Indo. J. Chem. Res.
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Characterization and Identification Compounds of Liquid Smoke from Used Tire Waste Pyrolysis
Full text linkResearch on compounds from liquid smoke resulting from the pyrolysis of used tire waste has been conducted. The results of tire pyrolysis produce liquid hydrocarbons and charcoal which can be utilized and developed into more useful materials or finished goods. This study aims to identify the compound components of liquid smoke resulting from the pyrolysis of used tire waste. The research begins with manufacturing a pyrolysis tool based on the principle of dry distillation. The pyrolysis process is carried out by heating at high temperatures. Liquid smoke analysis was carried out using GC-MS. In contrast, the components of the compound were identified and characterized by comparing the mass spectrum data obtained with the mass spectrum data in the GC-MS library. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 6 kg of used tires produced 1500 mL of liquid smoke. Analysis of liquid smoke by GC-MS produced 88 chromatogram peaks, with the most dominant peak height at peaks 3, 17, 37, 38, 72, and 73. The most dominant compound component identified by MS spectrum analysis is 2-propanone (peak 3), 4-methyl-2-pentanone (peak 17), ethyl-benzene (peak 37), 1,2-dimethyl-benzene (peak 38), 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethyl)-benzene (peak 72) and limonene (peak 73)
Solid Dispersion of Acetosal Using Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 in Tablets with Direct Compressing Method
Full text linkAcetosal is classified in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II (low solubility, high permeability). Low solubility causes a decreased dissolution rate. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 is an inert carrier easily soluble in water and can influence the solubility of a drug substance. Efforts to increase the solubility of acetosal make a solid dispersion system. This study aims to determine the effect of the solid dispersion system of acetosal: PVP K-30 on dissolution rate, the ratio of the solid dispersion with the best dissolution rate, and the physical properties of acetosal tablets formed in the dispersion system. Solid dispersions using the dissolving method with variations in the concentration of acetosal: PVP K-30 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The results of the dissolution test of acetosal in solid dispersion powder, i.e., PVP Formula 1:5, which has the highest dissolution percentage compared to formula 1:1 and 1:3 with the concentration this formula was 140.96 mg, dissolution percentage was 28.19±0,63% in 30 minutes. Statistical results by ANOVA test show a significant difference of 0.044 (p<0.05). The physical properties of tablets with a dispersion system show higher addition of PVP K-30. This result is related to slower disintegration time and lower friability
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Gel from Palm Shell and Coir Ash
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the composition of the oxide, the characteristics of palm shell and coir, and silica gel synthesized. The oxide composition, crystallinity, palm shell and coir ash functional groups were analyzed using XRF, XRD, and FTIR. Analysis of the functional groups and crystallinity using FT-IR and XRD. The results showed the composition of SiO2 in palm shell and coir ash was 76%, and SiO2 in the form of quartz and cristobalite was more dominant than amorphous SiO2. The synthesis success was indicated by the appearance of peaks with low intensity, not sharp, and resembling bumps on the synthesized silica gel diffractogram, which is an amorphous SiO2 characteristic. This result is confirmed by FT-IR, where absorption at wave number 455 cm-1 is a Si-O-Si bending vibration, 783 cm-1 is a stretching vibration of Si-O symmetry of Si-O-Si, 3454.51 cm-1, and 3568 cm-1 with fairly high intensity are characteristic of the -OH group from Si-OH. The wide and sharp absorption at 1083.99 cm-1 is a stretching vibration of the Si-O symmetry of Si-O-Si, 1625.99 cm-1 is -OH vibration of water molecule, 798.53 cm-1 is Si-O stretching vibration of Si-O-Si and absorption of 462.92 cm-1 indicates bending vibration of Si-O-Si
Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Essential Oil from Lime Peel Waste as Aromatherapy Candles
Full text linkFlavonoids belong to the extensive group of polyphenol compounds. They can function as antioxidants and antibacterials by denaturing bacterial cell proteins and damaging bacterial cells. One source of essential oils is lime peel, which is often discarded and goes unused. The distillation method utilizes microwaves, offering an alternative to conventional distillation techniques and resulting in enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. The Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) method proves to be more energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, rapid, safe, and cost-effective. This study aims to assess the impact of the MAHD method on the quantity and quality of essential oils extracted from lime peels. Laboratory tests are conducted in accordance with Indonesian national standards. The overarching objective is to establish a process that transforms discarded lime peels into aromatherapy candles, contributing to respiratory health. The MAHD method is employed with a sample mass to distilled water solvent ratio of 1:1. The resulting essential oil undergoes analysis using the GC-MS method. According to the GC-MS test results, the compound with the highest percentage area is limonene at 98%. This is followed by trans-caryophyllene at 99% with a retention time of 12.422, and beta-selinene at 99% with a retention time of 13.191
Antioxidant Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Kigelia africana from Waterpark Platinum Riau
Full text linkAntioxidants can prevent reactive oxygen-associated diseases, which trigger carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease, and premature aging. India and Africa have mostly practiced sausage trees (Kigelia africana) as traditional medicine, whereas Indonesia is still limited. The research aims to determine the phytochemistry and bioactivity of the n-hexane fractions from crude methanol extract of the leaves and bark of the sausage tree as antioxidants and their toxicity. The sausage tree is derived from Waterpark Platinum Riau. The sausage trees were macerated with methanol and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. All samples were tested for their antioxidant to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cytotoxicity to Artemia salina Leach larvae. Phytochemical results of methanol crude extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and sausage bark showed the presence of all secondary metabolites except alkaloids in the n-hexane fraction. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of stem and leaf bark ethyl acetate fraction was stronger than crude methanol extract and n-hexane fraction. Based on LC-MS/MS data, the secondary metabolite components that have contributed strongly antioxidant activity of this study are flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol and the derivatives, lignans (cubebin), and steroids (pregnant)
Carbon Dots Synthesis from Soybean with Urea Doped As Sensitive Fe(II) Ion Detection
Full text linkSynthesis of carbon dots from soybeans with urea doped (N-CDs) has been successfully conducted using the bottom-up approach via the hydrothermal method. The N-CDs showed a dark brown solution, indicating the carbon dots formed. This study analyzed the effect of optical properties before and after Fe (II) ions addition on the sensitivity of N-CDs. N-CDs characterizations were analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL). The results showed that the absorbance spectrum range is from 200 to 600 nm, with its absorbance peak at 290 nm. The band gap energy obtained is 3.32 eV, which indicates that N-CDs are semiconductors. The N-CDs solution resulted in good fluorescence when observed under ultraviolet light (395 nm) and emitted a bright green color. N-CDs' sensitivity when sensing Fe (II) ions with a minimum Limit of Detection (LOD) is as low as 5.7 nM. Thus, N-CDs can be used as biosensors with an easy and environmentally friendly method
Water Stability Characteristic of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Feed Coated with Tapioca Flour-beeswax-based Edible Coating
Full text linkOne of the reasons in increasing water turbidity in nile tilapia aquaculture is the presence of spoilage in fish feed that is easily disintegrate and decompose as organic matters in the water. Therefore, a thin layer or edible coating is needed to coat the tilapia feed to slow down the decomposition of the feed due to water absorption. The main ingredients for tilapia feed are tapioca flour added with beeswax solution and glycerol as a plasticizer. In this study, the glycerol concentrations used were 3%, 5%, and 7%, and the beeswax concentrations used were 0.25% w/v, 0.50 % w/v, and 0.75 % w/v. The purpose of this study was analysed the effect of plasticizers and beeswax on the characteristics of the edible coating. The method used to coat tilapia feed is the dipping method, where the product is dipped in a coating solution. The results of the research can be demonstrated by performing a and functional group test using FTIR spectra, contact angle test, and water resistance test of coated fish feed
Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Production from Oil Palm Male Inflorescence as Food Stabilizer
Full text linkMale inflorescence residue of the oil palm rich in fibre and contains cellulose content and has the potential to synthesize Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). Male inflorescence is considered necessary removed in the early stages of the oil palm cultivation process to develop stem size, string and robust root systems. This activity generates plentiful of oil palm male inflorescence residues in the plantation. The aim of this research is to synthesis and characterize CMC fabricated from oil palm male inflorescence (OPMI-CMC) waste for use as an ice cream stabilizer, using a variety of treatments, which are commercial CMC 0.2%, OPMI-CMC 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. The results showed that CMC can be produced from organic waste of male flowers of oil palm plants. The water content, pH, purity, and degree of substitution meet the standard. The optimal concentration of OPMI-CMC for ice cream stabilizer is 0.3% based on melting time and overrun value. The FTIR analysis shows that the main functional group of the OPMI-CMC is highly comparable. Therefore, to possibly be employed as an alternative to organic CMC for food stabilizers, other standards must be fulfilled, and further research is required
Characterization and Kinetic Study of Methylene Blue Photocatalytic on ZnO/ZSM-5
Full text linkPhotodegradation of organic pollutants depends significantly on the structure of metal oxide-based semiconductor photocatalysts. ZnO/ZSM-5 has shown the potential to significantly improve its photocatalytic efficiency for removing waterborne pollutants. ZnO/ZSM-5 has been reported to be an active catalyst for degrading methylene blue. These methods commonly involve various catalytic reactions, with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood process being used to describe the reaction kinetics. A kinetic study on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZnO/ZSM-5 was conducted under UV-LED lamp irradiation. ZnO/ZSM-5 was characterized using XRD, SEM, and N2 adsorption-desorption, and it was prepared via the impregnation method. The interaction between ZnO/ZSM-5 and methylene blue solutions over a period of 30 to 180 minutes was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue followed first-order rate kinetics. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic analysis revealed that the photocatalytic reaction constant (kc) was 4.207 L.mg-1. menit-1, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood constant (K) was 261.509 L.mg-1
Molecular Networking to Screen Macroalgal Secondary Metabolites: Case for West Timor Macroalgae
Full text linkThe research describes how molecular networking was used as a screening tool to prioritize the isolation workflow of 40 macroalgae sampled from West Timor waters, Indonesia, in addition to a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-based (NMR) spectroscopy strategy. A mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to generate spectra that later be used as data to produce the molecular network with the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) website. The screening process used the molecular network, which assisted in the selection of six samples of macroalgae out of the 40 samples for further examination. Lastly, an NMR-based protocol was employed to choose the samples of interest to be investigated further. Six samples were shortlisted from the GNPS molecular network based on specimens, which were then validated with 1H NMR spectroscopy to finally prioritized three samples