Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan
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Higher Parental Age and Lower Educational Level are Associated with Underweight among Preschool Children in Terengganu, Malaysia
Get PDFThis cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the determinants of underweight among preschool children. A total of 218 preschool children were enrolled. Their sociodemographic data were collected using self-reported questionnaires whilst body weight and height were measured, recorded and the BMI for-age z-score was calculated using WHO AnthroPlus software. Of all preschool children participants, 47.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Most of them were Malays (99.5%), aged 4 to <5 years (40.8%) and came from low-income household (92.7%). Overall, the prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obese was 17.9%, 73.8%, 4.6% and 3.7% respectively. The underweight prevalence was higher than the national prevalence (13.7%). Of all parent participants, 12.4% were male and 87.6% were female. Most of them aged 30−39 years (55.5%) and did not hold a degree (89.4%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that parental age and their level of education were the determinants of childhood underweight. The risk of being underweight increased with the age of parents (p=0.033) and lower level of education of parents (p=0.042). In conclusion, this study found that underweight among preschool children was mainly associated with parental factors. Hence, designing a special nutritional intervention program involving older parents and lower education levels could overcome this problem
The Effect of Combined Extracts of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) in Improving Diabetic Condition in Rats
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the efficacy of combination of sappan (secang) wood and gotu kola extracts in reducing insulin resistance and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) and Nicotinamide (NA) 230 mg/kg BW. Forty-two male Sprague Dawley rats weighing ±200 g were divided into 7 groups: 1) control, 2) glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW, 3) sappan wood extract (CS) 250 mg/kg BW, 4) gotu kola extract (CA) 500 mg/kg BW, 5) 1st combination of extracts of sappan wood and gotu kola (CSCA1) 125 mg/kg BW + 750 mg/kg BW, 6) 2nd combination (CSCA2) with 250 mg/kg BW + 500 mg/kg BW, and 7) 3rd combination (CSCA3) with 375 mg/kg BW + 250 mg/kg BW. The insulin resistance levels were measured using the HOMA-IR index based on fasting blood glucose and insulin. The Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARs) method was used to measure MDA levels. All measurements were taken before treatment, 14 days after treatment, and 21 days after treatment. The group receiving CSCA3 showed significant reduction in insulin resistance (-3.32±0.05) and MDA levels (-2.04±0.37 nmol/ml) on Day 21 after treatment. The CSCA3 treatment did not show statistically different result compared to glibenclamide treatment (p>0.05). Hence, CSCA3 treatment was considered as the best proportion of sappan wood and gotu kola extracts mixture and the result is comparable to glibenclamide. This study shows that the combination of sappan wood and gotu kola extracts has the potential to be developed as a functional drink for people with diabetes
Health Literacy: How is it Related to Body Mass Index of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Get PDFThis study aimed to assess the level of health literacy and determines the association between health literacy and BMI among T2DM patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 patients with T2DM. Health literacy was measured using the Malay version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire 16 (HLS–EU–Q16).Information about sociodemographic, weight, height, and body mass index were obtained. The majority of the participants had sufficient health literacy (60.4%), whereas the mean BMI of patients was 28.59 kg/m2. A significant association was found between BMI with health literacy levels. The median BMI value of the sufficient health literacy group was significantly higher, 28.38( 6.02) than the problematic health literacy group, 25.38 (7.52) using Kruskal Wallis test. This indicates that health literacy may be a predictor of BMI. Or maybe, the other way around is true, increased BMI may result in increased awareness on health. Still, other stronger determinants besides health literacy such as income and dietary intake which were not included in this study might influence the BMI of T2DM patients
Correlation between Blood Glucose Level and Short-Term Memory Score among 4th and 5th Grades of Primary School Children in Bogor, Indonesia
Get PDFThe study aimed to analyze the correlation between Blood Glucose levels (BG) and Short-Term Memory scores (STM) among primary school children in Bogor, as controlled by Socioeconomic Status (SES), BMI-for-age (BAZ), Hemoglobin (Hb), folate, and vitamin B12 levels. It was a cross-sectional study applied for 915 students of the 4th–5th grades from 16 primary schools in the suburban area of the Cijeruk district. Morning blood samples were drawn from venous puncture of the inner arm. The specimens were then transported to laboratories to analyze the BG (hexokinase methods), Hb (non-cyanide Hb), as well as folate, and vitamin B12 using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. The STM was obtained through an object recall test performed by trained psychologists. The actual body weight and height were measured to determine BAZ. The characteristics of subjects and their SES were collected through interviews and structured questionnaires. Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were performed to compare differences between variables that were grouped by genders. Correlations between predictors and predicted variables were analyzed using simple logistic regression for the bivariates analysis and a binary logistic regression test for the multivariate analysis. There were significant differences in BAZ, BG, and STM between boys and girls (p<0.05). Most of the subject\u27s BAZ was normal (85.2%). About 50.9% of subjects had normal Hb, 99.8% had folate deficiency, 47.8% had normal vitamin B12 level, and 54.9% had good STM score. There was no significant correlation between BAZ, Hb, folate, and vitamin B12 level with STM (p≥0.05), respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between BG and STM (p<0.05; OR=1.583; 95% CI:1.067−2.348) after being controlled by BAZ, subject’s characteristic, and SES. In conclusion, optimum blood glucose level improved the STM in primary school children. Therefore, provision of balanced diet, more especially breakfast, for school children is highly important
Characteristics of Yogurt Ice Cream Fortified with Red Dragon Fruit Puree as Anti-Obesity Functional Food
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the effect of Red Dragon Fruit Puree (RDP) added to yogurt ice cream on its sensory, physical and chemical characteristics as well as its anti-obesity effect on mice fed with high-fat diet. To obtain the optimal addition level, RDP was added to the yogurt-based ice cream dough in various proportions: 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The sensory evaluation signifies that 30% RDP addition results in the best yogurt ice cream because it produces favorable flavor, attractive color (purplish pink), and the most preferable taste for the panelist. Data on physical and chemical characteristics showed that RDP yogurt ice cream has lower overrun, total solid, fat, carbohydrate, and calorie content than non-RDP yogurt ice cream (p<0.05). The animal test identified that consumption of RDP yogurt ice cream for 14 days could reduce the mice’s (a xenograft model) body weight under normal and high-fat diet conditions (p<0.05). Thus, RDP yogurt ice cream with specific physical and chemical characteristics potentially results in anti-obesity effects in pre-clinic setting. RDP yogurt ice cream merits further studies, especially for clinical test, before the commercialization stage
Effect of Maja (Aegle marmelous) Leaf Extract and Trigona Honey on Glucosidase Activity Inhibition
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the effect of the maja leaf extract and trigona honey on the á-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical type of trigona honey. It is a completely randomized study with natural ingredients, which are traditionally used for diabetic treatment in South Sulawesi. These Maja leaf extracts were mixed with raw trigona honey under several proportions: F1 (only containing trigona honey), FII (trigona honey mixed with maja leaves extract in ratio of 1:1), FIII (only containing maja leaves extract), FIV (trigona honey and maja leaves extract in ratio of 2:1) and FV (trigona honey and maja leaves extract in ratio of 1:2). The five formulas were tested for the phytochemical content (flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid, saponin, and quinones), antioxidant activity by DPPH method and followed by á-glucosidase enzyme inhibition test. The phytochemical test found that trigona honey only contained flavonoid and tannin compounds, whereas maja leaf extract and its mixture (with trigona honey) obtained a positive result of flavonoid, tannin, steroid, and saponin contents. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity results are categorized as follows (IC50): FI (2,524 ppm) has a very weak antioxidant activity, FII (196 ppm) has a weak antioxidant activity, FIII (201 ppm) and FIV (225 ppm) have very weak antioxidant activities, FV (147 ppm) has a moderate antioxidant activity. The results of the á-glucosidase inhibition test show that the highest value was in FV (300.74 ppm), then followed by FIII (493.54 ppm), and FIV (847.95 ppm). On the other hand, FI and FII formulas were considered unable to inhibit á-glucosidase enzymes. Therefore, adding Maja leaf extract into the trigone honey might improve its potential use for managing diabete
Food Consumption in Relation to Hyperglycemia in Middle-Aged Adults (45−59 years): A Cross-Sectional National Data Analysis
Get PDFThe study aimed to investigate the association between food consumption with hyperglycemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey (IBHS). A total of 8,477 subjects met the inclusion criteria and included in this study. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) was analyzed in the laboratory using an enzymatic analysis. The fasting blood glucose was categorized as hyperglycemia (≥126 mg/dl) and normal (<126 mg/dl). A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the food intake. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association of food consumption and hyperglycemia. Our results found that the prevalence of hyperglycemia in this population was 43%. The mean FBG was 104.68±31.99 mg/dL for male and 110.75±43.92 mg/dl for female subjects. Frequent consumption of sweet desserts (OR=1.265; CI=1.132, 1.413), Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) (OR=1.433; 95% CI:1.263−1.626), salty foods (OR=1.189; 95% CI=1.079−1.311), fried foods (OR=1.172; 95% CI=1.033−1.331), and instant foods (OR=1.186; 95 % CI=1.088−1.293) were significantly associated with increased odds of hyperglycemia. There was a significant association between food consumption and hyperglycemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia
Lipid Profile Improving Effect of Tenggulun Leaf (Protium javanicum) Tea Powder in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to determine the effect of tenggulun leaf tea powder in improving lipid profile in rats fed with high fat diet. We developed a tenggulun leaf tea powder and did a biochemical analysis. The in vivo study was conducted using 18 male Wistar rats grouped into three different diets, Control-Standard Feed (CSF) group, Hypercholesterol-Standard Feed (HSF) group and Hypercholesterolemia-Tenggulun Feed (HTF) group. The treatment was given for 30 days in all groups. Biochemical analysis showed that tenggulun leaf tea powder contains various cholesterol lowering substance such as dietary fibre (42.73%), phenolic content (9.42 mg GAE/g), tannins (10.80 mg TAE/g), flavonoids content (1.81 mg QE/g), and it also showed antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 67.20 ppm). In vivo analysis after treatment showed that there was no significant difference in total cholesterol levels between the HSF and HTF groups. However, in the HTF group there was a decrease in total cholesterol levels from the initial level by 16.48%. In addition, the HTF group had significantly higher HDL and lower LDL level compared to the HSF. The administration of tenggulun leaf tea powder for 30 days showed a significant effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, but not on serum Triglyceride (TG) levels. Therefore, the tenggulun leaf tea powder showed a significant effect in improving lipid profile in rats fed with high fat diet
Thyroid Dysfunction, Total Cholesterol Levels and Anthropometric Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Iodine Deficient Area of Prambanan Sub-District, Sleman Regency, Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the relationship between thyroid dysfunction with Total Cholesterol levels (TC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist to hip Circumference Ratio (WHR). The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the endemic iodine deficiency areas in Prambanan Sub-district, Sleman Regency. A total subject of 134 women of reproductive age were selected randomly from the source population of 592. Thyroid dysfunction determined by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Free Thyroxine (FT4) level were measured by ELISA method. Total cholesterol level was measured by colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer. We also measured the weight and height for BMI calculation as well as the WC and Hip Circumference (HC). Chi-Square test was applied to analyze association between thyroid dysfunction with TC levels, BMI, WC and WHR. Results found the percentage of thyroid dysfunction in subjects was 39.6% (hypothyroidism 4.5% and hyperthyroidism 35.1%). The percentage of subjects with hypercholesterolemia was 34.3%. The BMI calculation found that the underweight, overweight and obesity proportions were 6.7%; 16.4% and 27.6% respectively; WC >80 cm was 29.9% and WHR >0.85 was 38.8%. There was no association between thyroid dysfunction and TC levels, BMI and WC (p>0.05) respectively. Meanwhile thyroid dysfunction was significantly associated with WHR (p<0.05). Therefore, women in reproductive age with thyroid dysfunction should be aware of their increasing abdominal adiposity
Alternative Dietary Fiber Sources from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seeds and Their by-Products
Get PDFThis study evaluates the macronutrients and Dietary Fiber (DF) of kenaf seeds and their secondary by-products to promote food sustainability and support the zero-waste concept. The first part concentrates on macronutrients and potential DF sources of kenaf seeds and their by-products, i.e., kenaf seed meals and dregs. Following this, the DF from the most probable source was fractionated to quantify its composition. The results showed that the macronutrients of kenaf seeds are comparable to other commercial oilseeds such as soybean, almond, and hemp seeds. Additionally, the secondary by-products could be reused as DF sources. It was found that the kenaf seed by-products had 20.63–35.08% DF contents which were comparable to soybean by-products. Moreover, the fractionation of DF from kenaf seed dregs showed that the DF comprised 1.86%, 1.01%, 6.33%, and 66.33% (dry basis) of acid-soluble pectin, calcium-bound pectin, alkali-soluble hemicellulose, and cellulose, respectively. The soluble (pectins and hemicelluloses) and insoluble (cellulose) fractions are related to the modulation of gut microbiota which have similar potential to conventional prebiotics and an excellent role in bodyweight management, respectively. These findings provide useful information for researchers and industries to venture into alternative DF sources from kenaf seeds as a value-add ingredient for functional food applications