Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana
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Method Modification of Developing Ischemic Stroke Animal Models Using Intravenous Catheters in Rats
Get PDFIn various parts of the world, including Indonesia, the incidence of ischemic stroke remains high, and its impact poses a significant burden. This condition is influenced by numerous limitations in ischemic stroke therapy. Research on ischemic stroke is therefore crucial to develop, making the creation of appropriate animal models a vital necessity. One of the most commonly used methods by researchers to create animal models is the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) method. However, in Indonesia, its application remains limited due to the lack of available facilities. Method modifications can be implemented to enable the development of animal models in Indonesia. This study employed modifications to the MCAO method on eight Sprague Dawley rats. The modification involved using an intravenous catheter to facilitate the insertion of the filament as an occluder in the middle cerebral artery of the rats. Based on clinical and pathological observations, it can be concluded that the modified MCAO method used in this study is suitable for creating ischemic stroke animal models. With this modification, the creation of ischemic stroke animal models can be carried out in a simpler and more cost-effective manner.In various parts of the world, including Indonesia, the incidence of ischemic stroke remains high, and its impact poses a significant burden. This condition is influenced by numerous limitations in ischemic stroke therapy. Research on ischemic stroke is therefore crucial to develop, making the creation of appropriate animal models a vital necessity. One of the most commonly used methods by researchers to create animal models is the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) method. However, in Indonesia, its application remains limited due to the lack of available facilities. Method modifications can be implemented to enable the development of animal models in Indonesia. This study employed modifications to the MCAO method on eight Sprague Dawley rats. The modification involved using an intravenous catheter to facilitate the insertion of the filament as an occluder in the middle cerebral artery of the rats. Based on clinical and pathological observations, it can be concluded that the modified MCAO method used in this study is suitable for creating ischemic stroke animal models. With this modification, the creation of ischemic stroke animal models can be carried out in a simpler and more cost-effective manner
Normal Value of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Swine Model Animals (Sus scrofa domestica)
Get PDFPenelitian gangguan sistem kardiovaskular semakin berkembang dilakukan pada hewan model. Babi merupakan hewan model yang umum digunakan dalam penelitian biomedis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai normal ekokardiografi jantung babi (Sus scrofa domestica) jantan dan betina. Babi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 12 ekor babi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan usia 3 sampai 4 bulan dengan rata-rata berat badan 55 Kg (52 sampai 69 Kg). Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi transtorakalis dengan posisi right parasternal (RPS) long-axis (LAx) dan short-axis (SAx) menggunakan transduser phase-array probe dengan frekuensi 2.5-6.0 MHz yang dilakukan pada babi dalam kondisi teranestesi. Posisi RPS-SAx bertujuan menilai bentuk dan struktur dari ventrikel kiri jantung babi, sedangkan RPS-LAx bertujuan membandingkan dimensi antara ventrikel serta melihat pergerakan katup mitral jantung. Hasil pemeriksaan ekokardiografi menunjukkan bahwa struktur dari ventrikel kiri babi yang dapat terlihat adalah interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricle (LV), left ventricle wall (LVW), pericardium (P), papillary muscle (PM), dan right ventricle (RV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai pada parameter frekuensi jantung (HR), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), dan stroke volume (SV) menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda secara signifikan, sedangkan parameter lainnya memiliki hasil yang tidak signifikan antara jantan dan betina. Nilai ekokardiografi normal pada babi ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam penelitian kardiovaskular lanjut yang menggunakan babi sebagai hewan model.Research on cardiovascular system disorders is increasingly being carried out in animal models. Swine is an animal model that is commonly used in biomedical research. This study was conducted to determine the normal value of the heart echocardiography of male and female swine (Sus scrofa domestica). There were 12 swine used in this study with an age of 3 to 4 months with an average body weight of 55 kg (52 to 69 kg).Transthoracic echocardiography examination with right parasternal (RPS) long-axis (LAx) and short-axis (SAx) positions using a 2.5-6.0 MHz phase-array probe transducer was performed on anesthetized swine. The RPS-SAx position aims to assess the shape and structure of the left ventricle of the swine heart, while the RPS-LAx aims to compare the dimensions between the ventricles and observe the movement of the mitral valve of the heart. The results of echocardiography examination showed that the structures of the left ventricle of swine that could be seen were the interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricle (LV), left ventricle wall (LVW), pericardium (P), papillary muscle (PM), and right ventricle (RV). The results showed that the values for the parameters of heart frequency (HR), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), and stroke volume (SV) showed significant different results, while other parameters had non-significant results between males and females. Normal echocardiographic values in swine can be used as a reference in further cardiovascular research using swine as animal models
Diversity of Mites in Captured Rats and the Role of Rickettsiosis in Semarang City and Demak Regency
Get PDFRicketssiosis ditularkan oleh tikus baik secara kontak langsung maupun gigitan ektoparasit. Ektoparasit merupakan parasit vector penularan penyakit rickettsia yang hidupnya pada permukaan tubuh atau di bagian luar inangnya. Ektoparasit yang sering ditemukan di tikus salah satunya tungau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indeks ekologi ektoparasit tungau pada tikus yang tertangkap di Kota Semarang dan Kabupaten Demak pada bulan Juni – Agustus 2023. Penelitian ini adalah observasional deskriptif dengan metode yang digunakan survey rodent dengan teknik yaitu teknik accidental sampling. Jumlah tikus yang tertangkap sebanyak 218 ekor dengan jenis Rattus Norvegicus, Rattus Norvegicus javanus, Rattus Tanezumi, Rattus Argentiventer, Suncus Murinus, Mus Musculus. Hasil spesies tungau yang ditemukan yaitu Laelaps nutalli, Laelaps turkestanicus, Eulaelaps stabularis, Echinolaelaps echidninus, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti dengan total 2.116 individu. Rata-rata nilai indeks keanekaragaman adalah 1,00 (Semarang) dan 0,78 (Demak) termasuk kategori sedang dan tinggi. Banyaknya tikus yang tertangkap dan banyaknya tungau memengaruhi kesehatan lingkungan, terutama manusia. Kelimpahan tungau Laelaps nutalli perlu diwaspadai karena sebagai salah satu yang berpeluang menularkan murine typhus.Ricketssiosis is transmitted by rats either by direct contact or ectoparasite bites. Ectoparasites are parasitic vectors of rickettsia disease transmission that live on the surface of the body or on the outside of the host. Ectoparasites that are often found in mice are mites. This study aims to determine the ecological index of mite ectoparasites in rats caught in Semarang City and Demak Regency in June - August 2023. This research is descriptive observational with the method used rodent survey with accidental sampling technique. The number of rats caught was 218 with the species Rattus Norvegicus, Rattus Norvegicus javanus, Rattus Tanezumi, Rattus Argentiventer, Suncus Murinus, Mus Musculus. The results of mite species found were Laelaps nutalli, Laelaps turkestanicus, Eulaelaps stabularis, Echinolaelaps echidninus, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti with a total of 2,116 individuals. The average diversity index values were 1.00 (Semarang) and 0.78 (Demak), categorized as medium and high. The number of rats caught and the abundance of mites affect the health of the environment, especially humans. The abundance of Laelaps nutalli mites needs to be watched out for as one that has the potential to transmit murine typhus
Physiological and Productivity of Quail During The Egg-Laying Period with Supplementation of Senduduk (Melastoma Malabathricum L) Powder in Feed
Get PDFQuail is a type of poultry that is easy to raise and is the second largest egg producer after laying hens. The benefits of quail include a relatively high production cycle, minimal land requirements, and low feed consumption. Quail are more susceptible to stress compared to other poultry, particularly stress induced by elevated ambient temperatures. This stress can be overcome by administering antioxidants. Melastoma malabathricum L (commonly known as senduduk) leaf is a natural antioxidant that can alleviate stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses of senduduk leaf powder on the physiological and performance of laying quails. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications. The doses of senduduk leaf powder administered were P0 (0%), P1 (1.5%), P2 (3%), and P3 (4.5%). A total of 160 female quails, aged 40 weeks, were maintained for four weeks. The variables observed comprised hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period. The study’s results on hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period showed an increase at a dose of 3% (P2). The optimal concentration was identified as the 3% dose of senduduk leaf powder in treatment P2.Quail is a type of poultry that is easy to raise and is the second largest egg producer after laying hens. The benefits of quail include a relatively high production cycle, minimal land requirements, and low feed consumption. Quail are more susceptible to stress compared to other poultry, particularly stress induced by elevated ambient temperatures. This stress can be overcome by administering antioxidants. Melastoma malabathricum L (commonly known as senduduk) leaf is a natural antioxidant that can alleviate stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses of senduduk leaf powder on the physiological and performance of laying quails. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications. The doses of senduduk leaf powder administered were P0 (0%), P1 (1.5%), P2 (3%), and P3 (4.5%). A total of 160 female quails, aged 40 weeks, were maintained for four weeks. The variables observed comprised hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period. The study’s results on hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period showed an increase at a dose of 3% (P2). The optimal concentration was identified as the 3% dose of senduduk leaf powder in treatment P2
Detection of Zoonosis Pathogen Q Fever in Ruminant Livestock in Aceh
Get PDFCoxiella burnetii merupakan agen infeksius yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit Query fever (Q fever). Q fever merupakan penyakit yang bersifat zoonosis yaitu penyakit yang dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia ataupun sebaliknya. Reservoir utama kasus Q fever yang terjadi pada manusia adalah hewan ruminansia. Secara geografis Provinsi Aceh berbatasan langsung dengan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan C. burnetii sebagai penyebab Q fever serta karakterisasi perubahan jaringan akibat infeksi C. burnetii melalui analisa molekuler dan histopatologi pada ternak ruminansia di Provinsi Aceh. Sampel yang dikoleksi adalah organ hati, paru-paru, limpa dan ginjal sapi dan kambing dari wilayah Banda Aceh dan Aceh Besar sejumlah 100 sampel sapi dan 15 sampel kambing. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah nested-PCR dan pemeriksaan histopatologi menggunakan pewarnaan Haematoxylin Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa telah terdeteksi C. burnetii pada 2 individu sampel sapi (2%) dari organ paru, hati, limpa dan ginjal yang berasal dari Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Banda Aceh, Provinsi Aceh. C. burnetii tidak terdeteksi pada sampel organ kambing.Coxiella burnetii is an infectious agent that can cause Query fever (Q fever). Q fever is a zoonotic disease, namely a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans or vice versa. The main reservoir for Q fever cases that occur in humans is ruminants. Geographically, Aceh Province borders directly on North Sumatra Province. This study aims to detect the presence of C. burnetii as a cause of Q fever and to characterize tissue changes due to C. burnetii infection through molecular and histopathological analysis in ruminants in Aceh Province. The samples collected were liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys of cows and goats from the Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar areas, totaling 100 cow samples and 15 goat samples. The method used in this research was nested-PCR and histopathological examination using Haematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The results of this study showed that C. burnetii had been detected in 2 individual cattle samples (2%) from the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys originating from the Banda Aceh Slaughterhouse, Aceh Province. C. burnetii was not detected in the goat samples examine
Contamination of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat at Markets in South Tangerang City
Get PDFDaging ayam merupakan sumber protein hewani yang banyak dikonsumsi. Masyarakat dengan mudah memperoleh daging ayam dari pasar. Kondisi pasar dapat memengaruhi tingkat kontaminasi bakteri. Bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada daging ayam adalah Escherichia coli (E. coli). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah E. coli pada daging ayam yang dijual di pasar di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan di 6 pasar dengan sampel daging sebanyak 46 yang diperoleh dari masing-masing pedagang yang ada di setiap pasar. Sampel tersebut diuji menggunakan metode angka paling mungkin (most probable number/MPN) yang dilakukan berdasarkan SNI Nomor 2897 Tahun 2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya. Hasil yang didapatkan dari total 46 sampel memberikan hasil positif. Seluruh sampel memiliki nilai MPN >1×101 MPN/g. Standar ketentuan SNI 7388:2009 tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Mikroba dalam Pangan adalah 1×101 MPN/g sehingga level kontaminasi E. coli yang ditemukan pada daging ayam di pasar di Kota Tangerang Selatan melampaui batas SNIEscherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the bacteria found in chicken meat. In general, E. coli is normal in the digestive tract of humans and healthy animals, but some strains of E. coli are pathogenic and can cause disease. E. coli contamination in chicken meat can be detected by the most probable number (MPN) calculation method. This study aims to determine the number of E. coli in chicken meat sold in markets in South Tangerang City. The study was conducted in 6 markets, with 46 meat samples. The samples were tested using the MPN method based on Indonesian National Standard No. 2897:2008 on the test method for microbial contamination in meat, eggs, and milk and their processed products. The standard of SNI 7388:2009 concerning the maximum limit of microbial contamination in food is 1×101 MPN/g. The results showed the highest percentage of E. coli contamination in chicken meat and over the maximum limit of the SNI 7388: 2009 standard is 75% from a total of 46 samples. This study concludes that the level of E. coli contamination found in chicken meat in markets in South Tangerang City exceeds the standard limit of SN
K Kadar 17β-estradiol, Vitellogenin, dan Diameter Telur Selama Siklus Reproduksi Oreochromis niloticus
No full textEstradiol, vitellogenin levels, and egg diameter are indicators of oocyte quality in aquaculture. This study evaluated the performance of 17β-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (Vtg) concentrations in eggs and oocyte diameter during the reproductive period of Oreochromis niloticus at the Fish Breeding Research Center, Sukamandi, Subang, West Java. Sixmonth- old female fish were fed a diet supplemented with varying doses of curcumin analog in the morning and evening for six weeks. The study used a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replicates. E2 and Vtg concentrations in eggs were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Fish kit. The results indicated that the supplementation of curcumin analog in female broodfish of red tilapia increased the concentration of E2, which in turn stimulated Vtg synthesis in the liver, subsequently stored in developing follicles during gonadal maturation. The group supplemented with 2.4 mg of curcumin analog per 100 g of feed exhibited the highest concentrations of E2 (114.46 ng/mL) and egg Vtg (55.63 mg/mL). This study provides valuable insights for enhancing reproductive performance by incorporating curcumin analogs into the feed for commercial tilapia farming. Tingkat sirkulasi estradiol, vitellogenin dan diameter telur bisa menjadi referensi kualitas oosit dalam bidang akuakultur. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kinerja konsentrasi estradiol-17β (E2) dan vitelogenin (Vtg) telur, serta diameter oosit selama periode reproduksi Oreochromis niloticus di Balai Riset Pemuliaan Ikan, Sukamandi, Subang, Jawa Barat. Ikan betina berumur 6 bulan diberi pakan dengan suplementasi analog kurkumin dosis berbeda pada pagi dan sore hari selama 6 minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tujuh perlakuan dan tiga kali ulangan. Penentuan konsentrasi estradiol-17β dan vitelogenin telur menggunakan metode analisis enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Fish kit. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian analog kurkumin pada induk betina nila merah meningkatkan konsentrasi hormon estradiol-17β sehingga merangsang sintesis vitelogenin di hati yang akan disimpan dalam folikel yang sedang berkembang selama kematangan gonad. Konsentrasi hormon estradiol-17β dan vitelogenin telur tertinggi ditemukan pada kelompok ikan yang disuplementasi 2,4 mg analog kurkumin/100 g pakan yaitu sebesar 114,46 ng/mL dan 55,63 mg/mL. Informasi yang dilaporkan dalam penelitian ini akan berguna untuk meningkatkan kinerja reproduksi melalui pemberian analog kurkumin pada pakan dalam budidaya komersial nila
Antitumor activity of Typhonium flagelliforme Ethanol Extract Nanoemulsion in DMBA-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats
Get PDFTumors are a leading cause of disease-related deaths in humans and companion animals, including dogs and cats. Typhonium flagelliforme, recognized in Indonesian traditional medicine, exhibits notable antitumor properties, such as inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and enhancing immune response. This study aimed to formulate T. flagelliforme into a nanoemulsion to improve its antitumor eflects and assess its efficacy in Sprague Dawley rats induced with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA). The nanoemulsion was formulated using the inversion phase method, and its particle size and stability were analyzed using SEM. Phytochemical screening identified active compounds, and toxicity was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test. In vivo experiments involved five rat groups: untreated (NTC), nanoemulsion solvent (Solv), and three treatment groups receiving 25 μg/kg (TF25), 50 μg/kg (TF50), and 100 μg/kg (TF100) doses of the nanoemulsion, administered via intralesional injection. Results showed significant tumor size reduction in treatment groups compared to controls (p<0.05), with TF25 exhibiting the most eflective antiproliferative activity. Increased body weight across groups indicated low toxicity. The study concludes that T. flagelliforme nanoemulsion eflectively reduces tumor size and angiogenesis, demonstrating its potential as an antitumor agent.
The In Silico Toxicity of Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) and Mimba (Azadirachta indica
No full textNatural active-ingredient-based shampoos offer an effective and eco-friendly solution for maintaining the skin and hair health of companion animals. This study aimed to predict the toxicity of phytochemical compounds from citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and neem oil (Azadirachta indica) using an in silico approach with the ProTox-II platform. The analyzed compounds included limonene, farnesene, eucalyptol, menthol, oleic acid, p-cymene, indole, (9Z)-9- octadecenamide, amylbenzene, p-cresol, camphor, and dieugenol, selected based on LC-MS/MS analysis. The evaluated toxicological parameters comprised oral acute toxicity (LD50), hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity), as well as nuclear receptor signaling and stress response pathways. The results revealed that p-cymene exhibited the highest toxicity (LD50 = 3 mg/kg, class I), followed by oleic acid (LD50 = 48 mg/kg, class II), whereas amylbenzene was classified as non-toxic (LD50 = 6430 mg/kg, class VI). All compounds were predicted to be non-hepatotoxic and non-immunotoxic; however, p-cymene, indole, and amylbenzene showed potential carcinogenicity. Limonene was predicted to be active against AhR, ER, MMP, and ATAD5 receptors, while dieugenol was active against nrf2/ARE, HSE, and MMP. These predictions suggest that most compounds are safe for shampoo applications, except for p-cymene, which requires further evaluation. This study provides preliminary insights for the development of safe and effective natural-based shampoos.Sampo berbahan aktif alami menjadi solusi efektif dan ramah lingkungan untuk perawatan kesehatan kulit dan rambut hewan kesayangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi toksisitas senyawa fitokimia dari ekstrak minyak serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) dan minyak mimba (Azadirachta indica) menggunakan pendekatan in silico dengan platform ProTox-II. Senyawa yang dianalisis meliputi limonene, farnesene, eucalyptol, 1-hexanal, 3-tropanol, menthol, oleic acid, p-cymene, geranylgera-niol, indole, (9Z)-9-Octadecenamide, amylbenzene, p-cresol, camphor, dan dieugenol, yang dipilih berdasarkan analisis LC-MS/MS. Parameter toksikologi yang dievaluasi mencakup toksisitas akut oral (LD₅₀), hepatotoksisitas, imunotoksisitas, genotoksisitas (sitotoksisitas, mutagenisitas, karsinogenisitas), serta jalur sinyal reseptor nuklir dan respons stres. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa p-cymene memiliki toksisitas tertinggi (LD₅₀ = 3 mg/kg, kelas I), diikuti oleic acid (LD₅₀ = 48 mg/kg, kelas II), sedangkan amylbenzene tergolong tidak beracun (LD₅₀ = 6430 mg/kg, kelas VI). Semua senyawa non-hepatotoksik dan non-imunotoksik, tetapi p-cymene, indole, dan amylbenzene berpotensi karsinogenik. Limonene aktif terhadap reseptor AhR, ER, MMP, dan ATAD5, sedangkan dieugenol aktif terhadap nrf2/ARE, HSE, dan MMP. Prediksi ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar senyawa aman untuk aplikasi sampo, kecuali p-cymene yang memerlukan evaluasi lebih lanjut. Studi ini memberikan wawasan awal untuk pengembangan sampo berbahan alami yang aman dan efektif
Influence of Melatonin as an Antioxidant on the Preservation of Liquid Ram Semen in Tris-Fructose Egg Yolk Diluent
Get PDFExcessive free radicals can induce oxidative stress, leading to the inhibition of phosphorylation processes that supply energy for sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa during fertilization. This study investigated the impact of incorporating the antioxidant melatonin into the tris-fructose egg yolk diluent on the quality of ram liquid semen preserved at 4°C. Fresh semen with ≥70% motility was diluted in the tris-fructose egg yolk group (control), tris-fructose egg yolk with 0.5 mM melatonin (TFEY + M0.5), tris-fructose egg yolk with 1 mM melatonin (TFEY + M1), tris-fructose egg yolk with 2 mM melatonin (TFEY + M2). Semen was stored in the refrigerator at 4°C for 5 days (D0−D5). The motility, viability, abnormality, and plasma membrane integrity of the semen were evaluated every 24 hours. The results indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) between the control group and the liquid semen treatment at D0. Liquid semen quality was significantly improved with melatonin treatment compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that TKTF + M0.5 had the highest motility and viability values and can maintain abnormality values. The TKTF + M2 group had a higher plasma membrane integrity value than the other treatment groups.Excessive free radicals can induce oxidative stress, leading to the inhibition of phosphorylation processes that supply energy for sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa during fertilization. This study investigated the impact of incorporating the antioxidant melatonin into the tris-fructose egg yolk diluent on the quality of ram liquid semen preserved at 4°C. Fresh semen with ≥70% motility was diluted in the tris-fructose egg yolk group (control), tris-fructose egg yolk with 0.5 mM melatonin (TFEY + M0.5), tris-fructose egg yolk with 1 mM melatonin (TFEY + M1), tris-fructose egg yolk with 2 mM melatonin (TFEY + M2). Semen was stored in the refrigerator at 4°C for 5 days (D0−D5). The motility, viability, abnormality, and plasma membrane integrity of the semen were evaluated every 24 hours. The results indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) between the control group and the liquid semen treatment at D0. Liquid semen quality was significantly improved with melatonin treatment compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that TKTF + M0.5 had the highest motility and viability values and can maintain abnormality values. The TKTF + M2 group had a higher plasma membrane integrity value than the other treatment groups