Jurnal Biodjati
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Quercetin Compound of Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as Potential of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial
Get PDFRespiratory tract infections can be caused by various microbes including Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans fungus. The treatment can use antibiotics or medical plants. Okra plants especially the fruit, are plants with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity caused by one of the flavonoids namely quercetin compounds. The purpose of this study was determine the total flavonoid, identify the isolate, and test the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the quercetin compound isolated from okra fruit. The result of the measurement of the total flavonoid content of the diethyl ether fraction obtained an average of 54.8723 ± 0.8059 mg QE/g and the ethyl acetate fraction obtained an average of 99.3155 ±1.4518 mgQE/g. The isolated flavonoid from okra fruit had antioxidant power with IC50 of 31,4 ppm, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter of 10,372mm; 13,964 mm; and 15, 392mm (1%:5%:10%), and the antifungal Candida albicans with inhibition zone diameter of 9,104mm; 284mm; and 11,380 mm (1%:5%:10%). Flavonoid isolates from Okra Fruit, namely quercetin compounds had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity
Metallothionein Protein Modeling from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as A Metal Biosorber Candidate
Get PDFMetallothionein is a protein that is well known to play a role in metal metabolism in bacterial cells. Metallothionein is a multifunctional protein that has the potential to be used as a metal adsorbing agent. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative and rapid-growth bacterium. In addition, the complete genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been largely known. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that the complete genome of this strain is easily accessible in NCBI. These features make Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 become a common model in bacterial studies. This research aimed to find and model the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. This research was carried out by bioinformatic and protein homology methods. Based on the results, the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was found in the bacterial genome at base sequence of 2355918 to 2356157. The putative metallothionein-encoding gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has a size of 240 bp. The translation result of the gene showed that the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has 79 amino acids. The modeling result showed the 3D structure of the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is similar to the metallothionein 3D structure of Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87. The 3D structure of the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was dominated by turn and coil, but contained 1 α-helix structure and 2 β-sheet structures. Based on protein analysis, it was found that the putative metallothionein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has 1 metal-binding cluster with 10 amino acids and the most important amino acid residue is Cysteine . Even though, there was 1 Histidine amino acid residue on the metal-binding cluster
Effective Combination of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract on Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice
Get PDFHigh levels of free radicals in diabetic wounds often cause chronic inflammation. Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extracts are rich in antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory effects. Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extracts can also accelerate the reepithelialization process in wound healing. This study aimed to determine the combination of ethanol extract of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds on wound length and the number of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and collagen density in the incision wound of diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin. T. This study used three types of controls, namely Normal (Normal mice, HPMC 3%), DM (Diabetic mice, HPMC 3%), and Iodine (Diabetic mice, Povidone Iodine 10%). Topical treatment with 70% ethanol extract ointment combined with Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum in various variations, namely N (20%:0%), T (0%:10%), NT (10%:5%), Observations of the wound healing process were carried out on 3rd, 7th and 14th day. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test. The study\u27s results by observing the morphology of the wound length on day 7th day showed that the combination treatment of extracts of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum resulted in the shortest wound, which was significantly different from the wound in untreated diabetic mice. In addition, diabetic wounds without treatment showed infection, and on the contrary, the infection did not occur in wounds treated with a combination of extracts of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The results of wound histology observations showed that the combination treatment of extracts of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a decrease in inflammation which was indicated by a significant decrease in the number of neutrophil cells, macrophages, and accelerated reepithelialization of wound healing as indicated by a significant increase in the number of fibroblasts and collagen density since the third day of treatment
Effect of Mercury Stress on the Growth and Lipid Content of Euglena sp. and Echinodorus palaefolius
Get PDFOne way to reduce the adverse effects of the heavy metals mercury in the aquatic environment are using organisms to break down or convert toxic substances into non-toxic forms, either by phytore- mediation or phycoremediation. This research aimed to analyze the growth and lipid content of Euglena sp. after mercury exposure. This research also aimed to analyze the growth of E. palaefolius which is associated with Euglena sp. In this study, the bioremediation ability of Euglena sp. and Echinodorus palaefolius through treatment with mercury concentrations of 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm, as well as association and non-association treatments. The parameters are the growth of Euglena sp. and the association between Euglena sp. andE. palaefolius measurement and lipid content. The result of the growth of Euglena sp. experienced a significant increase. Lipid content in Euglena sp. was also seen high at 10 ppm mercury concentration. In E. palaefolius, the ability to adsorb heavy metals was also shown by the large diameter of the stems and also the plant growth which has optimal growth in the treatment of 10 ppm mercury stress
Exploration and Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi at IPB University Campus Forest
Get PDFThe exploration of ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity around the campus could provide insights into the presence and distribution of these symbiotic fungi in the area. This study aimed to observe, identify, and provide information regarding ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity in the IPB University Campus Forest. The sampling sites represent various tree species including forests, parks, and green spaces. The exploration was done using opportunistic sampling method. The obtained basidiomata were examined for macromorphological and micromorphological examination to identify the ectomycorrhizal fungi. The identification results based on the morphological characteristics confirmed our specimens as Inocybe cf. squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel. The Inocybe was characterized by having small to medium-sized, pileus squamules, dry surface, light brown to yellowish cap, lamellae crowded, cylindrical or attenuated stipe towards the apex, clavate basidia, and hemispheric knobs basidiospores. The Suillus was distinguished by having a cap that is convex in shape with a slightly brownish yellow color and the surface texture of the cap is smooth, lamella in the form of pores that are quite large and angular, brownish yellow in color, yellow tubular stipe, clavate basidia, and oval spores. These two macrofungi are new records in the sampling area and I. cf. squarrosolutea could be the new information for Indonesia. Our finding provides valuable information for ecological studies and contributes to the additional data on Indonesian ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity
Diversity and Epidermal Characteristic of Lauraceae Leaf in Two Forest Locations, Bogor Regency, West Java
Get PDFLauraceae is a group of tropical plants with a wide distribution. The abundance and species richness of the Lauraceae family includes the under to the upper canopy of the forest. The Lauraceae family can be utilized in various sectors, especially economically. Limiting characters as a significance in the Lauraceae classification was needed to provide additional information regarding taxon grouping. This research aimed to study epidermal characteristics, leaf venation variations, and the diversity of Lauraceae species under different forest environmental conditions. The research procedure involved: collecting ecological field data and morphological identification using a purposive sampling method based on the presence of species. Soil sampling and environmental microclimate were measured on each plot. The anatomical process was carried out by recording characters. Correlation between environmental factors and plant targets used canonical correspondence analysis. The kinship between members of Lauraceae was expressed in a dendrogram. The result of this study showed that Lauraceae could live at various elevations. The analysis data indicated differences in environmental factors that affect the existence of Lauraceae species. Leaf venation studies support clustering in the family using characters such as primary, secondary, tertiary veins, and areola. Observation of leaf venation can be used as a taxonomic significance in the family Lauraceae. Epidermal cell walls in leaf samples are straight, curved shallow, deep, and sharp. Other characters that can be found are anomocytic, laterocytic, and brachyparasitic types of stomata, with stellate and glandless trichomes The anatomical dendrogram separated Lauraceae into clusters on a similarity coefficient scale
Molecular Profile of Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch] in Java Island Based on trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA) IGS Sequences
Get PDFCogongrass is one of the top ten problem-causing weeds in the world that is invasively spread over many tropical and subtropical regions, including Java Island, the Republic of Indonesia. The wide distribution is possibly related to their adaptability to almost all terrestrial habitats from various altitudes, which may lead to a high level of genetic variation. This study aimed to assess the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of cogongrass in Java Island using an intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence in the cpDNA genome, i.e. trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA), as the molecular marker of high mutation rate. Plant samples were collected randomly from five different sites on the island. These were subjected to total genomic DNA extraction. The DNAs obtained were then used as PCR templates to amplify trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA) IGS using a pair of universal primers. The PCR products were sequenced for genetic analysis. It was shown that an extremely high genetic variation with respect to the haplotype diversity of cogongrass in Java Island was observed. Nevertheless, a very low nucleotide diversity was obtained revealing a considerably close genetic relationship among the samples. Anatomical data regarding stomata number and length were found to correspond to the high level of genetic variation, but it was not the case with the stomata index
Age Structure, Growth, and Mortality of Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus,1758) in Banten Bay Waters
Get PDFBlue swimming crab (BSC) (Portunus pelagicus) is the main fisheries commodity in Banten Bay, with the highest catch of catch occurring in the west monsoon. Increased fishing efforts have reduced the catch, as indicated by a decrease in the average size of carapace width. Overfishing might influence the life cycle and population structure of the BSC. This research aims to analyze the growth and mortality of the Blue Swimming Crab in Banten Bay, especially in the west monsoon. Blue swimming crab samples were obtained from the catch of fish trap and gillnet fishermen with landing sites around the Karangantu Archipelago Fishing Port. Growth, age, and mortality were predicted based on the measurement of total carapace width and body weight. Data were analyzed using Fisat II and Microsoft Excel. The frequency distribution of carapace showed one mode class which normally was distributed consisting of only one age structure group (cohort). The relationship between carapace width and weight of males or females resulted in a slope value (b>3) and was positive allometric, indicating that both sexes had a faster weight gain than the increase in carapace width. Growth parameters resulted asymptotic length (L∞); male 176.75 mm and female 176.46 mm. The growth was relatively fast, with a growth coefficient value of more than one. The mortality showed that the fishing mortality value (F);in males was 3.47 /year and in females 2.69/year was greater than the natural mortality value (M); males 1.25/year and females 1.22/year. Blue Swimming Crabs in Banten Bay had overfished as shown by the high fishing mortality value and there were still many BSC that were caught below the legal size allowed. Thus, catches should be controlled to keep the population and for sustainable fisheries
Vegetation Structure and Composition of Coffee Agroforestry in Kalibaru District
Get PDFAgroforestry is a form of sustainable agriculture; the present threat of agroforestry is a change in agroforestry landforms that have switched to a less sustainable form. Coffee plays a role in the agroforestry ecosystem, Kalibaru is one of the Banyuwangi District coffee centers managed by the local community. The objective of this study was to determine the vegetation structure and analyze the effect of that on environmental parameters. Data was collected by vegetation analysis and soil parameter analysis with PAST 2020 Software version 4.05. In total, 15 research plots were used, consisting of 5 complex agroforestry, 5 simple agroforestry, and 5 monoculture plots. The results showed 20 species in complex agroforestry, 24 species in simple agroforestry, and 18 species in monoculture were found. The highest important index level in complex agroforestry: Durio zibethinus 63.87% for trees, the Swietenia mahagoni 64.43% for poles, and Coffee canephora 128.87% for shrubs. In simple agroforestry : Cocos nucifera 72.83% for trees, Leucaena leucocephala 80.70% for poles, and the Coffea canephora 137.57% for shrubs. In monoculture agroforestry: Hibiscus similis 82.99% for trees, Leucaena leucocephala 209.22% for poles, and Coffea canephora 130.96% for shrubs. Agroforestry in Kalibaru was categorized in the moderate diversity. The diversity index (H\u27) in complex agroforestry showed H\u27 trees 2.21, pole 2.03 and. shrubs 1.60. Simple agroforestry shows H\u27 tree 2.00, pole 2.49, and shrubs 1.50. Monoculture shows H\u27 tree 1.98, pole 0.64, and shrubs 1.54. Agroforestry a role in maintaining soil moisture and temperature, complex agroforestry: temperature 24 0C, and Moist 5.82, simple: temperature 24.2 0C, Moist 5.42, and Monoculture temperature 26 0C, Moist 4.54
In Silico Analysis of Catechin, Galangin, and Hesperidin as Competitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Get PDFCurrently, Covid-19 has become endemic. However, the development of Covid-19 drugs continues to be carried out to suppress the growth of the Sars-Cov-2 virus. Some compounds with antiviral activity are catechin, galangin, and hesperidin. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is a protein that enters viruses into the cell. Based on that, ACE-2 can be used as a primary target to suppress the development of the Sars-Cov-2 virus. This study aimed to test the catechin, galangin, and hesperidin compounds in inhibiting the SARS CoV-2 virus from attaching to ACE-2 by trying the interactions of catechin, galangin, and hesperidin compounds with ACE-2 using the in-silico method. The material used was the three-dimensional structure of the compounds catechin, galangin hesperidin, and ACE-2. The tools used were FAF-Drugs4, Discovery Studio, and Pyrex software. Low-affinity energy values (kcal/mol) indicate promising results. The results showed that the energy affinity value of catechin was -6.2 kcal/mol, galangin was -6.3 kcal/mol, and hesperidin was -8.3 kcal/mol. This value is lower than the control affinity energy (chloroquine and favipiravir), which is -5.2 kcal/mol and -4.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on this, catechin, galangin, and hesperidin can be used as inhibitors/competitors for the Sars-Cov-2 to attach to ACE-2