HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
Not a member yet
1069 research outputs found
Sort by
Evolution of a Wingless Gene and its Utility for Inferring the Relationships within Glyphodes Moths
Full text linkThe evolution of a nuclear Wingless gene was investigated and its utility for inferring the phylogenetic relationship within Glyphodes moths was assessed by comparing with other three genes namely, COI, COII, and EF-1?. The results show that the bias of base compositions in Wingless (C: 0.19) is the lowest among those in COI, COII, and EF-1?. The averages of nucleotide sequence divergences for comparison between groups based on the Wingless were the highest. While substitutions in Wingless and EF-1? genes were not saturated at the divergence of the species groups, COI and COII genes attained saturation at those levels. The phylogenetic analysis based on Wingless solely show that this gene was very useful to resolve the relationships between groups but gave a poor resolution at the specific level, i.e. the relationships within group 1 was not resolved. Combination of all data supports the phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphological data. Glyphodes falls into three species groups: group 2 branched off first then followed by groups 1 and 3. Key words: COI, COII, EF-1?, genes, Glyphodes, mitochondria, moth, phylogeny, relationships, Wingles
In Vitro Selection of Abaca for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
Full text linkAbaca (Musa textilis Nee) is an important industrial crop. However, the cultivation of this crop in Indonesia is hampered by Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) as a result of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) infection. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate inhibitory effects of culture filtrates (CF) of three Foc isolates (Banyuwangi, Malang, and Bojonegoro isolates) on shoot growth of abaca cv. Tangongon and Sangihe-1, (ii) determine sublethal concentration of Foc CF, (iii) isolate variant cells/tissues which are insensitive against Foc CF and regenerate plantlets from the variants, and (iv) evaluate responses of the plantlets against Foc infection. The results of the experiment showed that even though CF of all Foc isolates inhibited abaca’s shoot growth, CF of Foc Banyuwangi isolate showed the most inhibitory effect. Sublethal concentration of CF of Foc Banyuwangi isolate was 40%. From abaca cv. Tangongon, 326 shoots were regenerated from CF insensitive embryogenic calli while from Sangihe-1 - 176 shoots were regenerated. Following acclimatization and Foc inoculation using detached-leaf dual culture test, a total of four immune, two resistant, and two moderately resistant plantlets were identified out of 45 tested variants of Tangongon. On the other hand, only two resistant and one moderately resistant plantlets were identified out of 10 tested variants of Sangihe-1. Key words: Fusarium wilt, in vitro selection, culture filtrate, ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS), Musa textilis Ne
Rapid Detection of Bacterial Pustule Disease on Soybean Employing PCR Technique with Specific Primers
Full text linkA rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, the causal agent of bacterial pustule disease on soybean. A set of primers was designed from partial sequence of the pathogenicity gene of X. axonopodis pv. glycines strain YR32. Specific PCR product of 490 base pairs was produced from strains of X. axonopodis pv. glycines originally from Indonesia as well as from Taiwan. No other pathovars and bacterial species among those tested showed amplification product under optimized PCR conditions. Shaking infected soybean leaves in phosphate buffer saline during six hours was proved to be an essential in order to increase cell number of the bacterial. The procedure was applicable and reliable for detecting of pathogens in infected plant materials. The procedure was proved to be more effective than that of conventional detection and could be of great help for monitoring of pustule bacterial disease in the soybean fields. Key words: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, bacterial pustule disease, rapid detection, PCR, specific prime
The Homo floresiensis Controversy
Full text linkA completely new and unexpected quasi human species, Homo floresiensis, nicknamed the Hobbit, was described in 2004 from Liang Bua, a cave in Flores. Like many important new contributions to the human fossil record in the past, many commentators refused to believe that a new species had been discovered, and the type specimen was interpreted as a pathological modern human, usually as a microcephalic dwarf. There is no substance to these claims: close analysis shows that Homo floresiensis is not only a genuinely new species, but that its closest affinities lie with Plio-Pleistocene African species such as Homo habilis, so that it documents an earlier dispersal of hominins from Africa and had hitherto been suspected. Key words: Flores Hobbit, Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, microcephal
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Regeneration Capacity of Mangosteen Nodular Callus
Full text linkThe research was conducted to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on regeneration capacity of mangosteed nodular callus. Nodular calli derived from a leaf as explants and cultured on MS medium containing combination of 2.2 µM benzilaminopurin (BAP) and 2.27 µM tidiazuron (TDZ). Nodular calli were irradiated with 0 (control) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 Gy doses of gamma irradiation. After the irradiation, the calli were generated on woody plant medium (WPM), supplemented with 1.39 µM polyvinilpirolidon (PVP), 8 g.l-1 agar, 30 g.l-1 sucrose and 2.2 µM BAP concentration. Results showed that the irradiation influence the plant regeneration. Response dose of 50% (RD) that could promote the nodular calli of shoot formation was the 25 Gy while that of the shoot number per nodular calli was the 21 Gy. The shoot number irradiated with total dose 5 Gy (9.1 shoot) was higher than that of 0 Gy (8.6 shoot). Key words: plant regeneration, irradiation gamma rays, mangostee
Potency of Piper crocatum Decoction as an Antihiperglycemia in Rat Strain Sprague dawley
Full text linkCurrent researches for appropriate hypoglycemic agents focused on plants for traditional medicine. Traditionally in diabetic treatment, people used decoctions of Piper crocatum (Piperaceae). However, there is no phytochemical data of decoctions extract of P. crocatum. Hence, the aims of this study were to explore the phytochemical of P. crocatum decoctions and its antihyperglicemic activity. Fresh leaves of P. crocatum were boiled in water to obtain decoction and were examined phytochemical compounds by using Harbone assay. Antihyperglicemic activity of P. crocatum decoction extract was orally fed to alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results showed that P. crocatum decoction extract contained flavonoids, tanins, and alkaloids. Ten days of daily treatment of various doses decoction extract of P. crocatum led to reduce blood sugar level by 10-38% and prevent fall in body weight level by 5-52%. This result showed the same activity as Daonil treatment, which was the diabetic drug. Hence, this extract showed antihyperglicemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and increasing of their body weight. Key words: Piper crocatum, antihyperglicemic, phytochemica
Leaf Damaged by Nymph of Cardiaspina albitextura and Cardiaspina retator (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Full text linkCardispina (Hemiptera: Pshyllidae) is one of the most important genera of the Australian Psyllidae, owing to the spectacular damage to Eucalyptus spp. The increase of C. albitextura and C. retator populations in high numbers caused severe damage on leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Both species have similarities, i.e. they occur on the same host plant and prefer mature leaves of E. camaldulensis for oviposition and feeding sites. They might thus be more likely to show competition than the less closely related taxa. The purpose of the study was to examine degree of the resource use by measuring the area of leaves damaged by the nymphs of C. albitextura and C. retator. The results indicated that the nymph of C. retator caused damage twice more damages than that of C. albitextura. The leaves area damaged by the females of both species was greater than that by the males. Key words: Cardiaspina, albitextura, retator, leaf, damage, nymp
Phosphate Solubilising Fungi from Mangroves of Bhitarkanika, Orissa
Full text linkMangroves have evolved several adaptations to swampy and saline environments. It is situated at the inter-phase between marine and terrestrial environment, which is highly productive providing nutrients to surrounding micro biota. Similar adaptive characteristics in the form and function may occur with the associated microflora in such environments. Several free living and symbiotic microorganisms occurred in such saline habitats and some of them are reported for their beneficial activity in mangrove ecosystem like biomineralization of organic matter and bio-transformation of minerals. In view of this, 106 fungi isolated from rhizosphere and phyllosphere of mangrove plants grown in Bhitarkanika, Orissa were screened on plate culture containing Pikovaskaya medium for the phosphate solubilization. Selected fungi were evaluated for their phosphate solubilization potential under different cultural conditions. A total of 36 fungi were isolated that showed variable halo zone on medium containing tricalcium phosphate when grown under different pH and temperature. The highest zone was formed by Aspergillus PF8 (63 mm) and Aspergillus PF127 (46.5 mm). The observation on tricalcium phosphate solubilization activity of Paecilomyces, Cladobotrytis, Helminthosporium is rare. However, a detailed and elaborative studies are needed to confirm better mineral solubilization potential of these fungi. Key words: mangrove, fungi, phosphat
Inoculation Methods and Conidial Densities of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in Abaca
Full text linkAbaca (Musa textilis Nee) is an important industrial crop. Its cultivation in Indonesia is, however, hampered by the wilt (Panama disease) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) infections. Developing Foc resistance abaca lines require availability of established and reliable screening methods for resistance against Foc. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the (i) effectiveness of Foc inoculation methods, (ii) extent of Foc conidial densities – for causing the wilt in abaca, and (iii) responses of ten abaca cultivars against Foc infection. Results of this study showed that the method of inoculation by wounding abaca roots followed submerging the wounded plant in suspension of Foc conidia (106 conidia/ml) for 2 hours before planting was the most effective method for causing the wilt. Among ten abaca cultivars tested, none was resistant to Foc infection. Based on the calculation of disease intensity, nine abaca cultivars were identified as very susceptible, where as one cultivar was susceptible to Foc infection. Key words: Fusarium wilt, panama disease, disease response, screening method, Musa textili