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Local Regulations on Religious Activities During the Pandemic from the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah Perspective: A Case in Sidoarjo, East Java
No full textSidoarjo, during the Covid-19 pandemic, is one of the districts in East Java carrying large-scale restrictions (PSBB), because many Sidoarjo residents were exposed to Covid-19. For this reason, the Sidoarjo Government made a Regent’s Regulation on PSBB. Among the things that are restricted are religious activities. This has led to a limit in the implementation of worship for Sidoarjo residents. This article discusses the Sidoarjo regent’s regulations on restrictions on religious activities during the Covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah. This research is a library and qualitative research. The data was collected through a study of documents from Sidoarjo regency government regulations and analyzed by maqāṣid al-sharī’ah. Four regulations of the Regent of Sidoarjo related to religious activities during the Covid-19 pandemic Regulation Number 30, 32, 44 and 58 Tahun 2020. From the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, religious activities were restricted during the Covid-19 pandemic to maintain religion and the soul. It is related to maintaining religion because the regulation does not prevent its citizens from worshipping even with strict health protocols. It is related to maintaining the soul because it aims to minimize the spread of Covid-19 in the Sidoarjo regency
Developing an Alternative Modernity: The Case of Pondok Modern Gontor
No full textThe debate about the image of pesantren, considered far from Modernity, has become a new intellective space that can be started through a postmodernism perspective. The thought later brings forth an alternative understanding of Modernity itself because the pesantren Gontor has proven that a number of its cadres can adapt optimally to Modernity and technology so that their capabilities are widely recognized globally. Therefore, this article explores how the Postmodernism approach concerning the study of international relations science which has strong relevance to postcolonial conditions, takes fundamental control over the ongoing modernization, especially in the field of technology in a traditional religious education institution like pesantren Gontor, so that it can be categorized in Alternative Modernity. Furthermore, the writing of this article uses a qualitative method with a literature study that allows further research to be needed. This article concludes that the pesantren Gontor has succeeded in offering a strong combination of Indonesian and Islamic characters as an Alternative Modernity to the Islamic education system in Indonesia
Shāfi'ī Literature in Indonesia: A Historical Account
No full textAl-Shāfi‘ī is one of the moderate Islamic scholars and is seen as the most crucial party in the history of the civilization of Islamic legal thought. This study reveals the various fiqh literature of the Shāfi‘ī madhhab, which are spread in the Muslim world and their development in Indonesia by tracing historically through prioritizing an understanding of historical facts using heuristic methods through critical analysis sourced from library data. Then, this study states that the role of the Shāfi‘ī students and scholars in the dissemination of Shāfi‘ī literature greatly influences the existence of the Shāfi‘ī madhhab in the life of the Islamic world, including Indonesia. The dynamics of Indonesian legal opinion initiated by several figures from the Shāfi‘ī madhhab have made the madhhab continue to exist and be used as a reference in determining Islamic law in Indonesia. Moreover, various Shāfi‘ī madhhab of literature written by Indonesian scholars has been discovered. Thus, the Shāfi‘ī madhhab is always relevant to be used as a guide for Islamic law in Indonesia
Al-Mutawakkil's Edict on Christianity and Its Relation to Christian-Muslim Encounters: A Historical Analysis
No full textThis article examines the Christian-Muslim relations in the third/ninth century through the al-Mutawakkil’s edict on Christianity issued in 235/850. Historically, al-Mutawakkil’s rule in 232-247/847-861 was marked by three significant events: the ending of the Inquisition in 234/849, the declaration of an edict against Christianity in 235/850, and the lifting of the tomb of Imam Ḥusayn b. Abī Ṭālib in 236/851. Particularly, the second event highlighted the complex relations between Christians and Muslims in early Islam, and accordingly raised such a question as why the Caliph al-Mutawakkil only targeted Christians in his edict even though Muslims had encountered many religious groups (ahl al-dhimmah). Examining the classical and modern resources of Islamic history on this account, this article traces theological, social, and political factors in the Christian-Muslim encounters surrounding al-Mutawakkil’s edict. Even though al-Mutawakkil failed to fully implement the edict on Christians, he demonstrated that he was a tactician ruler who could win over his Muslim subjects and control non-Muslim citizens, bureaucrats, and soldiers
Forest Waqf: An Alternative Solution for Protecting Environment in Kalimantan
No full textThis article provides an alternative solution in terms of environmental protection in Islamic law, namely a study of the description of the potential development of waqf law, in this case, forest waqf, as an alternative solution to environmental protection on the island of Kalimantan. The method used in this paper is normative juridical, which examines the law of ecological protection theoretically from the perspective of Islamic law and describes the possibility of new alternatives from the study of empowerment of waqf and its potential on the island of Kalimantan. The results show that waqf for the environment can balance development and environ-mental sustainability, as well as have an impact on sustainable environmental preservation, where future generations will have a level of utilization of the environment and natural resources that are at least equal to the level of utilization of the current generation, both in terms of the diversity of choices for natural resources, the quality of the environment and natural resources, and access to the environment and natural resources on the island of Kalimantan as the island where the capital city of Indonesia Archipelago is located
The Integration-Interconnection of Sciences in Early Islamic Historiography: A Study on Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk by al-Ṭabarī
No full textThis article examines the integration-intercon-nection of sciences in Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk. It argues that the integration-interconnection has been an integral part of early Islamic historiographical works. Hence there were no historical problems related to the integration-interconnection in the treasures of Islamic sciences. This research employs the integration-inter-connection and the functional theory as a conceptual framework. This research also uses the historical method, comprising heuristic, data verification, interpretation, and historiography. To further examine the issues, it also employs the intertextual approach. The results of this study showed that the integration interconnection in Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī is correlated to scientific and metho-dological aspects. The scientific element referred to here is the coherence and interrelation among the subjects of history, literature, ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān, and ‘Ulūm al-Ḥa-dīth in Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. At the same time, the methodolo-gical aspect referred to the meaning, function and implication of the integration-interconnection, either in the study of Islamic history or Islam in general
Values of Moderation and Religious Practices in the Pandemic Era: A Philosophical Perspective
No full textThis article discusses moderation and religious practices in the pandemic era. The discussion in this article uses a philosophical perspective. This discussion is vital because the pandemic era has changed people’s religious frame of mind, attitudes, and behaviour. It is not only the religion of Muslims who have changed, but also non-Muslims. Therefore, this article seeks to elaborate on the religious model of the people during the pandemic and the arguments put forward by religious figures who are members of religious organizations. The conclusion from the discussion in this article is that religious moderation in the pandemic era has been reflected in various religious activities, such as worshipping at home, working and studying from home, awareness of taking part in vaccination, mutual social help (al-ta‘āwun), and worshipping virtually. These religious practices refer to the Qur’ān, H{adīth, views of ulama, and scientific and health considerations. In essence, religious people understand that maintaining personal health and safety must be prioritized
Criticism Towards Shaḥrūr's Concept of The Prophet's Sunnah
No full textThis article deals with the concept of Sunnah proposed by Muḥammad Shaḥrūr and offers a criticism towards his tendency to the denial of the Prophet’s Sunnah (inkār al-Sunnah). Shaḥrūr rejects the Ḥadīth and Sunnah as the second source of Islamic law, by reformulating and redefining the concept of Ḥadīth and Sunnah. Shaḥrūr distinguished between Ḥadīth and Sunnah. According to him, the Ḥadīth is the Qur’ān itself, and the Sunnah has been the practical application (ijtihād) of the Prophet to implement what was revealed to him. Shaḥrūr’s rejection and denial of Ḥadīth and Sunnah are based on the argument that all Ḥadīths were filled with the story of Isrā’īliyyāt. The tendency towards inkār al-Sunnah represented by Shaḥrūr is not a completely new idea, since this position was also conceived by several previous figures. However, despite the fact that Shaḥrūr’s inkār al-Sunnah as argued on the basis of a new approach to Ḥadīth studies, this article reveals that Shaḥrūr’s understanding of, and his tendency to deny, Ḥadīths or Sunnah reflect his opposition against orthodox views on the Prophet’s Sunnah
Religious Awareness and Ritual Practices in The Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah Suryalaya
No full textThis article seeks to reveal the religious experiences of the members of the Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah (TQN) in Suryalaya, Tasikmalaya, West Java. Using a phenomenological approach, this article finds that TQN followers exhibit religious awareness and obedience to legal norms, reflected in various ritual practices, such as dhikr (remembrance), khataman (completing the reading of the Qur’ān), manakiban (reciting the saint’s hagiography), riyāḍah (spiritual exercises), tawassul (mediating), and ḥajj (pilgrimage). The religious awareness is built upon the belief in achieving good morality as the attribute of a perfect man (insān kāmil). The socio-structural diversity of the TQN community in social life is manifested in the complexity of hierarchies involved in the tarekat system: murshid (spiritual leader); representatives of talqīn which include intellectuals/modernist, ulama/ traditionalist, scholar/neo-traditionalist; preachers from the realms of pesantren, university, and politics. This article argues that the relationship between different hierarchies of membership in the TQN with regard to religious awareness is based on the understanding of the tarekat teaching provided by the spiritual leader
Indonesian Takfiri Movement on Online Media in Umberto Eco's Semiotic Perspective
No full textIn the era of online media, the Takfiri movement uses websites and social media to propagate its religious understanding. In Indonesia, they also do the same. Through a semiotic perspective, this paper seeks to question how communication and interpretation are carried out by Takfiri groups in producing signs, and how they express signs in online media. The relevance of Umberto Eco’s semiotics is due to its communicational character, and as a contemporary semiotic philosopher, Eco has reminded of how sign production is happening in the era of internet technology. With narrative and semiotic analysis methods, this paper draws data from online media in the form of websites and social media such as Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. The analysis shows that Takfiri content in online media, which creates radical attitudes in some circles of society, has been captured without a meaningful process, so there is no critical thinking process. The propaganda of Takfiri is expressed in the very well-known sentence, al-walā’ wa al-barā’, namely love and loyalty to believers and hate, and hostility to unbelievers, and it is a sign that Takfirism is an ideology whose followers are ready to commit violence in the name of religion