Indo. J. Chem. Res.
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The Interaction Mechanism of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) as a Natural Coagulant and Remazol Red Under Different pH Conditions
Full text linkBatik wastewater contains a high concentration of dye that comes from the batik dyeing process. In this study, papaya seeds were applied as a natural coagulant to reduce the concentration of remazol red in batik wastewater. Dried papaya seeds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The coagulation method used the batch method in the pH range of 1-6. The FTIR spectra showed that the papaya seeds contained compounds with -NH2 and -COOH functional groups. The results of coagulation showed that the pH of batik wastewater had an effect on the ability of papaya seeds to reduce the concentration of remazol red. The optimum pH condition was obtained at pH 2 with a decrease in the concentration of remazol red by 96.1%. The interaction that occurs between the coagulant of papaya seeds and the remazol red of batik wastewater is through electrostatic interactions
Biosurfactant Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with Carbon Source from Crude Palm Oil for Oil Recovery
Full text linkBiosurfactants are surfactants that are synthesized by microorganisms using organic materials and have biodegradable properties, making them environmentally friendly. One of the applications of biosurfactants in the recovery of petroleum. This study aims to determine the type of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using crude palm oil as the main carbon source, to determine the effect of variations in pH and CPO concentration on surface tension reduction and emulsification, and compare the best biosurfactant with surfactant synthesis. The production of biosurfactants has 3 stages, namely the bacterial preparation, the biosurfactant production, and the analysis in the form of surface tension, emulsification, crude oil removal, and FTIR. The best biosurfactant was obtained at pH 7 and a carbon source concentration of 3% v/v with surface tension and emulsification values of 42.49 mN/m and 58%, respectively. The pH value and CPO concentration can affect the growth in the biosurfactant production process, thus also affecting the surface tension and emulsification values. The biosurfactants obtained were rhamnolipid biosurfactants. The biosurfactants produced in this study have lower crude oil recovery capabilities than synthetic surfactants with crude oil removal values of 57.78% and 79.34%, respectively
Determination of Band Gap Energy of ZnO/Au Nanoparticles Resulting in Laser Ablation in Liquid
Full text linkThe synthesis of ZnO and ZnO/Au nanoparticles using the laser ablation method in liquid has been successfully carried out. Characterizing the optical properties of ZnO and ZnO/Au using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Ocean Optic MAYA Pro 2000) measured in the wavelength range of 275-875 nm. The characterization results obtained are absorbance and band gap values of ZnO and ZnO/Au nanoparticles. This study found the absorbance values of ZnO nanoparticles at wavelengths 330 and 335 nm. After obtaining the absorbance value, the band gap value was analyzed for ZnO and ZnO/Au nanoparticles, respectively, 3.23 eV and 3.17 eV. The decrease in the band gap value in ZnO is due to the presence of Au in ZnO nanoparticles which can replace one of the lattices in the ZnO crystal structure
Computational Calculation of Nitrobenzene and Its Derivatives
Full text linkNitrobenzene is one of benzene derivatives. Nitrobenzene can be found naturally and also from the synthesis process. Nitrobenzene is used as a raw material to synthesize aniline, textile dyes, pesticides, and drugs. Nitrobenzene is a solvent in the paint industry. The computational calculation was performed for nitrobenzene and its derivatives. Nitrobenzene and its four nitrobenzene derivatives have been optimized using density functional theory/B3LYP functional. The basis set is 3-21G(d). The optimized structure from geometry optimization of the nitrobenzene and its derivatives are in one plane (planar). The parameter structure is changed when substituents change. The bond length increases, and the bond angle decreases when substituents are present
Emulsion Polymers of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Methyl Methacrylate with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Surfactant as Soil Stabilizer
Full text linkPolymer-based materials have gained considerable attention in the road construction sector due to their ability to improve the mechanical strength and durability of soil. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose-methyl methacrylate (CMC-MMA) emulsion polymers were prepared from different MMA to CMC mass ratios with sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant. The synthesized materials were homogeneously mixed with laterite soil, and their unconfined compressive strengths were measured using dry and wet methods on a universal testing machine. The results indicated that the polymers were obtained in high yields with optimum solids content. Characterization using Fourier transform infrared confirmed the homopolymerization probability of monomers in the materials with increased MMA fractions. In addition, the viscosity of the graft-copolymers measured at room temperature was in the range of 1.2-3.2 cP. The polymer-stabilized soils exhibited maximum unconfined compressive strengths of 564 and 162 psi, respectively, obtained from the dry and wet methods. In general, the rise of MMA fraction in the treated soils enhanced the compressive strength of the soil, with a slight increase in soil pH. This study unfolds the potential of cellulose-based materials that can be implemented in soil reinforcement technology
Lead Ion Removal in Water Using Low Methoxy Pectin-Guar Gum Beads Hybrid Adsorbent
Full text linkA high level of lead in the sediment will cause contamination of aquatic biota. Lead pollutants in water may be treated by an easy and common adsorption process. A combination of both environmentally friendly and renewable materials, low methoxy pectin (LMP), and guar gum as adsorbents can reduce the need of activated carbon which requires high temperatures in its synthesis process. LMP was prepared from high methoxy pectin using a demethylation process under alkaline conditions. LMP and guar gum are diluted in 1 M calcium chloride as a crosslinking agent. The degree of esterification was carried out to determine the demethylation process. Adsorption of lead was carried out with a lead concentration of 165 ppm in acidic conditions for 24 hours. Lead concentration was measured using AAS. Results show that the optimal pH for demethylation was 12. The ratio of 1:2 pectin-guar gum produces the strong beads related to more O-H bonds in guar gum that can be developed. pectin-guar gum beads can adsorb 63% of lead at pH 6 due to the development of hydro-complex metal ions under more basic conditions
Chemical Composition Oil and Ethanol Extract of Nutmeg Leaf and Antibacterial Test Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil and ethanol extract of nutmeg leaves and determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Nutmeg leaf oil was obtained by isolation using steam-water distillation and extraction methods using maceration with ethanol as solvent. The moisture content of nutmeg leaves is 11.11%. From the distillation method, 0.26% nutmeg oil was obtained, while the yield of nutmeg oil was 29.01% from the extraction method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer analysis showed that distilled nutmeg oil contains 20 components with the main composition, namely myristicin (15.92%), b-phellandrene (14.35%), limonene (11.20%), b-pinene (10.81%), and a-pinene (8.59%). The ethanol extract of nutmeg leaf contains 37 components with the main composition being myristicin (7.64%), 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethylheptasiloxane (7.14%), 2,2-dimethyl-1-decanol (7.12%), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (5.55%), and 9-dodecane-1-al (4.63%). The antibacterial activity test of nutmeg oil was carried out using the good diffusion method. The inhibitory power of nutmeg oil and ethanol extract of nutmeg leaves against S. aureus bacteria were 20.31 mm and 23.56 mm, while against P. aeruginosa bacteria were 11.79 mm and 8.86 mm, respectively
Antibacterial Activity of Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus) Eco-enzyme Against Acne Bacterias (Staphylococcus aureus and Prapionibacterium acnes)
Full text linkAcne (acne vulgaris) is a skin disease caused by infection or inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit. Staphylococcus aureus and Prapionibacterium acnes was the main actor in the infection. Eco-enzyme that is made from pineapple peel has been stated that have inhibitory activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria, also applied as home industry soap. This study objective as scientific support that Eco-enzyme phytochemical compounds had the antibacterial activity to the acne bacteria. Eco-enzyme was composed of pineapple peel, brown sugar, and water with the ratio of 3:1:10 for 3 months fermentation time. Eco-enzyme was screened of its phytochemical compound and antibacterial activity against S.aureus and P.acnes by dilution with various concentrations (1.5625%, 3, 125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% v/v) and various control. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was then tested by diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone with 3 replication using the higher concentration (50%, 75%, 100% v/v). The result showed that eco-enzyme has a clear yellow colour, contains tannin and saponin, MIC of S.aureus and P.acnes bacteria is 50%. The dilution test of eco-enzyme gives the most effective concentration to inhibit S.aureus at eco-enzyme 100% (v/v), contrasted to P. acnes which didn’t show the best inhibition concentration
Nutrients, Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Analysis of Pterocarpus osun Stem Bark and Leaf for Their Nutritional, Medicinal Capacity
Full text linkPlants play a crucial role in human well-being and health. They provide some of the essential nutrients that humans require as well as act as medications to alleviate and cure various health problems. The purpose of this study is to look into the nutritional value, mineral composition, and the overall contributions of Pterocarpus osun to human nutrition and health. The result of the proximate analysis showed that protein is 9.52% in stem bark and 13.63% in the leaf, while the crude fiber in the stem bark is 37.89% and 46.03%, in the leaf. Ash, 6.74% and 7.46% in the stem bark and leaf respectively while carbohydrate content is 15.37% (stem bark) and 3.26% (leaf). Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and tannins were detected in both organs of the plant tested. The mineral elements present include Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mg, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Sulphur, and phosphorus. The antioxidant effect compared favorably well with that of the ascorbic acid used as standard. The extracts were screened for antimicrobial activities using eleven human pathogens. Each of the extracts successfully killed six microbes. 
Preparation of ZnO/TiO2 Nanocomposite Sensitized Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia mangostana L) Dye for Light Harvesting Efficiency in Solar Cell
Full text linkThe preparation of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite is done using the sol-gel method for light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The titanium dioxide (TiO2) compound was added with different ratios to the ZnO matrix and measured its effect on solar cells based on the DSSC system. The powder X-ray diffractions of nanocomposite revealed anatase (TiO2) and wurtzite (ZnO) phases have the highest peak at 25.26° and 36.97°, respectively. The energy gap was observed by diffuse reflectance-ultra violet (DR-UV) spectroscopy and it revealed that the optimum performance of nanocomposite was 3.16 eV for the 1:2 ratio. The optimum power efficiency was 2.4% with 3.6 cm2 active area, Voc= 788 mV and Isc=3.39 mA, respectively. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) demonstrated the diversity of surface morphology depends on the ratio of TiO2 in the nanocomposite. This shows the addition of TiO2 to the ZnO matrix influenced the structure of the nanocomposite, which can be applied as DSSC electrodes