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Pedagogia psicoanalitica in tempo di guerra: lezioni dalla storia e sfide emergenti
No full textThe article explores the prerequisites for the establishment of psychoanalytic pedagogy and its evolution during the First and Second World Wars. From its inception, psychoanalysis evolved as a critical method through which the instinctual drives related to life and death were reinterpreted. Sigmund Freud and his followers repeatedly focused on the causes of war and human behavior in extreme conditions. Special attention was devoted to the theory of education and the organization of pedagogical work with war-affected children. This study highlights the ideas of leading psychoanalysts from the first half of the twentieth century, who developed the concept of psychoanalytic pedagogy, drawing on their personal experiences of war and forced migration. It is emphasized that with the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, psychoanalysis was banned in the USSR, Germany, and Austria, yet it continued to develop in more supportive countries, particularly in Great Britain and the United States. In light of the current military escalations in Ukraine and the Middle East, the reinterpretation of psychoanalytic pedagogy for working with children affected by war – children who have experienced trauma from explosions, shelling, and forced migration both within their own countries and to other nations – has gained renewed importance.L'articolo esamina i prerequisiti per la nascita della pedagogia psicoanalitica e la sua evoluzione durante la Prima e la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Fin dalle sue origini, la psicoanalisi si è sviluppata come un metodo critico attraverso cui le pulsioni instintuali legate alla vita e alla morte sono sono state reinterpretate. Sigmund Freud e i suoi seguaci si sono ripetutamente concentrati sulle cause della guerra e sul comportamento umano in condizioni estreme. Un'attenzione particolare è stata dedicata alla teoria dell'educazione e all'organizzazione del lavoro pedagogico con i bambini colpiti dalla guerra. Questo studio evidenzia le idee dei principali psicoanalisti della prima metà del XX secolo, che hanno sviluppato il concetto di pedagogia psicoanalitica basandosi sulle loro esperienze personali di guerra e di migrazione forzata. Si sottolinea che, con l'ascesa dei regimi totalitari in Europa, la psicoanalisi è stata vietata in URSS, Germania e Austria, ma ha continuato a svilupparsi in Paesi più favorevoli, in particolare in Gran Bretagna e negli Stati Uniti. Alla luce delle attuali escalation militari in Ucraina e in Medio Oriente, la reinterpretazione della pedagogia psicoanalitica per lavorare con i bambini colpiti dalla guerra – bambini che hanno vissuto traumi causati da esplosioni, bombardamenti e migrazione forzata, sia all'interno dei loro Paesi che verso altre nazioni – ha acquisito una rinnovata rilevanza
La parola che fa liberi. Note sull’attualità di don Lorenzo Milani
No full textThis essay consists of a personal testimony by the author and a related sociological reflection on the reasons for the enduring relevance of the extraordinary figure of don Lorenzo Milani for our newborn community of earthly destiny. The personal testimony underlines the notable relevance of this figure in the youthful formation of the author, who was coming from an atheist-communist family and cultural background, and, more broadly, in the taking shape of that “wind of freedom” that characterised the 1960s, even before their effervescent ending. The reflection aims at highlighting how the poverty of word, the word that makes one free, at the centre of the “inverted paideia”, on the side of the last, realised by don Milani in Barbiana, characterises our vertiginous present no less than that distant post-war period, albeit in profoundly different forms, due to the radical techno-economic, socio-cultural and ecological-political transformations that have taken place since then.Il presente saggio si compone di una testimonianza personale dell’autore e di una connessa riflessione di ordine sociologico sui motivi di perdurante attualità della straordinaria figura di don Lorenzo Milani per la nostra neonata “comunità di destino terrestre”. La testimonianza personale sottolinea la notevole rilevanza di tale figura nella formazione giovanile dell’autore, di origini famigliari e culturali ateo-comuniste, e, più ampiamente, nel prender corpo di quel “vento di libertà” che caratterizzò gli anni Sessanta del Novecento, già da prima del loro effervescente scorcio finale. La riflessione mira a evidenziare come la povertà di parola, della parola che fa liberi, al centro della “paideia rovesciata”, dalla parte degli ultimi, realizzata da don Milani nella Scuola di Barbiana, caratterizzi il nostro vertiginoso presente non meno di quel remoto dopoguerra, sebbene in forme profondamente diverse, per le radicali trasformazioni tecno-economiche, socio-culturali ed ecologico-politiche intervenute da allora
La Corte Europea dei diritti dell’uomo pone il limite del reddito medio annuo pro capite alle spese di giustizia: La difficile sussunzione dell'imposta di registro sugli atti giudiziari tra le court fees di carattere remuneratorio prese in considerazione della Corte (nota a Corte EDU: caso Mandev e altri v. Bulgaria del 21 maggio 2024)
No full textOn 21 May 2024, the European Court of Human Rights rendered a groundbreaking judgment which is liable to constitute a milestone in human rights tax law. By a majority of five votes to two, the Court ruled that court fees of a “reciprocal” nature should not exceed a maximum threshold, which is based on the per capita average annual income of the State concerned. This is the first time an international human rights court, dealing with the confiscatory level of taxation, rather than establishing a limit in relative terms (such as a specified maximum percentage rate of income tax), has set a limit in absolute terms, establishing a maximum quantitative monetary outlay. This decision opens interesting scenarios regarding the potential applicability of the newly established principle to Italian taxation, particularly in the context of the registration tax on judicial decisions.El 21 de mayo de 2024, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos dictó una sentencia muy innovadora que está llamada a ser un hito en la aplicación de los derechos humanos a los asuntos fiscales. Por mayoría de cinco votos contra dos, se dictaminó que las tasas judiciales, si tienen carácter remunerativo, no pueden superar en ningún caso un umbral máximo, que se basa en la renta media anual per cápita del Estado de que se trate. Es la primera vez que un tribunal internacional de derechos humanos aborda el nivel confiscatorio de los impuestos, fijando un límite que no es relativo (como un determinado porcentaje máximo del impuesto sobre la renta), sino absoluto, estableciendo un desembolso monetario máximo en términos cuantitativos. Esta decisión abre interesantes escenarios sobre la potencial aplicabilidad del principio establecido por el Tribunal también a la fiscalidad italiana, y en particular al impuesto de registro sobre actos judiciales.La Corte Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo ha reso, il 21 maggio 2024, una sentenza assai innovativa e destinata a rappresentare una pietra miliare nell’applicazione dei diritti umani alla materia tributaria. Con una maggioranza di cinque voti contro due, è stato stabilito che le tasse giudiziarie (“court fees”), qualora aventi carattere remuneratorio, non possano in ogni caso superare una soglia massima, parametrata al reddito medio annuo pro-capite dello Stato interessato. Si tratta della prima volta in cui una corte internazionale dei diritti umani si è occupata del livello confiscatorio di tassazione, fissando un limite non già relativo (quale ad esempio una certa aliquota percentuale massima dell’imposta sul reddito), ma assoluto, stabilendo un esborso monetario massimo in termini quantitativi. Questa decisione apre interessanti scenari sulla potenziale applicabilità del principio fissato dalla Corte anche alla fiscalità italiana, ed in particolare all’imposta di registro sugli atti giudiziari
Historical data on fungal contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) from different agroecological zones in Nigeria: a review
No full textFungi attack maize in the field, and if warm and humid conditions that are suitable for fungal growth and mycotoxin production prevail, they can grow rapidly during storage, causing loss of quantity and quality, a reduction in nutrient content, and mycotoxin production in the crop. Most of the world's maize is lost to disease during storage, especially in developing countries. The three main genera that flourish in warm regions such as Nigeria and produce mycotoxins are Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. In this review, only 34 publications on the fungal contamination of maize from five agroecological zones of Nigeria where maize is grown were found and used for the study. The results of these works revealed that 39 different fungal genera comprising 36 and 3 genera of moulds and yeasts, respectively, are the major mycological contaminants of maize in Nigeria. The most common types of mould were Aspergillus spp. with an occurrence frequency of 37.31%, Fusarium spp. (23.13%), Penicillium spp. (13.76%), Rhizopus spp. (5.43%), Mucor spp. (4.71%), Botryodiplodia spp. (1.44%), Cladosporium spp. (1.44%), and Curvularia spp. (1.08%). Mould contamination was more prevalent in farm samples (39.49%) than in market (33.12%) and storage (27.49%) samples. This review revealed that there has been an upsurge of new fungal species that contaminate the maize consumed in Nigeria during the last decade. The reported presence of many harmful toxigenic fungi in this work, which presents the maize fungal pathogens from different agroecological zones of Nigeria since 1960, raises serious concerns with respect to postharvest losses, food insecurity, and public health
Religious Architecture and Urbanism in Vigo During José Delicado Baeza’s Episcopate (1969-1975)
No full textDuring the 1950s and 1960s, there was a significant urban expansion across much of Europe. Following the end of World War II, the migration of people from rural areas to cities became widespread. New job opportunities arising from industrialization and service sectors, coupled with the pursuit of a higher standard of living, were among the driving forces behind this mass exodus. Cities had to quickly adapt, multiplying infrastructures, generating residential areas, and giving rise to spaces for social interaction and leisure for the new workforce – known as facilities or amenities – which risked being relocated after leaving their places of origin.
Religious facilities were among the first to emerge. Within the Catholic Church sphere, the efforts of various European ecclesiastical leaders, in countries such as France, Germany, and Italy, are well-known in this regard. This article highlights the work of Bishop José Delicado Baeza, who during his brief tenure in the Spanish diocese of Tui-Vigo (1969-75) undertook a profound territorial reform that multiplied parish jurisdictions in a city undergoing rapid urban expansion. To this end, previously unpublished documentation from diocesan and municipal archives, as well as from the professional archives of the main architects who collaborated in the construction of churches, has been utilized
L’archivio di maglieria come strumento per esplorare le nuove tecnologie
No full textThe knitwear field has been experiencing a significant economic growth and has been going through a strong phase of technological development, driven by merging innovations coming from mechanics, electronics and the digital sector, coherently with the evolution of the Industry 4.0. Two main innovation areas are identified: new manufacturing technologies, developed by knitting machine producers, and virtualization and 3D modeling softwares, enabling virtual garment prototyping on avatars.This paper explores the role of design as a “cultural mediator” between the present and the past and, through a research conducted at the Gianfranco Ferré Research Center, it proposes the use of the archive as a tool to explore the new trajectories of technological innovation in knitwear and to guide them through the perspective of the Industry 5.0, refusing a technocratic idea of the future. Two approaches are highlighted: the ri-materialization of archival pieces through 3D modeling and the reinterpretation of archival material experimenting with new technologies. The research underscores the archive’s role as a tool to anticipate the future and proposes the adoption of a design-oriented approach to fully understand its value, countering a passive consumption of the archive.Il settore della maglieria sta vivendo una significativa crescita economica (Maximize Market Research, 2023) e una forte fase di sviluppo tecnologico, spinta dalla convergenza di innovazioni provenienti da meccanica, elettronica e digitale, in linea con lo sviluppo dell'Industria 4.0 (Bianchi, 2018). L’innovazione che la caratterizza si può riassumere in due traiettorie: le nuove tecnologie di lavorazione, trainate dai produttori di macchine da maglieria, e i software di virtualizzazione e modellazione 3D, che consentono la prototipazione virtuale dei capi su avatar. Questo paper indaga il ruolo del design come "mediatore culturale” tra passato e presente (Vacca, Bertola, Colombi, 2023) e, attraverso una ricerca condotta presso il Centro di Ricerca Gianfranco Ferré, propone l’uso dell’archivio come strumento per esplorare le innovazioni tecnologiche nella maglieria e per guidarle attraverso la prospettiva dell’industria 5.0, rifiutando un’idea di futuro di stampo tecnocratico. Vengono evidenziati due approcci: la rimaterializzazione dei capi d’archivio attraverso la modellazione 3D e la reinterpretazione del materiale d'archivio attraverso la sperimentazione di nuove tecnologie. La ricerca sottolinea il ruolo dell'archivio come strumento di anticipazione del futuro (Colombi, Vacca, 2016) e propone l’adozione di un approccio design-oriented per comprenderne appieno il valore, contrariamente all’idea di una fruizione passiva di quest’ultimo
The Certainty of Uncertainty. A Discussion of Patrik Aspers’ Book
No full textPatrik Aspers’ recent book on uncertainty offers a welcome opportunity to explore how risk and uncertainty are socially structured. I summarize and discuss Aspers’ contribution
Uncertainty, Reduced. A Discussion of Patrik Aspers’ Book
No full textThe essay discusses Patrik Aspers’s recently published book Uncertainty. Individual Problems and Public Solutions from a sociological perspective. The book makes important contributions to the interdisciplinary study of uncertainty, particularly by introducing (and maintaining) a clear distinction between risk and uncertainty and by emphasizing the fundamental role that informal and formal social institutions play in reducing or managing uncertainty in everyday life. My main criticism is that it focuses exclusively on the analysis of public knowledge in terms of reducing uncertainty. Many of the forms of public knowledge discussed in the book — including, for example, ratings and rankings — can just as well be understood as forms of producing and specifying uncertainty, partly due to their publicness. This argument is presented in the second part of the essay and illustrated based on experience in the theorization and empirical study of rankings. The analysis leads to the more general argument that modern institutions and discourses also generate expectations that shape the experience of (un)uncertainty. These expectations form social contexts that co-determine whether public knowledge is experienced as effectively reducing, producing or otherwise specifying uncertainty, and, in so doing, undermine any attempt to determine “objectively” whether we live in more or less uncertain times than earlier societies. Taking such complications into account would change the message of the book about uncertainty reduction and could help link it to other strands of uncertainty research
Continuing Our Reflections on the Sociological Craft
No full textThis short piece introduces the Special Feature “On Mentoring”
The Geography of New Technology: Exposure to AI, Software and Robots in European Regional Labour Markets
No full textThis research examines the differentiated regional exposure to new technologies across Europe. Over the past 40 years, biased technological change, particularly the rise of computer technologies, has led to declining employment in routine occupations, with varying local impacts; some regions benefit, while other struggle. Recent adoption of AI-technologies will likely bring equally significant and regionally varied employment effects. With this as a backdrop, we assess regional exposure to AI, software, and robots by linking occupation-level exposure measures to NUTS-2 regions. Using data from the European Union Labour Force Survey, we show that i) AI exposure is particularly high in high-skilled regions and Robots and Software exposure in low- and middle educated areas and ii) that there are stark differences between Western/Northern regions and Eastern/Southern regions in the EU with the latter typically showing greater exposure to technology