Institut für Höhere Studien - Institute for Advanced Studies
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Exploring the effectiveness of demand-side retail pharmaceutical expenditure reforms. Cross-country evidence from weighted-average least squares estimation
Get PDFIncreasing expenditures on retail pharmaceuticals bring a critical challenge to the financial stability of healthcare systems worldwide. Policy makers have reacted by introducing a range of measures to control the growth of public pharmaceutical expenditure (PPE). Using panel data on European and non-European OECD member countries from 1990 to 2015, we evaluate the effectiveness of six types of demand-side expenditure control measures including physician-level behaviour measures, system-level price-control measures and substitution measures, alongside a proxy for cost-sharing and add a new dimension to the existing empirical evidence hitherto based on national-level and meta-studies. We use the weighted-average least squares regression framework adapted for estimation with panel-corrected standard errors. Our empirical analysis suggests that direct patient cost-sharing and some—but not all—demand-side measures successfully dampened PPE growth in the past. Cost-sharing schemes stand out as a powerful mechanism to curb PPE growth, but bear a high risk of adverse effects. Other demand-side measures are more limited in effect, though may be more equitable. Due to limitations inherent in the study approach and the data, the results are only explorative
Stakeholders in Research and Innovation: Towards Responsible Governance
Get PDFThe concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) revolves around stakeholders of research and innovation aiming for societal desirability of the innovation process. In practice, it is often not clear, however, why one instead of another stakeholder-(group) is invited and for which purpose (Repo and Matschoss 2019). In most of the RRI discourse, ‘stakeholders’ are used as a catchall phrase denoting societal actors without actually pointing to who they are, why their participation is important, what exactly they contribute and why they should be involved in the R & I processes. In the case of citizen engagement, a typical bias emerges around the inclusion of easily accessible groups of publics. In this chapter we look at stakeholder theory as it has been developed and used for strategic business purposes from the mid 80’s and suggest how stakeholder theory may be combined with RRI, RI and QH approaches and applied to research and innovation. We argue that moral, epistemic and power diversity and balance is key to a stakeholder theory of RRI in order to facilitate a democratic debate amongst a wide group of stakeholders in a specific R & I endeavor in order to arrive at outcomes that are appropriate, legitimate, and desirable
Kapitel 10. Integrierte Perspektiven auf Strukturbedingungen
No full textStrukturen wirken auf vielfältige Weise auf alltägliches Handeln und ihre adäquate Gestaltung ist daher notwendig, um klimafreundliches Verhalten dauerhaft zu ermöglichen. Die in Abschnitt 3 behandelten Strukturen fördern oder behindern eine Transformation in Richtung klimafreundli-chen Lebens maßgeblich und sind quer durch alle Handlungsfelder von Relevanz. Die einzelnen Strukturen, deren Analyse sich so weit möglich auf die besonderen Bedingungen in Österreich bezieht, thematisieren unterschiedliche Bereiche, die von Strukturveränderungen betroffen sind: Recht, Governance, Strukturen der öffentlichen Willensbildung in Diskursen und Medien sowie in Bildung und Wissensproduktion als auch wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten einschließlich ihrer tech-nischen Dimensionen und der zugehörigen Innovationssysteme. Ebenso werden Bereiche wie räumliche Ungleichheit und Raumplanung sowie soziale Sicherungssysteme in den Blick ge-nommen. Der Abschnitt betrachtet zudem die Versorgung mit Gütern und Dienstleitungen gene-rell, legt aber auch einen Akzent auf globalisierte Warenketten und Geld- und Finanzsysteme, um die interdependenten Strukturen über die Grenzen Österreichs hinaus zu thematisieren. Die strukturierende Rolle der gebauten Umwelt wird im abschließenden Kapitel zu netzgebundenen Infrastrukturen diskutiert
Universitäten: Im Dschungel der Interessen
No full textAn den Hochschulen zeigen sich Glanz und Elend des „New Public Management“. Was ein Gesetz über das aktuelle Verhältnis von Universität, Politik und Gesellschaft erzählt
Activities to Foster Public Engagement in Research and Innovation. Examples from the NewHoRRIzon Project
Get PDFIn this chapter we take results from the Horizon 2020 project, NewHoRRIzon to show that a variety of activities and approaches, addressing different levels and actors, are needed to spur public engagement in research and innovation. NewHoRRIzon spanned over all areas of the 8th European Framework Programme (Horizon 2020) and created 19 ‘Social Labs’ to look into different research and innovation themes and their relation to the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). This chapter highlights specific pilots stemming from this project which were designed by research and innovation stakeholders over the course of sequential labs, workshops, and meetings. The pilots featured here represent replicable activities and innovative ideas for researchers and research organizations to take up and use in their public engagement practices and policies
Trade tariffs targeting final versus intermediate goods and the 2018-19 US-China trade dispute
No full textThis paper examines whether the short- and medium-term dynamic effects of tariff increases on intermediate goods differ from those on final consumer goods. To this end, the paper develops a three-country model with rigorous trade theory micro-foundations and some of the most common New Keynesian features and adapts it to the US, China, and the rest of the world. The results show that unilateral tariff increases can have opposite short- and medium-term effects on GDP, consumption, investment, and the trade balance depending on whether they are imposed on intermediate or final goods. The paper also identifies the mechanisms behind these effects. Simulations of the actual tariff increases during the trade dispute in 2018–19 show that the focus of US tariffs on intermediate goods is likely to have had a negative impact on US GDP and consumption. However, the simulations show more significant damage to the Chinese economy in all cases. Furthermore, the simulations show an improvement in the US bilateral trade balance with China but only a short-term impact on the overall trade balance
Die Scholar:innen des IHS 1965-2015
Get PDFInput im Rahmen der Podiumsdiskussion: "Das IHS und die Professionalisierung der Sozialwissenschaften in Österreich"
Das IHS wurde mit dem Auftrag gegründet, in Österreich moderne, empirische Sozialwissenschaften zu etablieren. Das bedeutet zweierlei: sowohl die österreichische Wissenschaftslandschaft mit etwas Neuem zu bereichern als auch im internationalen Setting einen weiteren Standort für sozialwissenschaftliche Innovation zu aufzubauen.
Zum Anlass des runden Geburtstags des Instituts gilt es, eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme vorzunehmen: Wie gut ist das eine, wie weit das andere umgesetzt worden? Können messbare Ergebnisse vorgewiesen werden? Unter welchen Bedingungen finden Vertiefung und Innovation des sozialwissenschaftlichen Methoden- und Theoriewerkzeugkasten statt