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Siti Walidah, Gender Equality and Modernist Islamic Women's Movement in Indonesia: A Critical History
Full text linkThis study delves into Siti Walidah’s journey as a gender equality pioneer within the ‘Aisyiyah movement, utilizing four research methods: heuristic research for source collection, source criticism for source validation, interpretation employing sociological and anthropological approaches, and historiography for systematic reporting. Findings reveal that Walidah’s family and marriage to Ahmad Dahlan strongly influenced her commitment to gender equality. Dahlan played a significant role in forming views and experiences that gave birth to ideas and tangible actions in the gender equality movement. Walidah pioneered the gender equality movement by establishing places of education: launching the Sapa Tresna association (1914), ‘Aisyiyah (1917), Internaat (1919), Musholla ‘Aisyiyah (1922) which became tools for building gender equality by providing opportunities and programmes for women to obtain equal educational rights as men. She played a pioneering role in empowering women within ‘Aisyiyah, leading its congresses, and departed from religious values to advocate for gender equality through the ‘Aisyiyah organization formed in 1917, solidifying her legacy as Indonesia’s first gender equality advocate
A Historiographical Analysis of Al-Ma'mūn's Motives in the Miḥna
Full text linkThis article examines the historical interpretations of al-Ma’mūn’s motives during the Miḥna, the inquisition concerning the doctrine of the Qur’an’s createdness (khalq al-Qur’an). Scholars have generally adopted two dominant approaches to understand the caliph's actions. The first approach interprets the Miḥna as a political strategy aimed at consolidating al-Ma’mūn’s authority in the face of the growing influence of the ulema (muḥaddithūn), whose prominence increasingly challenged the centrality of the caliphate. The second approach views the Miḥna as an ideological endeavor, reflecting al-Ma’mūn’s commitment to enforcing his theological convictions on the Muslim community. Employing a historiographical analysis, this study critically evaluates these perspectives and proposes an integrative framework. It argues that al-Ma’mūn's motives cannot be fully understood by isolating political and theological dimensions. Instead, they should be viewed as interconnected, reflecting a complex interplay between the caliph's political aspirations and his intellectual and religious commitments. By synthesizing these approaches, the article contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the Miḥna as a pivotal moment in Islamic history, highlighting its implications for the relationship between political authority and religious scholarship in the early Abbasid period
Continuity and Change in Islamic Religious Authority
Full text linkThis article aims to elaborate on the debate surrounding continuity and change in Islamic religious authority. The discussion begins by establishing a framework for understanding the analytical definition of authority before delving into the dimensions that experience continuity and change. Arendt defines authority as a relationship, signifying a connection to a specific discursive tradition, knowledge, and history. Additionally, it involves a relationship with others who may recognize, accept, or contest this connection. Building upon Arendt’s definition, the article deconstructs the nature of this relationship, emphasizing three constitutive elements: the notion of a past, the connection to the foundational past, and the ability to convey and enhance that model. This includes the augmentation of the foundational past and the ability to elicit obedience without resorting to coercion. What sets authority apart is its unique capacity to foster obedience through a relationship, free from coercion. To identify the constituents of authority, the article explores the question of continuity and change in a more productive manner by focusing on each of its three constitutive elements
Pragmatic Mobilization within Election Moment: Islamic Populism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia
No full textMost studies on the Islamic populism in Indonesia have only focussed on identity politics or political economy aspects. However, little attention has been paid to examining Islamic populism as an electoral campaign strategy in much detail. Therefore, this article would like to discusses how and to what extent Islamic populism works in the 2019 presidential election. We argue that Islamic populism is a pragmatic mobilization for winning electoral contestation which renews its legitimacy in election moments to gain political support. The argument builds based on the case study of Gerakan Nasional Pembela Fatwa Ulama in the 2019 presidential election. Utilizing qualitative method strategy, our findings in this study indicate that the logic of electoral political winning seems dominant in the mobilization of Islamic populism. At the moment of the campaign, this mobilization used religious sentiments to get voter support. Such religious-based mobilization only invites the sympathy of exclusive supporter segments and difficult to build alliances with broader elements of society because of it tends to be pragmatic. At the same time, this pragmatism also eroded the political legitimacy that it was trying to recreate and maintain during the election moment by holding Ijtima’ Ulama forum
People Change within Three Days: Khurūj and Character Education among Tablighi Followers in Lombok Island
No full textTablighi Jama’at is a da‘wah movement that seeks to invite Muslims to return to the pure practice of Islam, with the primary goal being to awaken the spiritual spirit in every Muslim, personally and collectively. Since its presence on the Indian mainland a few decades ago, the Tablighi Jama’at has become the world’s most influential global da‘wah movement. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, is one of the bases of this movement. This article examines how the Tablighi Jama’at wins huge and loyal followers among the Muslim community in Indonesia. This study focus on revealing a character-building model carried out by the movement in Lombok Island, Indonesia, through one of its essential activities called khurūj fī sabīl Allāh. The author has conducted field research and collected data through participant observation, interviews, and documentation. This study finds that the character-building model performed in khurūj consists of four components: literature or teaching materials, practices, a conducive environment, and evaluations through deliberation. This study argues that khurūj can change people’s character in a relatively short time
Metaphysical Sufism of al-Durr al-Nafīs: Between Controversy of the Scholars and Interest of the Public
No full textThis article discusses the controversy on the Sufi metaphysics contained in a treatise called al-Durr al-Nafīs written by Muhammad Nafis al-Banjari, and the interest of the public in it. This study analyses a number of studies of this treatise, and it is enriched by interviews with some relevant Islamic scholars. Some Islamic scholars reject the Sufi doctrines of Muhammad Nafis on the ground that they are not in line with Islamic orthodox teachings. There are some Islamic scholars who simply say that the doctrines of the treatise are not included in the Ahl al-Sunnah camp, while others say that they are misguided and misleading. On the other hand, there are some Islamic scholars who say that the doctrines are actually orthodox, but they are only for intellectually and spiritually gifted people. Although most of the scholars suggest that the treatise should not be freely taught to, or circulated among, common people, thanks to print technology and the rise of interest in Sufism, this treatise has been more widely read in religious gatherings and circulated not only in different parts of Indonesia but also in Southeast Asia
Traditional Ulama Movement Against Invaders: Darul Uloom Deoband, India and Pesantren Tebuireng, Indonesia
No full textThis article attempts to describe the role of ulama (Islamic Scholars) of Darul Uloom Deoband in India and those of Pesantren Tebuireng Jombang in Indonesia, who are categorized as traditionalist, in the independence movement against the invaders. The ulama of Darul Uloom Deoband opposed to the British rule, while the ulama of Tebuireng struggled against the Dutch colonialism and Japanese occupation. Using a historical approach, this article reveals that traditionalist scholars in both institutions had a significant role in the independence movement, even though Islam is minority in India and majority in Indonesia. They fostered anti-colonial attitudes against the invaders in order to defend their homeland and fight for their country’s independence
Relation of Religiosity and Multiculturalism with Student Tolerance in East Java
No full textTolerance is an important issue in the life of the nation and state, and is related to religiosity and multiculturalism. Theoretically, an open religious attitude tends to make people tolerant and a closed religious attitude tends to make people intolerant. This study uses a quantitative research design, and data collection technique employs a questionnaire with google form. The analysis used is descriptive and inferential. The results of the study concluded that the tolerant attitude of students in the high category is 80.9%. The level of religiosity of students in the high category is 75.5%, while the level of religiosity of students in the high category is 57.7% of the number of respondents as many as 503. The relationship between religiosity and multiculturalism with tolerance is in the high category. with r=0.773 with p. 0.00. Those who are obedient to worship, understand religion correctly and respect differences in culture, religion, and customs, apparently tend to be more tolerant
Reclaiming the Right to Self-Determination: Aisyiyah Progressive Womanhood
No full textThe notion of womanhood has become a serious concern of most cultures, religions and states. As such can be seen in written documents they have produced to educate and discipline their female subjects. However, most of the documents are produced by male authority within their respective fields; and many propagated for submissive womanhood. Why these male authors do so? Why they tend to discipline women? Where are the voices of women? These are the questions that attracted me to do research. To start with, I do research on Aisyiyah’s ideas on womanhood, because it is an Islamic organization for women that has survived more than a century. This is qualitative research with mixed methods in the data collection. The primary data comes from published documents and interviews. The research finds that these Aisyiyah women are strategic in developing their idea of womanhood; they take up the opportunity from learning to reclaim the right to self-identification as progressive woman, not submissive and inactive women as proposed in other books. Aisyiyah build its argumentation based on theological, scientific as well as cultural considerations. They also collaborate with other partners of similar minds to sustain their vision on womanhood
Religion of Common People and the Potential of Radicalism among Hinterland and Coastal Communities in East Java
No full textThis study aims to identify community religious traditions and opportunities for radicalization in inland and coastal communities of East Java. The method uses mixed methods and a qualitative model to describe the community’s religious traditions and the potential for radicalization. Meanwhile, data was collected by semi-open interviews with 110 informants, analyzed using a flow model and calculated using descriptive statistics. According to the study’s findings, East Java’s religious practices in both inland and coastal communities are manifested in the traditions of aqīdah, muā‘malah, and worship rituals. Traditions of aqidah are carried out with the understanding ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah that was developed by Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah. Mu‘āmalah (social) tradition is based on the teachings of Kiai, teachers, and parents and is based on local wisdom. Ritual worship follows the understanding of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, which means performing mah}d}ah worship in a disciplined fashion: prayer, zakat, fasting during Ramadan and performing hajj for those who can afford it. Additionally, the map shows the chance of being radical and moderate in both the inland and coastal communities in East Java; the chance of radicalism is 21.60%, of being uncertain is 13.13%, and of being moderate is 65.28%