HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Mitigating the Inhibitory Effect of Tannins on β-Glucosidase Activity Using Tannase from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
No full textTannins are a diverse group of plant-derived polyphenols with a hallmark property to bind to various biomolecules. Their binding with enzymes in specific ways leads to the loss of their enzymatic potential. A similar phenomenon is postulated in the case of tannins from fruits inhibiting the β-glucosidase activity, causing lesser hydrolysis of glycosidically bound volatiles in fruit juices. We first demonstrated that tannins, viz. tannic acid and epigallocatechin gallate, significantly inhibited β-glucosidase activity. Next, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, which is known to have tannase activity, was found to de-repress β-glucosidase inhibition caused by tannins. Our results indicate that tannase, along with β-glucosidase, can be a useful strategy for hydrolysing glycosidic phytochemicals for the release of bioactive chemicals
Transcriptomic Dissection of Long-Juvenility in Soybean: A Comparative Study of Grobogan Cultivar and Its Derivative Long Juvenile AP18 Line
No full textThe long juvenile (LJ) trait in soybean extends the vegetative phase, enabling cultivation in low-latitude regions. This study investigated transcriptomic differences between the Grobogan cultivar (control) and the AP18 (LJ) soybean line using RNA-seq. Young leaf tissues from plants at the vegetative stage were collected under field conditions and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. After quality filtering and alignment to the soybean reference genome, 24,716 expressed transcripts were retained for analysis. Differential expression analysis identified 5,005 upregulated and 4,534 downregulated transcripts in AP18 relative to Grobogan. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the upregulation of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and secondary metabolism, and the downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis and energy metabolism. While known LJ-related genes FT2A (E9) and ELF3B (J) showed differential expression, the magnitude was modest. These findings highlight widespread transcriptomic reprogramming associated with the LJ trait, providing insight into potential pathways that influence juvenile phase extension
Effect of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Flour Diet on Postprandial Blood Sugar Rates and Insulin Resistance in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Mellitus
No full textMedical nutrition therapy is essential in diabetes management, especially as diabetes is often linked with aging. Porang tuber flour contains glucomannan, a compound with potential glucose-lowering effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of porang flour feeding frequency on 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPPBG) and HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design, 21 male Wistar rats were induced with diabetes via streptozotocin and nicotinamide, then randomly assigned to three groups: G0 (control, given aquadest), G1 (porang flour 300 mg/kg BW daily), and G2 (porang flour 300 mg/kg BW every two days). Five rats died during treatment. Wilcoxon test results showed a difference in 2hPPBG levels between each group before and after treatment. There was no decrease in G0 (p = 0.893), but a decrease in G1 (p = 0.043) and G2 (p = 0.028). The difference between HOMA-IR before and after treatment did not decrease in groups G0 (p = 0.345), G1 (p = 0.138), and G2 (p = 0.249). Post hoc test for 2hPPBG levels between groups showed a significant difference between G0 and G1 (p<0.001), a significant difference between G0 and G2 (p<0.001), and no significant difference between G1 and G2 (p = 0.135). One-way ANOVA test of HOMA-IR showed no significant difference between G0, G1, and G2 (p = 0.148). It was concluded that porang flour can reduce 2hPPBG, but not HOMA-IR. There was no difference in 2hPPBG levels between administering porang flour daily and every other day
Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Growth Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Chasmanthera dependens Hochst.
Full text linkThe absence of pharmacognostic criteria and inadequate crude drug quality control yardsticks are the primary reasons for medicinal plant misidentification, therapeutic failure, and toxicity associated with herbal medicines. This study aims to identify the macroscopic and microscopic features, physicochemical properties, important chemical constituents, and antioxidant and growth inhibitory potential of Chasmanthera dependens, a species found in the rainforest of West Africa. A detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of C. dependens was carried out, including macroscopic and microscopic characterization, phytochemical screening, and physicochemical analysis. Antioxidant and growth-inhibitory bioassays were performed to assess its bioactivity. Chasmanthera dependens is characterized by a cylindrical, partly long, rough-surfaced twig with evergreen, cordate leaves. Its exudate is odorless but slightly sweet, with a bitter aftertaste. Microscopic analysis revealed covering trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, with an anomocytic type of stomata only on the abaxial surface. The chemical analysis showed the fruit is rich in phytoconstituents like alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids, as well as important micronutrients such as zinc, copper, cadmium, magnesium, manganese, protein, lipids, and fiber. The extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant and growth-inhibitory effects. This study provides the first detailed pharmacognostic features of C. dependens, contributing valuable data for its identification, quality control, and potential medicinal applications
Analysis of Bird Vocal Bandwidth in Relation to Vegetation Structure Variability in Coffee Agroforestry Systems, Jember, Indonesia
Full text linkBird vocalizations are crucial for communication and adaptation to environmental changes. As forests are converted to agriculture, agroforestry plays a key role in conserving biodiversity. This study examines vocal bandwidth variations in four bird species-Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius), Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Olive-backed Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis), and Small Minivet (Pericrocotus cinnamomeus)-across three coffee agroforestry sites in Jember, Indonesia: Silo, Kluncing, and Kaliwining. The study explores how vegetation structure influences vocal adaptations using sound recordings, vegetation surveys, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results show significant vocal bandwidth differences in Common Tailorbird and Sooty-headed Bulbul. Common Tailorbird exhibited the highest bandwidth variation in Silo (2.85 kHz), followed by Kluncing (2.30 kHz) and Kaliwining (1.10 kHz) (p<0.001). Similarly, Sooty-headed Bulbul showed significant variation, with the highest bandwidth in Silo (3.1 kHz), Kaliwining (3.5 kHz), and Kluncing (2.7 kHz) (p<0.001). However, bandwidth variation in Olive-backed Sunbird (p = 0.12) and Small Minivet (p = 0.0014) was not significant. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong but non-significant relationship between vegetation structure (Importance Value Index) and Sooty-headed Bulbul presence (R² = 0.8999, p = 0.059). These findings suggest that while vegetation influences some species, other factors like resource availability or human activity may also shape vocal adaptations. This study enhances understanding of bird communication in agroforestry, supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management
Characteristics of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere at Kaolin Lake, Belitung, Indonesia
Full text linkFormer kaolin mining has poor physical and chemical properties for plants. The low nutrient content makes difficult for plants to grow. Nitrogen (N2) is an important macronutrient for plants, but it can only be absorbed in the form of ammonium ions (NH4+) or nitrate ions (NO3-). Therefore, it is necessary to transform nitrogen, which is able to change the molecular form so that it can be absorbed by plants. The strategy that can be done is using nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This study aimed to explore and analyze the diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria based on 16S rRNA and nifH gene from the rhizosphere of the Kaolin Lake area. The method started with bacterial isolation from rhizosphere soil samples. Selected isolates were tested for ammonium content to determine the ability of isolates to fix nitrogen. In this study, 13 isolates had the ability to fix nitrogen, two of which had a high ammonium concentration, namely RBN 5.6, and RBA 2.3. The highest ammonium concentration was produced by isolate RBN5.6 amounting to 7.55 μg/ml. Based on 16S rRNA gene identification, isolate RBN5.6 was similar to Burkholderia cepacia and isolate RBA2.3 was similar to Bacillus aquimaris. Based on the detection of the nifH gene, isolate RBN5.6 was identified as a protein-encoding dinitrogenase reductase gene group cluster from the Stutzerimonas stutzeri
Exploring the α-Amylase Inhibitory Potential of Peronema canescens Jack: An In Vitro and In Silico Study
Full text linkHyperglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily driven by the rapid hydrolysis of starch by the enzyme α-amylase in the pancreas and the breakdown of oligosaccharides by α-glucosidase in the intestine. Peronema canescens Jack. (PC) has shown promise as a potential antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the total flavonoid, phenolic, and α-amylase inhibitory activity of extracts and fractions derived from PC leaves using both in vitro and in silico approaches. The ethanol extract of PC leaves was fractionated through liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts and fractions identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The n-hexane fraction exhibited the highest total flavonoid content, averaging 203.37±4.38 mg QE/gram, while the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the highest total phenolic content, averaging 147.04±0.79 mg GAE/gram. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest α-amylase inhibitory activity, with an average inhibition rate of 70.38±1.26%. In silico analysis, combined with GC-MS identification, suggested that three compounds, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, myristyl oleate, and 14 beta H-pregna may contribute to the observed α-amylase inhibitory activity. These findings highlight the potential of PC as a source of natural antidiabetic agents
Effect of Light Quality, Light Intensity, and Cell Inoculum Arrangement on Growth, Pigment and Carbon Content from Spirulina platensis using LED Light
Full text linkThis study evaluates the effect of lighting and cell inoculum in Spirulina platensis cultivation on its growth, pigment composition, and ability to capture CO2. Different light intensities (1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 lux), light quality (white, blue, and red), and cell inoculum which are shown as OD values (0.2, 0.3, and 0.5) were assessed. The highest growth rate was obtained from red light, followed by white and blue light. The maximum biomass concentration (0.0711 mg/ml) was obtained when red light was used under 5,000 lux light intensity. The highest carbon content (5.1274 mg/ml algae) was also obtained during red light cultivation under 5,000 lux light intensity. Meanwhile, the highest chlorophyll (1.4365 mg/mg algae) content was obtained at blue light cultivation under 5,000 lux intensity and OD 0.5 cell inoculum. The highest phycocyanin (0.0309 mg/mg algae) was obtained under red light with 3,000 lux light intensity and OD 0.5 cell inoculum. It was found that the cultivation conditions to achieve high biomass and high pigment concentration were different
Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Potato Cultivar IPB CP1 Expressing MmCuZn-SOD Gene
Full text linkDrought stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which is harmful to plant cells. Consequently, it inhibits plant growth and decreases yield. The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is encoded by the SOD gene, is the first defence enzyme in the cells that detoxify ROS. The study aimed to analyze the tolerance of transgenic potato cultivar IPB CP1 and its yield under drought-stress conditions. The results showed that transgenic plants had superior morphological characteristics, such as plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant biomass, than non-transgenic plants. However, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate showed similar levels between the transgenic and non-transgenic plants. The transgenic plants expressing the MmCu/Zn-SOD gene showed lower lipid peroxidation levels than the non-transgenic plants, indicating that the gene works well to reduce the cell\u27s ROS level. Transgenic plant clone CP1S6 showed 13 times higher gene expression and tuber yield than non-transgenic plants. These research indicated that the transgenic plants expressing the MmCu/Zn-SOD gene are more tolerant to drought stress than the non-transgenic plants
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Culturable Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Associated with Pternandra azurea from Martabe Batang Toru Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Full text linkArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic symbiosis with almost all host plant species and exist in various ecosystems. Studies of AMF diversity in Sumatra tropical rainforest plants are still limited. This research aimed to isolate and identify AMF associated with Pternandra azurea from Martabe Batang Toru forest, North Sumatra. The spores were obtained from the rhizosphere of P. azurea and propagated by trap culture using Pueraria javanica, Sorghum vulgare, and Zea mays. AMF spores were isolated using wet sieving and decanting techniques, then inoculated into roots of P. javanica grown in sterile zeolite to obtain a single-species culture. The AMF were identified based on spore morphology and molecular analysis using AML1/AML2 specific primers. A total of 13 AMF single-species cultures were obtained, and based on morphological characteristics, they were identified as Claroideoglomus lamellosum, C. claroideum, Acaulospora rehmii, A. longula, and Glomus ambisporum. Further identification using molecular analysis, the cultures were identified as C. etunicatum, A. spinosa, A. longula, and G. ambisporum. Molecular identification resulted in different AMF species from morphological identification. Claroideoglomus was dominant AMF observed. All cultures formed internal hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles within the roots. The AMF cultures obtained can be used as biofertilizers to restore degraded ecosystems