Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan
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Effect of Locally Produced Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food on Children under Five Years with Severe Acute Malnutrition: A Systematic Review
Get PDFThis review assessed the effect of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) on children under five years with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). The reviewed studies were obtained from six databases. Using the search strategy, 3,521 studies were selected. After title and abstract screening, 75 studies were obtained for further full article screening. The inclusion criteria were types of study (RCT, quasi-RCT, or crossover), participants (SAM children aged 6−60 months with no complications), interventions (locally produced RUTF and standard RUTF), and outcome measures (recovery rate, mortality rate, weight gain rate, height gain rate, length of stay, weight-for-age z score, height-for-age z score, weight-for-length z score, anemia status, blood iron status, serum albumin, plasma amino acid level, adverse effects and acceptability of RUTF). A total of 33 studies were included in this review. Nine out of twenty-two studies that used standard RUTF had positive effects on recovery outcomes in children with SAM. The alternative RUTF produced from local protein sources showed slightly lower positive effects on SAM treatment than those of standard RUTF. Since the studies used different methods to assess the outcome, no formula could be selected as the best formula and selection should be made based on individual research objectives. In conclusion, both standard and the alternative locally produced RUTF can be applied for treatment of SAM by considering the local preferences, ingredients availability, production sustainability and product safety
Students\u27 Nutrition Knowledge and Teachers\u27 Perceptions of Integrating Nutrition Messages into Junior High School Curriculum
Get PDFThis study aimed to measure nutritional knowledge and observe teachers\u27 perceptions of delivering nutrition messages through an e-module within the junior high school curriculum. This study was conducted at SMPN 35 Medan and employed the quasi-experimental approach, and a one-group pretest-posttest design was used. This study’s population was students in grades 7 and 8. The minimum sample size was 102 students after adding 10% of the total sample size. Teachers\u27 perceptions were taken from four subject teachers. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey and an interview. A focus group discussion was conducted with the teachers to gather information about their perceptions of using an e-module to deliver nutrition messages at school. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the student\u27s average total knowledge score before receiving the nutrition education intervention was 22.66. It increased to 26.48 after students received the intervention. Teachers used the e-module to deliver content learning about nutritional messages in schools and employed the e-module to deliver the relevant subject matters of nutrition messages at school. The teachers realized the importance of delivering nutrition messages to the students. The e-module could broaden the teachers’ horizons as they came to realize that nutrition messages could be delivered through various subjects. They initially believed that nutrition messages could only be taught in the subject of natural sciences. However, they discovered that nutrition messages could also be delivered in other subjects, such as mathematics, crafts, and physical education
Consumer Fruit Preferences: The Role of Nutrition Knowledge in Fruit Purchase and Consumption
Get PDFThis study aims at ascertaining consumer fruit preferences and role of nutrition knowledge in consumers’ attitudes and practice as it concerns fruit consumption. An online questionnaire was used for this cross-sectional survey carried out in South Africa. The questionnaire link was circulated in the nine provinces for 4weeks; information gathered include sociodemographic data, respondents’ nutrition knowledge, and consumer fruit preferences alongside their fruit consumption patterns. Based on their responses, Nutrition Knowledge Scores (NKS) were calculated. Pearson correlation test was used to check for any relationship between the NKS, some sociodemographic factors and fruit preferences/consumption (significance was accepted at p<0.05). Three provinces; Gauteng, North West and KwaZulu-Natal accounted for over 70% of the 517 responses received. Almost half of the surveyed population had high NKS (45.5%) while 27.3% scored moderately and another 27.3% low. The most preferred fruits were oranges, bananas, and mangoes; others such as plums and berries were also preferred but not as consumed as the others due to their seasonal nature. The results show a positive relationship (p<0.001) between nutrition knowledge and fruit consumption frequency and healthy dietary patterns, but only significant but weak correlation between respondents’ nutrition knowledge and priority factors that affect their dietary product choices and purchases. Nutrition education is vital in enhancing awareness that will in turn yield positive results in fruit consumption and health outcomes
Economic and Consumption Variables and Their Associations with Stunting Prevalence: A Provincial Analysis of the Indonesian Child Nutritional Status Survey 2019
Get PDFThe study aims to analyze the relationship between economic and food consumption variables with stunting prevalence among Indonesian children. The unit of analysis for this cross-sectional study was secondary data set from 2019 for 34 provinces obtained from Statistics Indonesia, the Food Security Agency, and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. In the majority of provinces (88.24%) the stunting prevalence was still categorized as serious public health problem with the prevalence of 30% or higher. The economic outlook in 2019 showed an economic growth, decrease in Gini ratio and the unemployment rate in 34 provinces. However, the poverty rate was very diverse between provinces and concentrated in eastern Indonesia. There were 17 provinces that had higher food than non-food expenditures. There were 31 provinces with normal energy adequacy level and 28 with normal protein adequacy level. However, there was no provinces reached maximum score in Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) as the indicator for food diversity, signaling that none of the provinces achieved adequate diversity in food consumption in 2019. The multivariate linear regression with backward elimination technique showed that seven of independent variables were qualified for the final model with R2 of 0.7406. The three variables significantly correlated with stunting prevalence (p<0.05) were food expenditure, protein adequacy level, and DDP score. Hence, these variables can be categorized as causal factors for stunting at provincial level analysis which can feed the food and nutrition policy and its monitoring and evaluation strategy. However, further analysis is needed to determine the direct and indirect relationship between economic factors, food expenditure, and food consumption with the prevalence of stunting among children in Indonesia so that stunting prevention and alleviation programs can be more precise and optimal
Identifying the Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Inflammation/Infection in Indonesia
Get PDFInfection in pregnant women is common and one of the highest causes of death in Indonesia. Reducing infection conditions through early infection prevention needs to be done, one of which is by knowing the characteristics that contribute to the incidence of infection in pregnant women in Indonesia. This study used the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method to determine the pregnant women with infections and not infections characteristics and classify them. The results of the CART analysis found that seven variables contributed to separating infected and not-infected status in pregnant women, they are nutritional status based on Body Mass Index (BMI), history of anemia, pregnancy distance, Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) status, ages, socioeconomic and gestational age. Characteristics of the highest incidence of infection, namely 79%, occurred in the group of pregnant women with overweight – obese (BMI>25.0), anemia and pregnancy distance <3 years. The classification analysis of the CART method in this study resulted in the accuracy of identification performance which was still not good, with an accuracy value of 52.78%. It is necessary analysis with other classification methods such as the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) in the future
The Efficacy of Nutrition Education on Anemia and Upper Arm Circumference among Pregnant Women in Aceh Besar District of Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Get PDFThis study aimed to analyze the effects of nutrition education on anemia and upper arm circumference in pregnant women. It was a cluster-randomized control study involving 110 pregnant women. The nutrition education interventions, was a combination of offline and online sessions, conducted by trained Nutrition education staffs with a 1:5 ratio to pregnant women. Twelve education sessions were conducted for three months utilizing a nutrition booklet for pregnant women, food monitoring cards, and flyers shared on a social media WhatsApp group. The socio-demographic data were obtained through an interview method. The nutritional status collected, by measuring Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), and anemia was determined through a diagnosis by the family doctor. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and the paired and independent t-tests, the confidence interval was set at 95%. Hemoglobin levels in the intervention group experienced a higher increase than in the control group. The MUAC in the intervention group increased by 0.8 cm while in the control group it was decreased by -2.7 cm. However, the Difference in Difference (DID) analysis did not show significant different for both parameters (p=0.198 and p=0.274). Chi square analysis showed that the prevalence of anemia at the end line point in the intervention group (3.6%) was significantly lower compared to the control group (14.5%) (p=0.047). The prevalence of the Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) measured by MUAC decreased by 9% in the intervention group, and 1.8% in the control group. However, the difference in prevalence of CED was not statistically significant (p=0.696). The nutrition education within three months did not significantly increase the mean hemoglobin and MUAC. But considering the trend in decreasing anemia and CED prevalence in the intervention group, structured and routine nutrition education can be implemented as part of nutritional intervention in pregnant women to prevent anemia and CED to observe effects in a longer-term intervention
Validity and Reproducibility of Malaysian Food Frequency Questionnaire for Dietary Intake Related to Colorectal Cancer
Get PDFThis study aims to report on the validity and reproducibility of a 142-food item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary factors related to colorectal cancer among Malaysians. Population aged 30 to 70 years from two cities of Peninsular Malaysia were recruited through voluntary participation. A semi-quantitative FFQ was modified from an established FFQ used in the national survey. It includes specific questions to measure the consumption of food sources related to colorectal cancer development. FFQ was administered two times in two weeks to evaluate reproducibility (FFQ1 and FFQ2). Then the validity was assessed by comparing FFQ against the 3-day Food Record method (FR). A total of 100 respondents (mean age 50.6 years) provided data for both validity and reproducibility. The FFQ had significantly higher estimates of most nutrients and food groups’ intake than the FR. The Spearman correlation showed moderate agreement between FFQ and FR while moderate to strong correlation between FFQs. The limit of agreement between both methods using Bland Altman plot was acceptable or both validity and reproducibility. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was between 62 to 75% for validity and 77 to 89% for reproducibility assessment. Overall, the validity was satisfactory and reproducibility of the FFQ was good for estimating absolute nutrient and food group intakes. Hence, the FFQ could be used as a valid tool for assessing dietary intake among Malaysians to study dietaryfactors related to colorectal cancer risk
Correlation Between Nutritional Status, Cognitive Function and Daytime Sleepiness of Schoolchildren in Terengganu, Malaysia
Get PDFThis cross-sectional study aimed to determine the correlation between nutritional status, cognitive function and daytime sleepiness of schoolchildren in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. It involved 85 schoolchildren aged 9 to 12 years. Nutritional status was determined through anthropometric measurements, biochemical analyses for hemoglobin, urinalysis and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). While cognitive performance was tested using Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (R-CPM). The daytime sleepiness of the respondents was assessed using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS). It was found that 16.5% of the respondents were stunted while 4.7%, 12.9% and 17.7% were obese, overweight and wasted, respectively. In addition, 37.7% of the respondents were anemic and the median UIC was 177.0 µg/l, which was categorized as normal for children. The majority (37.6%) of the respondents had an average cognitive level. Furthermore, the mean for daytime sleepiness based on PDSS score for overall respondents was categorized under an average level that was 14.1 score. In the present research, results found that all of the factors examined in this study were not correlated with respondents’ cognitive function. As the majority of the children had average to low levels of cognitive functions, it is recommended to investigate further factors associated with cognitive functions and, subsequently, to design and deliver appropriate intervention
Assessment of Sodium Content of Processed Food Available in Indonesia
Get PDFThis study was conducted to identify the sodium content in processed food and determine the proportion of products that meet the World Health Organization (WHO) global sodium benchmark criteria. Spesific concern was placed for sodium content in instant noodles. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine the relevance between the WHO and Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (Indonesian FDA) benchmarks in limiting sodium in instant noodles. Data on sodium levels (mg/100 g) of processed food was obtained from the register in the Indonesian FDA, Directorate of Processed Food Registration for 2019 to 2020. There were 3,850 products, consisting of 3,036 Local Products (LP) and 814 Imported Products (IP). These products were grouped into seven food categories and 18 types of food. The highest sodium content was found in chili sauce at 2,254,06 mg/100 g, and the lowest was in wafers at 218.64 mg/100 g. Overall, 2,538 of all products (66.56%) did not meet the sodium criteria based on the WHO benchmark. While for instant noodles, only 14.2% of the products met the sodium criteria based on the Indonesian FDA regulations and only 7.4% comply to the WHO sodium benchmark. The Cohen’s Kappa test showed a strong agreement (K=0.650; 95% CI; p=0.00, strong) between the two regulations in limiting sodium levels in instant noodles. This study provides an overview of sodium levels in processed food in Indonesia. The sodium content in most products including instant noodles, as one of the most frequently consumed products, are still above the recommended value. Therefore, it is necessary to develop sodium benchmarkof wider range of food categories in national level that might contribute to sodium intake, as well as for instant noodles. In order to achieve this goal, involvement of multi stakeholder among government, food industry and expert are also needed to deliver effective policies regarding sodium intake concerns
Sauropus androgynus, Papaya Leaves, and Mung Beans as Mixed Galactagogue Drink for Urban Postpartum Mothers
Get PDFThis study explored the effect of Sauropus androgynus, papaya leaves, and mung beans as mixed galactagogue drinks on breastmilk volume, frequency, and duration among urban postpartum mothers in Jakarta. A quasi-experimental study with 60 postpartum mothers divided in intervention and control groups was conducted. The intervention group was administered with a 400-cc traditional galactagogue drink daily within 4 weeks of postpartum, while the control group received 3 times breastfeeding counselling. The breastmilk volume was measured using the evaporative water loss method on mothers’ weight at the first, second, third-, and fourth-week consumption. The mean difference of breastmilk volume, breastfeeding frequency, and duration between the intervention and control groups was calculated by bivariate analysis using an independent sample t-test. The breastmilk volume was not different between both groups on the first and second week (1st:622.93±289.24 and 507.68±231.28, p=0.094; 2nd:683.00±252.42 and 582.58±225.42, p=0.110), however, the intervention group had higher volume than the control group in the third and fourth week (3rd:801.43±273.35 and 656.24±214.43, p=0.026; 4th=908.52±271.27 and 756.69±196.29, p=0.016). No significant difference was observed in the breastfeeding frequency and duration among the groups. In conclusion, the new galactagogue mixed drink consumption has the potential to increase breastmilk production and enhance a mother’s confidence to continue breastfeeding