Indo. J. Chem. Res.
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Iron Doped Calcium Manganese Oxide Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Secondary Batteries
Full text linkIn recent years, zinc secondary batteries, which utilize a water-based electrolyte and offer high safety, have attracted attention as post-lithium-ion batteries. Zn has a high specific capacity (820 mAh/g) and a redox potential of -0.76 V (versus the standard hydrogen electrode) as a cathode. Furthermore, combining it with new cathode materials could significantly enhance performance. In particular, layered compounds containing manganese are inexpensive, widely used in industry, and considered promising candidates. This study synthesized calcium manganese oxide with a layered structure and investigated its potential as a cathode material for zinc secondary batteries. It is already known that Ca₂Mn₃O₈ has a layered structure and can be synthesized with a Mn/Ca atomic ratio ranging from 1.5 to 2.5. This research examined the effect of adding Fe and Al to this calcium manganese oxide on battery performance. When Fe was added, the battery capacity increased by 20%, reaching 177 mAh/g compared to the sample without Fe. This increase is believed to result from an increased interlayer distance, promoting the incorporation of structural water and enhancing ion conversion reactions during charge and discharge. However, adding Al was found to have no beneficial effect on battery performance
The Analysis of The Absorption Capabilities of The Heavy Metal Mercury (Hg) in Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata), Mangrove Snail (Telescopium telescopium) and Mangrove Clams (Polymesoda erosa)
No full textMercury is a neurotoxic heavy metal with high bioaccumulation ability in aquatic biota, such as mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata), mangrove snails (Telescopium telescopium), and mangrove mussels (Polymesoda erosa), which are widely consumed by humans, and used as bioindicators of pollution. This study aimed to analyze the effect of mercury solution concentration and species differences on mercury absorption in the three biota. The method used was experimental treatment with mercury concentrations of 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, and control. Samples were analyzed using the AAS Cold Vapor method at the IPB Bogor Proling Laboratory. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using two-way Anova with an α level of 0.05, followed by the Duncan Test if the hypothesis was accepted. Research data will be processed using SPSS 26.0 software. The results showed that mercury concentration and species differences influenced the ability to absorb mercury. Mangrove clams had the highest mercury accumulation compared to mangrove snails and mangrove crabs, especially in the 5 ppm and 10 ppm treatments. The highest mercury exposure occurred on the second day of observation.
 
Utilization of Glass Waste in Silica Gel Production Using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with The Sol-Gel Method
Full text linkThe utilization of glass waste as raw material for silica gel using the sol-gel method to produce high-quality products while reducing inorganic waste. Silica is extracted from glass waste using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), then converted into sodium silicate. Silica gel synthesis is carried out by varying two main parameters: the sodium silicate: water ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) and sulfuric acid concentration (1.5 M, 2 M, 2.5 M, 3 M, and 3.5 M). Product characterization was performed using XRF for SiO₂ content, XRD for amorphous structure, and BET for specific surface area. The highest SiO₂ content of 86.83% was obtained at a ratio of 1:5 and H₂SO₄ concentration of 3.5 M. In contrast, the highest specific surface area of 186.82 m²/g was achieved at the same ratio and 3 M. These conditions highlight the balance between sufficient acid strength to remove metallic and organic impurities and adequate dilution to maintain effective mass transfer, resulting in a SiO₂ purity of up to 99%. These results highlight the high potential of glass waste as an alternative silica source for adsorbent and catalyst support applications
Investigation of Pharmacokinetics, Molecular Docking, and Dynamics of Xanthomicrol-Derived Compounds Against Various Mutated Proteins in Lung Cancer Cells
Full text linkLung cancer remains one of the leading causes of global mortality, primarily due to drug resistance and the adverse effects of conventional therapies. Therefore, the discovery of novel compounds that are both effective and safe is crucial for the development of alternative treatments. This study employed a computational approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Xanthomicrol-derived compounds targeting mutated proteins commonly associated with lung cancer. Four derivatives (u1a, u2a, u3a, and u4a) were assessed using pharmacokinetic (ADMET) predictions, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations against ten mutated lung cancer-related proteins (1nq1, 1x2j, 4b3z, 4j97, 5l2q, 6pwa, 6usx, 7pgk, 7pgl, and 7r7k). ADMET predictions revealed that all compounds had good gastrointestinal absorption, did not cross the blood–brain barrier, and exhibited favourable safety profiles. Among them, compound u3a showed the highest binding affinity toward seven mutated proteins, with docking scores ranging from -5.9 to -9.4 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations further supported the stability of u3a protein interactions, indicated by low RMSF values and an optimal radius of gyration. These results suggest that u3a is a promising candidate for targeted lung cancer therapy and warrants further experimental validation
Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profile of Mancadu Clam (Atrina vexillum) in Waai Village
Full text linkMancadu clam (Atrina Vexillum) is a food source for Maluku coastel communities with high nutritional value and contains various bioactive components, including fatty acids and amino acids. This study analyzed the content of fatty acids and amino acids in mancadu clams (Atrina Vexillum) in Waai village. Fatty acid analysis was carried out through a maceration extraction process with the Shaking Incubator method and transesterification using the microwave. Amino acid analysis was carried out by hydrolysis for 12 hours. The results of the research, the fatty acids of mancadu clams contain 7 fatty acid components, consisting of 2 saturated fatty acids, namely hexadecanoic or methyl palmitate, which is the most significant component (17.61%) and heptadecanoic acid (13.43%). Unsaturated fatty acids are hydrosinnamic acid (15.01%), 5,8,11,14- eicosatetranoic acid/omega-6 fatty acid (7.2%), octadecanoic acid (6.65%), 9-Octadecanoic acid (5.1%) and 8,11-eicosadinoic acid or FUPA (4.68%). The results of amino acid analysis of mancadu clams (Atrina Vexillum) on 18 amino acids obtained 6 types of essential amino acids namely leucine, valine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine and arginine which the largest compound from acid hydrolysis (1150.94 mg/Kg). There are 7 types of nonessential amino acids: glutamic acid, alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, and proline. 
Optimization Of Hydrolysis Of Gayam Peel Waste Using The Acid Method Into Glucose
Full text linkThis study aims to optimize the hydrolysis process of gayam fruit peel waste using the acid method to produce glucose, which serves as a raw material for bioethanol production. Gayam peel waste contains a high amount of cellulose, which can be converted into glucose through acid hydrolysis. The process began with a delignification step using an 8% NaOH solution at 80°C for 60 minutes to reduce the lignin content. This was followed by hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid (HCl) with varying concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 N) and durations (90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes). Optimization was performed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Minitab 18 software. The RSM results indicated that the highest glucose yield was achieved at a 5 N HCl concentration and 156.67 minutes of hydrolysis time, with a predicted glucose content of 24.37%. Validation using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the Nelson-Somogyi method showed an actual glucose content of 4.7217% or 47.217 ppm. These findings demonstrate that gayam fruit peel waste can be efficiently converted into reducing sugars and holds significant potential as an environmentally friendly raw material for bioethanol production
The Influence of Chip Size Variation in the Pulping Process from Jabon Wood
Full text linkWood is the primary raw material in the pulp and paper industry. Due to its favorable fiber characteristics, Jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is a promising fast-growing pulp and paper production species. This study investigates the effect of nine different chip size variations, including their length and thickness (1×3, 3×3, 5×3, 1×5, 3×5, 5×5, 1×7, 3×7, and 5×7), on pulp yield, fiber properties, and chemical performance using the kraft pulping method. Parameters measured include pulp yield, fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, cell wall thickness, and derived indices such as Runkle ratio, felting power, Muhlsteph ratio, rigidity coefficient, flexibility ratio, and kappa number. Results show that chip size does not significantly affect yield but influences fiber quality and kappa number. Shorter and thinner chips improved chemical penetration, resulting in lower kappa numbers and higher-quality pulp. Fiber classification based on IAWA criteria placed jabon wood in class II, indicating medium to suitable suitability for pulp. The study provides novel insight into optimizing chip geometry for kraft pulping of jabon wood, which has rarely been explored in previous literature. These findings are relevant for enhancing raw material efficiency and pulp quality in industrial applications
Understanding the Impact of Curing Duration on Characteristics of Durian Extract-Based Solid Soap
Full text linkThis study aims to understand the effect of curing duration on the characteristics of durian extract-based solid soap. Durian extract-based soap has unique properties that can be affected by the curing process, namely the duration of drying and maturation of the soap after manufacture. In this study, soap was produced using durian extract as the main ingredient, with curing time variations ranging from 2 weeks to 6 weeks. During the curing process, the water content in the soap decreased, and the saponification reaction between alkali and free fatty acids from durian extract took place further. The characteristics of the soap analyzed included hardness, pH, free fatty acid content, and foam durability and quality. The results showed that the soap became more challenging as the curing time increased, with a more stable pH and lower free fatty acid content. In addition, the durability of the soap increased, and the foam quality became more optimal. Longer curing durations were also associated with increased stability and safety of the resulting soap. This study provides new insights into the development of durian extract-based soap. It can be used as a reference to improve the quality of natural soap products through proper curing process management
Adsorption of Inorganic and Organic Waste of Chemistry Laboratory by Using Eggshell-based CaO
Full text linkLaboratory activities are closely related to using corrosive, acidic, and toxic chemicals in producing inorganic and organic waste, such as heavy metals, resulting from chemical reactions, and organic waste originating from ethanol solvents. Adsorption can be an appropriate waste handling step to reduce metal levels in waste. CaO can be used as an adsorbent through several mechanisms. One involves the basic nature of CaO, which forms ionic bonds with acidic compounds in the environment, so these molecules or ions can be adsorbed on the CaO surface. The aims are to characterize CaO and to determine the amount of adsorption power of the CaO catalyst on metals (Pb and Cd) and organic waste (ethanol) originating from the chemistry laboratory. The SSA measurement showed that the waste tested contained the highest levels of Cd and Pb metals, namely 16.82 ppm and 1.52 ppm. The adsorption results using CaO showed that the absorption capacity for Cd and Pb metal was up to 99%, while for ethanol, it was around 20%. It showed that CaO can be used as an adsorbent for laboratory waste
The Leaching of Manganese Ore from Patappa, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi
Full text linkManganese ores are considered economical and worth selling if they have a purity value above 40%. However, not all mined manganese metal minerals have the appropriate purity value. Manganese metal minerals can be processed using various hydrometallurgical methods to separate metal minerals from their associated minerals using solvents. The purpose of this study is to determine the results of manganese leaching recovery at each variation of temperature and percent solids and to determine the effect of both on manganese recovery. The findings of this study could significantly contribute to the field of metallurgy and mineral processing by providing a deeper understanding of the factors influencing manganese recovery. The method used in this study began with sample preparation. The results of sample preparation were analyzed using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence). Some of the sample preparation results were leached with several variations in temperature; the leaching results were continued with analysis using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The results showed that increasing the leaching temperature and percent solids would increase the leaching reaction rate, resulting in higher Mn recovery