount of potential waste energy is quite good and has the potential to reduce the amount of biodiesel in the oil palm processing process, energy availability, and available palm oil waste. The potential for energy produced is quite good in terms of quantity, reducing the use of biodiesel for palm oil processing. Palm oil solid waste has the capacity, quantity of substitute for diesel energy (petroleum) in the processing process at the palm oil mill. This study aims to determine the availability of electrical energy from oil palm waste biomass. The potential of solid waste electrical energy in the Aceh Jaya, West Aceh and Nagan Raya regions shows a surplus of energy respectively 32,479,139 GW, 559,506.094 GW and 4,470,241.985 GW. The needs of PKS in each company are 0.75%, 67% and 85.19%. This potential can absorb the need for electrical energy in the Barsela region against the potential value of solid waste electrical energy generated for the region and the allotment of Aceh as a whole to supply electrical energy through North Sumatra. This is supported by the related management of oil palm waste in an integrated and well-organized manner, especially in the palm oil mill area in the South West of Aceh (Barsela), indicating that the potential for electrical energy to be produced is highly dependent on the capacity and time of production as well as biomass wasteSumber energi listrik berasal dari limbah kelapa sawit telah berhasil dikembangkan sebagai energi terbarukan pengganti energi fosil. Besarnya potensi energi limbah cukup baik dan berpotensi mengurangi jumlah biodiesel pada proses pengolahan kelapa sawit, ketersediaan energi, dan limbah kelapa sawit tersedia. Potensi energi dihasilkan cukup baik dari segi kuantitas, mengurangi penggunaan biodiesel untuk pengolahan kelapa sawit. Limbah padat kelapa sawit memiliki kapasitas, kuantitas pengganti energi solar (minyak bumi) dalam proses pengolahan di pabrik kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui ketersediaan energi listrik biomassa limbah kelapa sawit. Potensi energi listrik limbah padat di wilayah Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat dan Nagan Raya menunjukkan surplus energi berturut turut 32,479.139 GW, 559,506.094 GW dan 4,470,241.985 GW. Untuk kebutuhan PKS di tiap perusahaan sebesar 0.75%, 67% dan 85.19%. Potensi ini dapat menyerap kebutuhan energi listrik di wilayah Barsela terhadap nilai potensi energi listrik limbah padat yang dihasilkan untuk kawasan dan peruntukkan Aceh keseluruhan mensuplai energi listrik melalui Sumbagut. Hal ini didukung adanya terkait pengelolaan limbah sawit secara terpadu dan terorganisasi secara baik terutama di kawasan pabrik sawit di Barat Selatan Aceh (Barsela), menunjukkan bahwa potensi energi listrik yang akan dihasilkan sangat bergantung pada kapasitas dan waktu produksi serta limbah biomasa
Analisis Kinerja Pengering Heat Pump Kompresi Uap untuk Pengeringan Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe)
Full text linkPengeringan temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe) dalam bentuk simplisia memerlukan penanganan yang tepat karena kadar air temu putih yang cukup tinggi berkisar antara 80–90 % sehingga memiliki sifat yang mudah rusak. Suhu, kelembapan relatif dan laju aliran udara menjadi faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pengeringan tanaman obat sehingga kondisi pengeringan yang tepat perlu diketahui. Pengering dengan sistem heat pump kompresi uap (HPKU) merupakan salah satu pengeringan mekanis sebagai metode pengeringan alternatif untuk mempersingkat waktu pengeringan dan menjaga kualitas produk. Pada sistem ini, aliran udara lingkungan dilewatkan melalui evaporator dan kondensor. Konfigurasi aliran udara melalui kedua komponen ini dikaji proporsinya untuk meningkatkan efeknya pada kondisi udara pengering. Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan konfigurasi terbaik laju aliran udara dari HPKU yang menghasilkan kondisi udara pengering yang sesuai untuk pengeringan temu putih kemudian menganalisis kinerja pengering HPKU. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengkonfigurasi aliran udara dan menganalisis kinerja pengering sistem HPKU. Hasil pengujian didapatkan konfigurasi aliran udara yang terbaik untuk pengeringan temu putih adalah: (i) inlet udara sebelum evaporator diberi penghambat dan (ii) inlet udara sebelum kondensor ditutup. Konfigurasi ini memberikan efek pemanasan sensibel tertinggi serta penurunan kelembapan udara pengering tertinggi. Hasil pengujian kinerja HPKU pada pengeringan temu putih adalah: (i) COPhp sebesar 3,11, (ii) nilai STEC sebesar 4,066 MJ/kg, (iii) nilai SMERT sebesar 0,870 kg/kWh, dan (iv) nilai SMERTot sebesar 0,449 kg/kWh. Nilai STEC, SMERT dan SMERTot yang didapat dipengaruhi oleh waktu pengeringan.Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe) drying in simplicia form requires a proper treatment because the moisture content is high about 80–90 % that have perishable properties. Temperature, relative humidity and air flow rate are influential factors in drying medicinal plants then proper drying conditions need to be known. Dryer with vapor compression heat pump (VCHP) system is one of mechanical dryers as an alternative drying method to shorten drying time and maintain the quality. In this system, the environmental air flow is passed through the evaporator and condenser. The configuration of air flow passing through these two components is assessed in proportion to increase its effect on drying air conditions. The study aims to find the best configuration of air flow rate from VCHP which produces drying air conditions that are suitable for zedoary drying then analyze the performance of VCHP. The research was conducted by configuring the air flow and analyzing dryer performance of VCHP system. The results obtained the best configuration of air flow for zedoary drying are: (i) the air inlet before evaporator is given an inhibitor, (ii) the air inlet before condenser is closed. This configuration provides the highest sensible heating effect and the highest decrease in drying air humidity. VCHP performance test results for zedoary drying are: (i) COPhp is 3.11, (ii) STEC value is 4.066 MJ/kg, (iii) SMERT value is 0.870 kg/kWh, and (iv) SMERTot value is 0.449 kg/kWh. The STEC, SMERT and SMERTot values obtained are affected by drying time
Microclimate Monitoring and Control System in a Plant Factory Using the Internet of Things
No full textJumlah penduduk Indonesia tiap tahun mengalami peningkatan, yang mengakibatkan terjadinya alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi pemukiman penduduk. Hal ini menyebabkan produktivitas tanaman pertanian Indonesia mengalami penurunan. Salah satu solusi dari permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan plant factory. Plant factory merupakan cara menumbuhkan tanaman dalam lingkungan yang terkendali. Pada plant factory perlu dilakukan monitoring dan kontrol iklim mikro untuk mencapai kondisi iklim mikro yang ideal bagi tanaman. Data iklim mikro dapat dimonitoring secara online dengan memanfaatkan internet of things, sehingga mendapatkan data iklim mikro terbaru dengan lebih cepat (realtime). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sistem monitoring dan kontrol iklim mikro berbasis internet of things menggunakan mikrokontroler, serta menganalisis kinerja sistem kontrol dalam mempertahankan kondisi iklim mikro yang optimal. Penelitian dilakukan dalam empat tahap, yaitu perancangan skema sistem kontrol, perancangan perangkat lunak, perancangan perangkat keras, serta tahap analisis data. Data iklim mikro yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan membandingkan data aktual dengan set point. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada running 1 didapat suhu rata-rata sekitar 26,58 oC dan kelembapan rata-rata sekitar 76,22% sedangkan setpoint berada di angka 27 oC dan 75 %. Pada running 2 didapat suhu rata-rata sekitar 25,82 oC dan kelembapan rata-rata sekitar 61,58% sedangkan setpoint berada di 26 oC dan 60 %.Every year, Indonesia\u27s population grows, resulting in the conversion of agricultural land into residential neighborhoods. The production of Indonesian agricultural crops suffers as a result. One answer to this challenge is to build a plant factory. A plant factory is a regulated setting where plants are grown. To obtain perfect microclimate conditions for plants, it is vital to monitor and control the microclimate at the plant factory. Microclimate data can be monitored online via the internet of things, allowing you to access the most up-to-date information faster. The goal of this research is to develop a microcontroller-based internet of things microclimate monitoring and control system, as well as to evaluate the control system\u27s performance in maintaining appropriate microclimate conditions. The research was conducted in four stages: design of the control system scheme, design of the software, design of the hardware, and data analysis. The obtained microclimate data were examined by comparing the real data to the set point. The results showed that the average temperature in running 1 was approximately 26.58 oC and the average humidity was around 76.22%, while the setpoint was at 27 oC and 75%. The average temperature in running 2 was approximately 25.82 oC and the average humidity was around 61.58 %, while the setpoint was at 26 oC and 60%
High Precision Fertilizer Applicator For Industrial Plantation: Discrete Element Method Simulation And Prototyping
Full text linkWe designed a high-precision fertilizer applicator to distribute fertilizer with the required dose at every specified point. The dose necessary aims to meet the nutritional needs of plants, so that plant growth is more effective while reduce waste. The fertilizer applicator was designed to have an auger and drive system that can discharge the fertilizer precisely. A 3D CAD model of the applicator was created to conduct a discrete element simulation to predict the discharge fertilizer process. Experiment was carried out to validate the simulation model. The experiment utilized a small-scale applicator prototype manufactured by 3D printing. A small electric actuator controlled by Arduino microcontroller was installed to rotate the auger. The auger can push and release the fertilizer precisely depending on the rotation\u27s number. Both simulation and experiment results were compared and showed a small error of 6.42%. The results show our designed fertilizer applicator have good accuracy and precision, which indicates the applicator was suitable to distribute fertilizer uniformly
Visible Band Optimation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Estimating Synthetic NDVI on Rice Vegetation
Full text linkSerntinel 2A menyediakan Normalized Difference Vegetation Index untuk digunakan sebagai perkiraan kesuburan tanah, varietas tanaman dan produktivitas. Kelemahan data satelit adalah data yang diperoleh seringkali tidak akurat karena tertutup awan, terutama di negara tropis dengan curah hujan tinggi seperti Indonesia. Penggunaan kendaraan udara tak berawak sebagai data alternatif memiliki keterbatasan dalam menangkap citra RGB. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli hingga September 2020 di Desa Pasir Kaliki, Kecamatan Rawamerta, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa NDVI menunjukkan angka yang lebih tinggi dalam hasil indeks vegetasi dibandingkan dengan NGRDI dengan koefisien korelasi 0,944625. Model regresi menghasilkan y=4.7722x+0.3845 dan nilai MAPE sebesar 26,74%, dimana model regresi dengan nilai koefisien korelasi Pearson adalah 0,877885. Penilaian kualitatif menggunakan data statistik dan penilaian spasial menggunakan data sampel dari peta vegetasi padi mengungkapkan akurasi pemetaan yang tinggi dengan R2 yang sesuai setinggi 0,7429; namun, akurasi vegetasi padi yang dipetakan mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor fisik lainnya seperti reflektan air, sinar matahari dan keterbatasan kamera RGB itu sendiri. Namun nilai NGRDI tertinggi hanya mencapai 0,2 sedangkan NDVI mencapai 0,9 pada puncak fase vegetatif fase pertumbuhan padi. Artinya Green Band memiliki keterbatasan dalam mendeteksi indeks vegetasi. Sehubungan dengan perbedaan pendekatan yang dilakukan, diketahui bahwa rata-rata trend line pada NDVI dan NGRDI menunjukkan kecenderungan kesamaan di semua tahap pertumbuhan.Serntinel 2A provide Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to be used as an estimate of soil fertility, plant varieties and productivity. The weakness of satellite data is that the data obtained is often inaccurate due to cloud cover, especially in tropical countries with high rainfall such as Indonesia. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as an alternative data have limitation as it captured Red Green Blue (RGB) imagery. The research was conducted from July to September 2020 at Pasir Kaliki Village, District of Rawamerta, Karawang Regency, West Java province. The study has discovered that NDVI showed higher number in result of vegetation index compared to Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI) with correlation coefficient is 0.94. The regression model resulted as y=4.78x+0.38 and MAPE value expresses as 26.74%, where the regression model with Pearson’s correlation coefficient value is 0.88. A qualitative assessment using statistical data and a spatial assessment using sampled data from the rice vegetation map reveal a high mapping accuracy with the corresponding R2 being as high as 0.74; however, the mapped rice vegetation accuracy might influenced by other physical factors such as water reflectant, sunlight and the RGB camera limitation itself. Nonetheless, the highest values of NGRDI only reach 0.2 while NDVI can attain at 0.9 at the peak of vegetative phase of rice growth stage. This means that Green Band have limitation in detecting vegetation index. In relation to the different approaches performed, it is noted that the average trend line on both NDVI and NGRDI shown the similarity tendency in all growth stage
Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Suhu dan Kelembaban Tanah Berbasis Internet of Things
Full text linkSuhu dan kelembaban tanah merupakan faktor penting bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Pada fase awal dan vegetative, tanaman memerlukan kelembaban yang tinggi sedangkan pada fase akhir tanaman membutuhkan kelembaban yang rendah. Alat ukur suhu dan kelembaban tanah telah berhasil dibuat namun belum terhubung dengan jaringan internet sehingga hasil pembacaan sensor harus dibaca secara langsung pada layar LCD. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan rancang bangun sistem monitoring suhu dan kelembaban tanah. Sistem monitoring yang dibangun dilengkapi dengan SD Card sebagai backup data hasil pembacaan sensor untuk berjaga jika internet tidak stabil. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah rekayasa teknik dengan tahapan studi literature, analisis dan perancangan, pembuatan perangkat keras, pembuatan perangkat lunak dan pengujian sistem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 3 sensor yaitu sensor DHT22, sensor DS18B20, dan sensor moisture yang dikendalikan oleh NodeMCU ESP32 dengan sumber tenaga baterai sebesar 3000 mAh 7.2 V yang di-step down menjadi 5.0 V oleh LM2596. Sistem memiliki ketahanan baterai sebesar 10 jam 27 menit, akurasi sensor suhu tanah sebesar 98,05%, akurasi sensor kelembaban tanah sebesar 90,2%, akurasi suhu udara sebesar 98,3%, dan akurasi kelembaban udara sebesar 96,88%.Soil temperature and humidity are important factors for plant growth. In the early and vegetative phases, plants require high humidity while in the late phase plants require low humidity. Soil temperature and humidity measuring instruments have been successfully made but are not yet connected to the internet network so that the sensor readings must be read directly on the LCD screen. This study aims to design an android-based soil temperature and humidity monitoring system. The monitoring system that was built is equipped with an SD Card as a backup of sensor reading data in case the internet is unstable. The method used in this research is engineering with the stages of literature study, analysis and design, hardware manufacturing, software development and system testing. The results show that there are 3 sensors, namely the DHT22 sensor, DS18B20 sensor, and the moisture sensor which are controlled by NodeMCU ESP32 with a battery power source of 3000 mAh 7.2 V which is step down to 5.0 V by LM2596. The system has a battery life of 10 hours 27 minutes, a soil temperature sensor accuracy of 98.05%, a soil moisture sensor accuracy of 90.2%, an air temperature accuracy of 98.3%, and an air humidity accuracy of 96.88%