Padjadjaran Journal of Law
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Book Review: The International Law on Foreign Investment
No full textProfessor M. Sornarajah, prominent scholar in the field of investment law and C. J Koh Professor at Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore presents his ambitious work on the contemporary issues on foreign investment in the context of public international law. Whatever criticism might land on Sornarajah’s ears in regard to this work, The International Law on Foreign Investment is undoubtedly an excellent work and one of the most remarkable publication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n2.a1
Book Review: Islam and Human Rights
No full textHuman rights and Islam are two very interesting issues to be discussed since there has been tension for decades. One agrees that Islamic law violates many aspects of human rights, yet other argues that human rights are against Islamic law. Nonetheless, there are also groups who accept that human rights and Islam are not contrary. This book written by Ann Elizabeth Mayer tries to give such objective perspective on the relation between human rights and Islam. With conspicuous title “Human Rights and Islam”, potential readers can assume that this book will discuss all matters in regards to the problematic of Islam and human rights in a whole. Beyond the expectation, this book focuses on the politics and tradition of Islamic countries in several ’attractive‘ areas such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sudan in interacting with human rights. However, Mayer declares from the very first sentence of the preface that this title is purposed for practical function for those who search for references on Islam and Human Rights and emphasizes that this book is written based on her research in the area of Middle East as her area of interest. Mayer argues that there is no Islamic consensus on a single Islamic human rights philosophy as her main thesis in this book. This claim is based on her research, that even other religions with long and complex traditions, they prone to create conflict in the interpretation between religious doctrine and human rights. Furthermore, she elaborates her research in 10 chapters of the book particularly on how Muslims from North Africa to Pakistan are responding human rights, from total rejection to wholehearted embrace. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n3.a1
Hak Masyarakat Adat atas Sumber Daya Alam: antara Doktrin Pembangunan dan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional
Get PDFTulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa korelasi nilai-nilai Hak Asasi Manusia dalam lingkup internasional maupun nasional dengan doktrin pembangunan kontemporer dalam konteks perlindungan hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam. Apakah kedua doktrin tersebut dapat berjalan beriringan dan bagaimana produk hukum nasional merespon norma-norma Hak Asasi Manusia, lalu apa saja celah doktrinal yang dapat menghambat pemberdayaan masyarakat adat dan pemenuhan hak konstitutional mereka. Setidaknya terdapat tiga isu masyarakat adat yang dibahas dengan memakai perspektif normatif-doktrinal dari hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional, yaitu: hak kepemilikan kolektif; hak untuk berpartisipasi; dan hak mengelola sumber daya alam. Ketiga isu ini juga dipakai sebagai parameter dalam menilai derajat perlindungan hak tersebut di Indonesia. Dalam ranah perundang-undangan, pemerintah perlu segera melakukan revisi terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, sebagai ikhtiar untuk mentransformasi nilai-nilai reformis dalam Putusan Mahkaman Konstitusi Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012. Diperlukan pula adanya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Adat, yang diposisikan sebagai tandem Undang-Undang Desa dalam ranah desentralisasi, dan untuk melengkapi Undang-Undang sektoral Sumber Daya Alam. Undang-undang tersebut diharapkan dapat mengambil substansi Konvensi ILO 169 Tahun 1989 tentang Indigenous and Tribal Peoples dan juga substansi hak atas pembangunan dalam The Declaration on the Right to Development. Rights of Indigenous Peoples on Their Natural Resources: Analysis of Development Doctrine and International Human Rights Law AbstractThis paper analyzes human rights’ values both in international and national levels with a contemporary development doctrine, particularly with regard to the legal protection of indigenous peoples on their natural resources. This paper aims to answer several questions, as follows: do human rights and development doctrine compatible each other, how does national law respond to human rights’ norms, and what are doctrinal gaps that could hinder indigenous peoples to obtain their constitutional rights? This paper examines three crucial issues regarding to indigenous peoples’ rights on International human rights law: right of collective ownership, right to participate in development and right of self-determination on their natural resources. These three issues are also used as parameter to assess the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights on their natural resources in Indonesia. This paper concludes that in legislation, the government should holistically revise Law on Forestry in order to transform arguments of Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. In regulation concerning human rights, the government should stipulate Law on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples, which aims to strengthen the implementation of Law on Village in decentralization setting. The Law should adopt several important norms on ILO Convention regarding Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 1989. Keywords: the rights of indigenous peoples, international human rights law, national human rights law, development, natural resources. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n2.a
Kontekstualitas Makna "Bersamaan Kedudukan" di Dalam Hukum dan Pemerintahan Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 1945
Get PDFRumusan Pasal 27 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 masih menyisakan perbedaan pandangan dalam memaknai frasa “segala warga negara bersamaan kedudukannya di dalam hukum dan pemerintahan”. Apakah frasa tersebut mengandung prinsip ‘persamaan kedudukan di depan hukum’ atau dalam konteks yang berbeda. Pembahasan pasal tersebut dalam sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia dan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia ternyata tidak terlalu signifikan dalam menjelaskan makna pasal. Tulisan ini akan menyoroti kontekstualisasi makna “bersamaan kedudukan di dalam hukum dan pemerintahan” menurut UUD 1945 yang akan difokuskan kepada tiga aspek, yaitu: pertama, latar belakang perumusan Pasal 27 ayat (1) UUD 1945 dalam sidang BPUPKI dan PPKI; kedua, makna bersamaan kedudukan di dalam hukum menurut UUD 1945; dan ketiga, hubungan antara bersamaan kedudukan di dalam hukum dan bersamaan kedudukan di dalam pemerintahan. Terhadap tiga hal tersebut Penulis berpendapat, pertama, perancang UUD tidak mau mengikuti pemikiran barat yang mengedepankan kebebasan dan sifat individualisme. Kedua, bersamaan kedudukan di dalam hukum menempatkan semua warga negara ke dalam kelompok atau golongan yang sama, tanpa pembedaan atas dasar apa pun seperti suku, agama, ras, dan antar-golongan. Ketiga semua warga negara memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama untuk mengelola negara sepanjang memenuhi persyaratan objektif.Contextualization The Meaning of “Equality Before the Law and Government” according to the 1945 Constitution AbstractThe formulation of Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution is still causing different perspectives on the meaning of the phrase "all citizens have equality before the law and in government"; whether the article contains the principle of equality before the law or not. The Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesia Independence/BPUPKI and Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence/PPKI sessions already gave their views and discussed all aspects related to the substance of the 1945 Constitution, however they were not deemed significant enough. This article will discusses 3 main aspects: reviewing at the background of the formulation of Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution in BPUPKI and PPKI sessions; reviewing the equality before the law and government status under the 1945 Constitution; and reviewing the relationship between equality before the law and equality before the government. The Author concludes that first, the 1945 Constitution drafter did not want to follow western idea which highlight Freedom and individualism; second, equality before the law places all citizens in the same status without differentiating race, religion, or class; and third, all citizens have the right to administer the state as long as they fulfill the objective requirement. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n1.a2
Book Review: Airport Competition: The European Experience
No full textThe competitive business environment in aviation industry has changed since European Integration. Not only airlines become more competitive after such integration, but also other main infrastructure of aviation, airports. At the first stage of regional development, competition in airport industry seems to be impossible since all countries in a region still have clear jurisdictional boundaries. The other side of the coin is that airport competition becomes an important issue in a more integrated region, such as European Union (EU). This occurs because an airport owner from another country can buy other airports outside its state jurisdiction, under the same region. Articles in this book prove the claim of the existence of airport competition. Under the introductory part, the editors outlined three cases from EU: UK Civil Aviation Authority action to Heathrow Airport in 2008, Blocked Takeover of Bratislava Airport 2006 and European Commission Prohibition on Subsidies to Ryanair by Brussels South Charleroi Airport 2004. All of the cases are inevitable proofs that airport competition undoubtedly exists in Europe. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n1.a1
Tantangan ASEAN dalam Melakukan Penanganan Pengungsi Rohingya
Get PDFPenelitian ini berfokus mengenai peran ASEAN sebagai organisasi regional dalam melakukan penanganan pengungsi Rohingya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ASEAN memiliki hambatan dalam melaksanakan perannya dalam melakukan penanganan pengungsi, etnis Rohingya yang berasal dari prinsip non-intervensi. ASEAN juga perlu membangun mekanisme penanganan pengungsi yang didasarkan pada kesepakatan dan kerja sama serta memperhatikan ketentuan-ketentuan dalam hukum internasional yang berkaitan dengan mekanisme penanganan pengungsi itu sendiri.ASEAN Challenges on Managing the Handling of Rohingnya RefugeesAbstractThis research focuses on the role of ASEAN, as a regional organization, in handling Rohingya refugees. The research results show that ASEAN has barriers in carrying out its role in handling Rohingyas refugees which is derived from the principle of non-intervention. ASEAN also needs to establish a refugee handling mechanism based on agreement and cooperation and taking into account the provisions of international law relating to the refugee handling mechanism itself.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n3.a
The Reform of the Indonesian Competition Law to Anticipate ASEAN Economic Community
Get PDFAbstractThis paper discusses the need to reform the Indonesian Competition Law (the Law Number 5 of 1999) due to the implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which undoubtedly influences the business condition in Indonesia. This study is expected to provide input for the revision of the Law Number 5 of 1999 by identifying the weaknesses of the current law. Accordingly, this paper aims to analyze the aspects of Indonesian Competition Law that are need to be reformed to ensure its capability in anticipating and regulating business competition after the implementation of AEC. This study found that the degree of the implementation of the Indonesian Competition Law is particularly specified in Article 1(e), which elucidates that the business actors to which the competition law applies are those who are “didirikan dan berkedudukan dalam wilayah hukum Republik Indonesia” (established and domiciled within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia) or “melakukan kegiatan dalam wilayah hukum negara Republik Indonesia” (to conduct activities within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia). The phrase “dalam wilayah hukum Republik Indonesia” (within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia) contained in Article 1(e) clearly indicates that the application of Indonesian Competition Law still relies heavily on the principle of territoriality. Therefore, the Indonesian Competition Law cannot reach business actors who are established, or are domiciled, or do conduct activities outside Indonesia, although they perform actions that affect the condition of business competition in Indonesia. Therefore, the Indonesian Competition Law needs to be reformed to enable its extra-territorial implementation based on the “effects doctrine” justifying the application of national law to any foreign business actors that causes the disruption of fair business competition conditions at the domestic level.AbstrakTulisan ini membahas tentang perlunya reformasi dalam Hukum Persaingan usaha Indonesia (UU No. 5 tahun 1999) berkenaan dengan pemberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) yang niscaya mempengaruhi kondisi persaingan usaha di Indonesia. Kajian ini diharapkan bisa memberikan masukan bagi upaya merevisi UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 dengan cara mengidentifikasi kelemahan-kelemahan yang ada di dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia dan perlu diperbaiki agar bisa mengantisipasi dan mengatur persaingan usaha yang dimunculkan oleh MEA. Studi ini mengemukakan bahwa cakupan keberlakuan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia terutama ditentukan dalam Pasal 1(e) UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 yang menjelaskan bahwa pelaku usaha yang dimaksud adalah pelaku usaha yang “didirikan dan berkedudukan dalam wilayah hukum Republik Indonesia” atau “melakukan kegiatan dalam wilayah hukum negara Republik Indonesia.” Frasa “dalam wilayah hukum Republik Indonesia” yang ada dalam Pasal 1(e) tersebut secara jelas menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia masih sangat bergantung pada prinsip teritorialitas. Dengan begitu, Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia tidak bisa menjangkau pelaku usaha yang didirikan di luar Indonesia, berkedudukan di luar Indonesia dan melakukan kegiatan di luar Indonesia, meski pelaku usaha itu melakukan tindakan yang berdampak pada kondisi persaingan usaha di Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, Hukum Persaingan usaha Indonesia harus diperbaiki sedemikian rupa sehingga memungkinkan diterapkannya “doktrin efek” yang membenarkan penerapan hukum nasional terhadap pelaku usaha asing yang mengganggu kondisi persaingan sehat pada aras domestik.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n2.a
Peran Badan Permusyawaratan Desa di Dalam Pembangunan Desa dan Pengawasan Keuangan Desa
Get PDFPemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa berimplikasi pada kucuran dana miliaran rupiah langsung ke desa yang bersumber dari alokasi dana desa. Kepala desa sebagai pemimpin desa harus dapat menerapkan fungsi manajemen sejak perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan, dan pengawasan untuk mengatur desanya supaya lebih maju. Berdasarkan peraturan per-UU-an yang ada, pemerintah desa dibantu oleh Badan Permusyawaratan Desa. Tulisan ini menyajikan peran vital BPD sebagai penerus aspirasi masyarakat di dalam pemerintahan desa. Artinya, BPD bukanlah lembaga yang dapat dengan begitu saja disepelekan, melainkan kepala desa harus senantiasa bekerja sama dengan BPD dalam pembangunan desa. Akhir penulisan ini menjelaskan tentang pengawasan keuangan yang dilakukan oleh BPD. Pelaksanaan pengawasan juga dapat mendeteksi, sejauh mana kebijakan kepala desa untuk menjalankan dan penyimpangan keuangan yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan kerja tersebut. Tulisan ini juga menegaskan bahwa faktor yang dapat mendukung pengawasan BPD adalah masyarakat, karena masyarakat merupakan faktor penentu keberhasilan BPD dalam melaksanakan pengawasan keuangan desa.The Role of Village Consultative Board in Village Development and Village Finance SupervisionThe enactment of Law Number 6 Year 2014 on Village implies the disbursement of billions of rupiah funds directly to the villages sourced from the allocation of village funds. The village head as a village leader should be able to implement the management function from planning, organizing, mobilizing, and supervising to organize his village to be more advanced. Under the existing law, the village government is assisted by the Village Consultative Board (Badan Permusyawaratan Desa). This paper presents the vital role of BPD as the successor to the aspirations of the people in the village administration. BPD is not an institution that can be underestimated, but the village head should always work with BPD in rural development. The end of this paper describes the financial supervision made by BPD. The implementation of supervision can also detect to what extent the policy of the village head is to run and the financial irregularities that occur in the implementation of such work. This paper also confirms that the factors that can support BPD supervision is the community, because the community is a critical determinant of the success of BPD in implementing village financial oversight.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n3.a1
Implikasi Yuridis Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan di Indonesia
Get PDFPemerintah Indonesia menganggap terdapat organisasi masyarakat yang memiliki kegiatan bertentangan dengan Pancasila. Undang-Undang Organisasi Kemasyakatan di Indonesia juga dinilai belum memadai sebagai sarana untuk mencegah meluasnya ideologi yang bertentangan dengan Pancasila. Hal ini menjadi salah satu alasan pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerntah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan (Perpu Ormas). Perlu dikaji lebih lanjut mengenai alasan dikeluarkannya Perpu dan implikasi yuridisnya. Artikel ini memberi gambaran secara rinci tentang situasi yang dikaji dalam perspektif norma Hukum Tata Negara. Hadirnya Perpu ini bukan merupakan upaya pemerintah untuk membungkam kebebasan masyarakat untuk berserikat dan berkumpul, namun pembatasan ruang gerak ormas ini penting mengingat Indonesia telah sepakat berideologi Pancasila.. Dengan demikian, implikasi yuridis dari Perpu ini adalah kewajiban dari Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat untuk membahas sebagai pelaksanaan fungsi check and balances antara presiden dan DPR dalam pembuatan produk hukum di Indonesia serta menghindari kewenangan luar biasa presiden. DPR perlu mencermati materi muatan Perpu terutama mengenai asas contrarius actus sebagai dasar ditiadakannya proses pengadilan dalam proses pembubaran organisasi masyarakat. The Juridicial Implication of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 Year 2017 on Amendment of Law Number 17 Year 2013 on Community Organization in Indonesia AbstractThe Government of Indonesia has assumed that there is a mass organization which carries conflicting agendas with Pancasila. Law on Mass Organization is also thought to be ineffective in suppressing the widespread ideology which contradicts the Pancasila. This situation is among the reason on why the government issued Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 Year 2017 on the Revision of Law on Mass Organization, thus further research is needed on the reasoning behind the promulgation and its juridical implication. This article will provide detailed explanation on the situation as seen from Constitutional Law. The promulgation of this government regulation in lieu of law does not intend to silence the freedom of assembly and association, nevertheless the limitation is needed to ensure the standing of Pancasila. Therefore, the juridical implications from this government regulation in lieu of law is the obligation of the House of Representative to hold further discussion with the President under its check and balance function when formulating any law regulation as well as to prevent any misconduct of the President’s extraordinary power. The House of Representative must also monitor the content of government regulation in lieu of law, especially the contrarius actus principle as the basis of the erasure of litigation process during the dissolution of mass organization. Keywords: contrarius actus, urgency, mass organization, Pancasila, government regulation in lieu of law. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n2.a
Khazanah: Grotius
Get PDFHugo de Groot atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Grotius adalah tokoh pemikir Belanda kaliber internasional dengan segudang karya monumental yang bukan saja menjadi rujukan masyarakat internasional, tapi juga memberikan pengaruh mendalam dan relatif abadi dalam sejarah dunia. Grotius adalah tokoh dengan multi wajah dan wijhah (orientasi) keilmuan. Dia adalah ahli sejarah, ahli hukum, filosof, diplomat, dan juga praktisi hukum. Dari sekian banyak pengakuan dan julukan yang diterima Grotius adalah kepakarannya dalam hukum internasional sehingga dunia mengakuinya sebagai Bapak Hukum Internasional Modern khususnya lewat magnum opus nya, De Jure Belli ac Pacis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n1.a1