Indo. J. Chem. Res.
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Production Process of Large Pore Size Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell using Sodium Chloride as An Activator
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine the yield of activated carbon, iodine number, and surface area of palm activated carbon. Samples were produced by using sodium chloride (NaCl) as an activator. Palm shells that had been produced by the milling process were then sieved with a 12 mesh sieve and soaked in 20 % NaCl solution. The sample solution was heated over a water bath at 70 oC and continued with the drying process at a constant temperature of 105 oC. The activated shells continued the pyrolysis process at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 oC for 3 hours. The activated carbon obtained from the pyrolysis process was weighed and then washed using hot distilled water. The samples were dried in an oven at a temperature of 105 oC for 24 hours. The results were analyzed for iodine number using iodometric titration method, surface area using Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and pore structure using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method. The results showed the best yield was 38.13 % obtained at 20% NaCl and a temperature of 400 oC. The best iodine number was 767.745 mg/g and surface area was 6.790 m2/g, pore volume 4.377 cc/g with pore size 9.781 A
Kinetics and Isotherm Study of Ion Phosphate Adsorption by Lontor Natural Clay
Full text linkThe clay used taken from Lontor Village, Central Maluku Regency, Banda Besar Island. The clay was activated at 350 °C for 3 hours using a furnace. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of physically activated Lontor natural clay in reducing levels of phosphate ions using the adsorption method. The adsorption capacity of clay is determined based on two parameters. The parameters are the optimum contact time used are 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours and variations of the concentration are 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L of phosphate. The concentration of phosphate adsorbed on the clay was measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 665 nm. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the adsorption of phosphate ions by Lontor natural clay were obtained at the contact time of 5 hours and the concentration of 40 mg/L. The adsorption of phosphate ions by Lontor activated natural clay followed the pseudo-second-order Lagergren adsorption kinetics model with a rate constant value (k2) of 3.39 x 10-1 g mg-1 min-1, and following the Freundlich adsorption isotherm models with a correlation coefficient (R2), Freundlich constant (Kf), and n values, respectively are 0.9513; 0.57 mg1-1/n L1/n/g, and 0.40 g/L
Sterol Constituents of Sea Fan (Gorgonia mariae) as Potential Candidates of MPro Protein SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor: in silico Study
Full text linkEthnobotanically, sea fan was a group of gorgonian coral that have used the Maluku people as medicinal ingredients with secondary metabolites containing sterols, terpenoids, and alkaloids that have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, analgesic, gastroprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-fouling agents. However, the effectiveness of sterols as anti-viral SARS-CoV-2 has not been reported, so research was needed. The initial stage of targeting (SwissTargetPrediction), binding affinity (Autodock Tools 4.2), and amino acid interactions (Discovery Studio 2016 Client®). The route of administration, pharmacokinetic properties, and acute oral toxicity (LD50) were predicted by Lipinski's rule of five, pre-ADMET, and ProTox-II. The results of target class obtained probability of 10.6% (4,24-dimethyl cholesta-7,22-dien-3ß-ol and 4,24-dimethyl-22-dehydro-cholestanol) and 11, 8% (dinosterol). Binding affinity (ΔG, kcal/mol and Ki, nM) potentially 4,24-dimethyl cholesta-7,22-dien-3ß-ol (-9.90; 55.13) > dinosterol (-9.77; 68.66) > 4,24-dimethyl-22-dehydro-cholestanol (-9.48; 113.33), respectively with the crucial amino acid, Asp187. The test compound has a log P value > 5, so solubility must be considered. Pre-ADMET showed an excellent disposition as a drug and was not mutagenic and carcinogenic. However, the distribution of plasma proteins and the dose of LD50 need to be considered. Thus, sea fan sterols have potential as MPro protein inhibitors
Molecular Docking Study of Chalcone Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease
Full text linkSARS-CoV-2 main protease is a potential target for the development of AntiCOVID-19. Several chalcones have inhibitory activity against 3CLpro SARS-CoV and 3CLpro MERS-CoV. This study aims to predict the potential of chalcones in inhibiting 3CLpro SARS-CoV-2, which plays a role in the viral replication process. In silico research carried the prediction through molecular docking toward proteins with PDB ID 6LU7 and 6Y2F. Compound K27 has a docking score more negative than lopinavir. This result indicates that compound K27 is predicted to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication
Potency of Bentonite and Pelawan Wood Active Charcoal as Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Purity Improvements Through Free Fatty Acid Binding
No full textVirgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is pure coconut oil produced from fresh coconuts and does not contain additional chemicals. VCO has a high lauric acid content which acts as an antibiotic, namely antiviral, antibacterial and antiprotozoal so that VCO can increase the human body's resistance to disease or viruses. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels will significantly affect the quality of VCO. The requirement for maximum fatty acid content in VCO to be suitable for consumption is 0.2%. One of the efforts to reduce the free fatty acid levels of VCO is to use adsorbents such as activated charcoal and bentonite. This study aims to determine the effect of bentonite and activated charcoal of pelawan wood (Tristaniopsis merguensis) enhancers of VCO purity. The results showed that the best reduction in free fatty acids was using bentonite and activated charcoal of wood-furnaced pelawan, which was 0.265, while the best turbidity test result was 0.193
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Citrate Microparticle Using Ionic Gelation Methods
Full text linkA study has been conducted which aims to synthesize chitosan-citrate using ionic gelation method and its characterization with FTIR, SEM, SAA and PSA, as well as solubility and swelling tests. The results showed that chitosan reacted with sodium citrate produces chitosan-citrate particles. The product of chitosan-citrate has a rough and thickened surface morphology. Surface area of chitosan-citrate obtained is 35.233 m2/g and pore size is 0.027 cc/g, smaller than chitosan. Based on solubility and swelling tests in acidic, alkaline, and neutral media, chitosan-citrate has good resistance and low swelling effect
Analysis of the Heavy Metal Levels (Cd, Fe, Hg and Pb) at Losari Beach Tourism Reclamation of Makassar
Full text linkThe process of stockpiling reclamation areas and disposing of waste streams can pollute the environment and cause the attendance of dangerous heavy metals. In this research was conducted to determine heavy metals Cd, Fe, Hg, and Pb levels in water and sediment on Losari beach. The method used was an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The result showed that the levels of Cd and Fe in the water for the north point were 0.0278 and 0.0432 mg/L, the south point was 0.0031 and 0.0674 mg/L, the point around the platform showed 0.0028 and 0.0534 mg/L and the levels of sediment were 0.0010 and 31.2417 mg/L. The levels of Hg and Pb in water were 0.0235 and 0.0390 mg/L (north point) 0.0105 and 0.0420 mg/L (south point) 0.0027 and 0.0460 mg/L (around the platform), sediments were 0.0027 and 0.071 mg/L. The result concluded that the concentration of Cd had crossed the threshold only at the north point namely 0.01 mg/L, while the concentration of Fe that crossed the threshold was only in sediment namely 20 mg/L. The level of Hg and Pb pollution in the water and sediment of Losari beach tourism is polluted because it exceeds quality standards
The Multi Soil layering Method for Wastewater Treatment: Review
No full textLiquid waste is the main source of contamination of water bodies, especially river water. This pollution causes decreased water quality in water bodies. One of the wastewater treatment treatments is the Multi Soil Layering (MSL) method. Some of the advantages of using the MSL method are that it is known to be cheap in terms of cost, easy to implement, does not require complicated maintenance so that it can be used continuously, and is also environmentally friendly. One of the constituent materials of the MSL reactor is andesol soil, gravel, and pearlite. MSL has two wastewater treatment zones, the aerobic zone, and the anaerobic zone. The article review aims to compare the efficiency of reducing the levels of pollutant parameters from aerobic and anaerobic processes in MSLmethod in wastewater
Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Combination Extracts of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves from Timor Island
Full text linkTraditionally in the village of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, a combination of avocado and papaya leaves is often used to treat malaria. To be able to be developed as an ingredient in traditional medicine, it is necessary to conduct preliminary research to determine the content of secondary metabolites contained in the combination of avocado and papaya leaves. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolites contained in avocado and papaya leaves through phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Extraction was carried out using methanol solvent by maceration, and the extract yield was 91.4%. Testing the content of secondary metabolites in avocado and papaya leaf extracts was carried out by phytochemical screening. Furthermore, the TLC test was carried out to confirm the presence of a positive group of compounds on phytochemical screening, and to determine the chromatographic profile of the extract. After being tested by phytochemical and TLC analysis, the extract contains several metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The TLC system used in this study can separate the phytochemical content and give positive results that confirm the results of the phytochemical screening
The Comparison Effects of NaOH and KOH as Solvents for Silica Extraction from Two Different Coal Fly Ashes
Full text linkOne of the environmental problems is the waste from the coal combustion process from coal power plants or other industries that use coal as an energy source. The combustion process produces coal fly ash, which will accumulate in the environment. Subsequently, much research about the utilization of coal fly ash has been developed. Silica extraction from coal fly ash is one of the methods that can be used to utilize coal fly ash. This study carried out silica extraction using the Direct Alkaline Leaching (DAL) method. The coal ash was contacted with alkaline solvents (KOH and NaOH) with the variations of concentrations and the leaching time. The leaching solution filtrate will be precipitated with the addition of HCl. The characteristics of this silica from CFA and CFA B were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the results, it could be known that each of the coal fly ashes has different results for both alkaline solvents. CFA A has relatively less silica extraction results in both types of solvents. Meanwhile, CFA B gave higher silica extraction results with coal fly ash and solvent contact time for one hour