Majalah Ilmiah Biologi BIOSFERA: A Scientific Journal
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Perancangan Primer Oligonukleotida untuk Polimerisasi in Vitro Gen Sukrosa Sintase
Get PDFThe most important problems in using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the efficiency of energy, cost and time due to gene amplification. Oligonucleotide primer design of sucrose synthase gene was conducted as a model of preliminary experiment to amplify gene using PCR. In plant cells, this gene plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism, a sucrose molecule break down into glucose. This design involved some computer software as bioinformatics tools. Five data sequences of legumes were downloaded from gene bank using accession number of AF030231, AJ311496, X92378, X69773, and D10266 belongs to soybean, pea, alnus bean, fava bean, and mung bean, respectively. After sequences alignment, some conservative regions were determined as the basis to construct forward and reverse primer candidates. Furthermore, the candidates were tested for compatibility. The results showed that the oligonucleotide primers can amplify sucrose synthase gene with ± 1462 bp fragment size using 5’-AACTTTgTgCTTgA-3’ and 5’-TCCTTTgACTCCTTC-3’ for forward and reverse primer, respectively. Even the PCR process weren’t applied, those primers might be universal primers to amplify sucrose synthase gene of legume plants
Pengaruh Pemberian Sitokinin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Palea dan Lemma Padi Melaui Kultur In Vitro
Get PDFA research has been carried out with the aims to: 1. study the influence of both the kind and concentration of cytokinins on palea and lemma growth in in vitro culture; 2. study the influence of palea and lemma age towards external application of cytokinin in in vitro culture; and3. determine the best palea-lemma age, kind and concentration of cytokinin which resulted the best growth of palea and lemma in in vitro culture. The used experimental method was Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with factorial treatment pattern. The applied treatment consisted of three factors i.e. palea-lemma age (U): (55, 60, and 65 days after planting); kind of cytokinin (S): (BAP and Kinetin); and Cytokinin Concentration (K): (0, 5, 10, and 15 M) with 3 replications. The observed variables were the palea and lemma growth with the parameters were palea-lemma length and width. The results showed that the kind of cytokinin had influenced the growth of palea-lemma in in vitro culture, and kinetin has better influence on the palea-lemma growth. The age of the palea-lemma determined the responsiveness of the palea-lemma towards external application of cytokinin. Older palea-lemma showed less responsive than younger ones towards external application of plant growth regulators. Moreover, the treatment combination (U1S2K2) (10 µM Kinetin applied to 55-day-old rice palea-lemma) had the best effect on increasing the size of palea-lemma of IR 64 rice.A research has been carried out with the aims to: 1. study the influence of both the kind and concentration of cytokinins on palea and lemma growth in in vitro culture; 2. study the influence of palea and lemma age towards external application of cytokinin in in vitro culture; and3. determine the best palea-lemma age, kind and concentration of cytokinin which resulted the best growth of palea and lemma in in vitro culture. The used experimental method was Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with factorial treatment pattern. The applied treatment consisted of three factors i.e. palea-lemma age (U): (55, 60, and 65 days after planting); kind of cytokinin (S): (BAP and Kinetin); and Cytokinin Concentration (K): (0, 5, 10, and 15 M) with 3 replications. The observed variables were the palea and lemma growth with the parameters were palea-lemma length and width. The results showed that the kind of cytokinin had influenced the growth of palea-lemma in in vitro culture, and kinetin has better influence on the palea-lemma growth. The age of the palea-lemma determined the responsiveness of the palea-lemma towards external application of cytokinin. Older palea-lemma showed less responsive than younger ones towards external application of plant growth regulators. Moreover, the treatment combination (U1S2K2) (10 µM Kinetin applied to 55-day-old rice palea-lemma) had the best effect on increasing the size of palea-lemma of IR 64 rice
Pemakaian Sel Hela dalam Uji Sitotoksisitas Fraksi Ethanol Biji Mimba (Azadirachta indica)
Get PDFTraditionally, the neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds have been used as bioinsecticide. It was also used and known for long time as a fungicide and anti bacterial agents. Pre-toxicity experiment using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method indicated that the ethanol fraction of the neem seeds was toxic to the shrimp larvae with LC50 38.79 μg/ml. This experiment was done to further investigate the possible role of ethanol fraction of neem (A. indica) seeds as an anti cancer agent using HeLa cell lines. Experiment was initiated by extracting the seeds using n-hexane by maceration. The macerate was then macerated further using 70% ethanol as solvent. The ethanol fraction was used in cytotoxicity assay using (cervix cancer) HeLa cell lines. Cytotoxicity assay was done by using direct counting method. The amount of living cells were observed and counted, death percentage was determined and probit analysis used to determine the LC50 value. LC50 value for ethanol fraction from the seeds of neem (A. indica) was 10.95 μg/ml for 24 hours; 7.33 μg/ml for 48 hours and 4.37 μg/ml for 72 hours based on cytotoxicity analysis using HeLa cells. This experiment concluded that the neem (A. indica) seeds have cytotoxicity toward HeLa cell lines which confirmed the previous toxicity experiment using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Overall, this experiment indicated that neem (A. indica) seeds have anticancer activity
Isolasi dan Identifasi Mikroba Rumen Penghasil Antihistamin “Histamine Methyl Transferase“
Get PDFThe aim of this research was to find antihistamine ”Histamine Methyl Transferase” of microbe producers through isolation and testing of their activities on various substrates. The isolation process found four putative isolates i.e. N2k, N2b, N3 and N5. Their general characteristics were round, big and formed regular colonies; regular edge and wavy colonies. Colonies were whitish, shiny and had low convex elevation. N2k, N2b, and N5 isolates were Gram negative bacteria whereas N3 was Gram positive. Those isolates were non-motile. Further tests were conducted to examine the isolate capability to produce catalase and utilize citric acid as the carbon source to which they showed positive result. Nitrate reduction test showed positive results for N2b and N5 but not forN2k and N3. The ability to ferment sugars into acid and gas indicated that all isolates except N3 were capable of fermenting glucose and lactose. However, only N2k was capable to produce gas.The aim of this research was to find antihistamine ”Histamine Methyl Transferase” of microbe producers through isolation and testing of their activities on various substrates. The isolation process found four putative isolates i.e. N2k, N2b, N3 and N5. Their general characteristics were round, big and formed regular colonies; regular edge and wavy colonies. Colonies were whitish, shiny and had low convex elevation. N2k, N2b, and N5 isolates were Gram negative bacteria whereas N3 was Gram positive. Those isolates were non-motile. Further tests were conducted to examine the isolate capability to produce catalase and utilize citric acid as the carbon source to which they showed positive result. Nitrate reduction test showed positive results for N2b and N5 but not forN2k and N3. The ability to ferment sugars into acid and gas indicated that all isolates except N3 were capable of fermenting glucose and lactose. However, only N2k was capable to produce gas
Komunitas Biota Hewan Bentik Pada Danau Paparan Banjir Di Kalimantan Timur
Get PDFLake Semayang and Melintang are floodplain lakes of River Mahakam, which are economically important as inland fisheries resources in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. Benthic community in both lakes are still in rare exposed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate their community characteristics based on structure, diversity, and distribution pattern. The research was conducted in July 2006 at ten sampling stations of both lakes. Water quality in both lakes in terms of temperature was between 28 and 32oC, while pH, turbidity and conductivity were low, namely 3.74 – 5.39, 0.2 – 7.6 NTU, and 0.011 – 0.034 mS/cm, respectively. Dissolved oxygen was between 0.96 mg/L and 6.35 mg/L, and total organic matters (TOM) was high (26.8 – 57.5 mg/L). Benthic community organism was arranged by mollusks, oligochaete and dipterans, consisting of 15 species with the abundance of 8 – 433 ind/m2. Aulodrilus piquet was the dominant species of oligochaete and Melanoides tuberculata was the dominant species from mollusks. The significant high number of A. piqueti was probably due to its preference on the habitat with the abundance of aquatic plants. Shannon Index Diversity of benthic organism community was low (<1.50), and it seemed to be related to the extreme condition of floodplain area environment. The distribution of benthic organisms did not show homogenous pattern which was also related to floodplain area condition
Peanut Mottle Virus (Ptmtv) Contamination on Peanut Seeds Collected from Several Locations and Its Elimination by Hot Water Treatment
Get PDFThe following observations on the seemingly prevalent occurrence of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed contaminations by PtMtV virus in the surrounding area of Palu, Central Sulawesi were conducted to determine the level of seed contamination and whether hot water treatment can be used to eliminate PtMtV virus from the seeds. Peanut seeds were collected from a number of locations and after soaking them in unheated water (29C) and heated water (55, 60 and 65C) for 10 minutes they were allowed to germinate, then transplanted and grown in pots in screen house. The effects of hot treatments on seed germinability, leaf formation, frequency of infection on surviving plants, and plant biomass production were determined. Seeds soaked in heated water showed different germinability, grew to become plants with different leaf formation and plant biomass production. Heat treatments gave different frequencies of infection on the plants. However, not a single heat treatment gave satisfactorily results in terms of giving zero or low infection and at the same time giving desirable seed germinability, leaf number, and plant biomass. The prospect of using hot water treatment at 55C or lower with longer soaking duration as a method for PtMtV virus elimination from peanut seeds is discussed
Identification of Sponge-Associated Bacteria with Antibacterial Property against Staphylococcus aureus based on Molecular Approach
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is among human pathogens which are known to be resistant to almost clinically significant antibiotics that causes a crisis, in the treatment and management of infectious disease, and also presents a clear danger to the future of public health. Recently, invertebrate-associated microorganisms have become the target of the search for marine microbial natural products. Sponge-associated microorganisms are one of the most interesting natural product sources because they produce bioactive natural products including polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. Molecular approach based on 16S rDNA has been very successful in the identification and the search of secondary metabolite-producing microorganisms, particularly by using specific degenerated primers, for the detection of Polyketide Synthases (PKS) and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPS) gene fragments that are essential for the biosynthesis of bioactive products. Four bacterial isolates from sponge Dysidea sp. were found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus. However, only the best two isolates were selected for further identification and screening for the presence of either PKS or NRPS. The results revealed that both isolates BSP5.11 and BSP11.7 have 99% homology with Alpha proteobacterium. PCR analysis of PKS and NRPS gene fragments showed that they both amplified the NRPS but not the PKS gene fragments
Compensatory Growth and Feed Utilization of Humpback Grouper, Cromileptes altivelis Receiving Preset Period of Unfed-Fed Cycle
Get PDFThe effect of preset periods of unfed-fed cycle on growth, feed efficiency and body condition indices of humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis was studied. The fish receiving non-feeding/feeding cycle of 1/2 day (T1); 1/2 and 3 days alternately (T2); 1/3 day (T3); were compared to that fed daily as a control (C). Each feeding treatment was assigned to five fiberglass tanks according to a completely randomized design. All fish was weighed to obtain final weight gain at the end of the experiment. Feeding rate (FR) was calculated during feeding period throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment all fish was weighed to obtain final fish weight. Absolute growth rate (AGR); survival; consumption; cumulative feed consumption, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test (P<0.05). The results showed that humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis receiving preset unfed-fed cycle elicited compensatory growth and the fish showed hyperphagia and greater feed conversion efficiency
Genetic Variability in the Indonesian Giant Clam (Tridacna crocea and Tridacna maxima) Populations: Implication for Mariculture and Restocking Program
Get PDFTridacna crocea and T. maxima are relatively abundant in the Indonesian coral reef. These two species are, however, under high presure due to exploitation for food, industry, and aquarium trade. It is, therefore, necessary to understand their biology, such as genetic variability within and between populations, before utilizing them for strain improvement and restocking, prior to the extinction of the populations of T. crocea and T. maxima. Here we amplified a length of 456 bp of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I gene from Tridacna crocea and of 484 bp from T. maxima to asses the genetic variability within and between populations of both species. The results showed that both species have high genetic diversity and polymorphism within each local population. This provides a sufficient basis for selection of improved strain of T. crocea and T. maxima for mariculture. However, if the genetic variation led to genetic differentiation among populations due to the result of evolutionary adaptation, mixing genetically different populations may result in the break up of co-adaptation gene complexes. This might result in the loss of the physiological capacities of the parental populations
Fauna Krustasea di Perairan Kepulauan Anambas, Propinsi Kepulauan Riau
Get PDFObservation of crustacean fauna in Anambas Islands waters was conducted from 20 May to 4 June 2002. The selected locations were Ranap Island, Matak Island, Pemutus Island, Akar Island, and Jemaja Island. The aim of this study was to know the diversity and evenness of the crustacean species. Sampling was conducted by applying quadrant transect and other collections. Forty one species of crustaceans, representing 14 families, were collected from those selected locations including 23 species that were collected from transect area. The results showed that diversity index of the crustacean fauna was 0.65 to 0.98 and species evenness was 0.85 to 0.98. Based on the species diversity index, all those selected locations could be said as having low diversity