HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Anticancer Activities and Metabolite Profiling of UHPLC-HRMS Method from Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl Leaves
No full textThe Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, traditionally used for cancer treatment, including breast cancer, possesses anticancer properties. The aim of this study is metabolite profiling using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with the high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) technique and its correlation with the cytotoxic activity of the extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl leaves on cancer cells. The ethyl acetate fraction from the hydrolyzed ethanol extract of (Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl) leaves has anticancer activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Metabolite profiling was used to understand the presence of metabolites that have anticancer activity. UHPLC-HRMS was used to profile their metabolites. Compound Discoverer 3.3 software finished data processing and metabolite annotation. Anticancer activity was performed using the 2-[2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl]-3[4-nitrophenyl]-5[2,4-disulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium (WST-8) assay. As many as 57 secondary metabolites were identified by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Secondary metabolites that have the potential as anti-breast cancer are glycitein, diosmetin, kaempferol, esculetin, scopoletin, dihydroartemisinin, and Chrysin, with successive percentages of 31.39%, 19.91%, 5.61%, 2.63%, 0.82%, 0.14%, and 0.05%. Ethyl acetate fraction showed stronger cytotoxic activity than ethanol extract against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 66.31 ppm at 24 hours incubation and 40.35 ppm at 48 hours. Further research can be conducted on the isolation of flavonoids from the ethyl acetate fraction, as well as the analysis of cell cycle apoptosis stimulation and gene expression mechanisms
Different Carapace Asymmetry Among Sexes in Vulnerable Tortoise: Chelonoidis carbonarius Spix 1824 (Testudines: Testudinidae)
No full textDevelopmental stability (DS) is characterized by an individual\u27s ability to resist random environmental and/or genetic perturbations during their development. Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA) is the most common means of assessing developmental stability (DS) in bilateral traits. To date, little attention has been paid to sexual differences in FA among tortoises. The aim was to assess the levels of carapace scutation symmetries in a sample of 45 wild adult red-footed tortoises, Chelonoidis carbonarius (13 males and 32 females), from the Arauca plains (Colombia) using geometric morphometric techniques. The landmark configuration, based on the dorsal scute sutures of the carapace, consisted of 7 symmetric pairs with three landmarks along the axial plane, and was tested. Procrustes ANOVA reflected sex-related FA (p<0.05), with males tending to exhibit a more pronounced asymmetry. Although we cannot identify the potential sources responsible for the detected developmental instability, our results suggest a high degree of stress and highlight that human intervention in Arauca is affecting wildlife. Similar studies in the future, correlated with an estimate of human impact, could provide irrefutable proof of causality between FA and environmental stressors. The results of this study may represent an estimate of the physical status of the Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix 1824) population currently being studied.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) Seedlings to Varying Artificial Light at Night (ALAN)
No full textArtificial light at night (ALAN) can significantly affect plant physiology, as many physiological processes are light-dependent. However, studies investigating the specific effects of ALAN on plants remain limited. This study aimed to assess the impact of ALAN on the growth and metabolite composition of bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.). The experiment was conducted in Nursery 2 of the Bogor Botanical Gardens over 12 months. A split-plot factorial design was employed with three replications, each consisting of three one-year-old seedlings. The main plots were assigned to light color treatments (control, red, green, and blue), subplots to light intensity levels (control, high, and low), and sub-subplots to illumination durations (0, 1, 6, or 12 hours) applied for 0, 2, or 7 nights/week. ALAN treatments were administered continuously for one year. The results indicated that blue light significantly increased leaf senescence, particularly under BH-6(2), BH-12(2), and BH-12(7) treatments. Conversely, high-intensity red light reduced plant height, shoot dry mass, photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll content. Metabolite profiling revealed decreased levels of secondary metabolites such as caffeic acid and catechin, while compounds such as nicotinamide, L-proline, linolenic acid, and coumarin increased. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure (6-12 hours) to high-intensity red or blue light can disrupt circadian rhythms and impair physiological functions
The Effect of Tides on Plankton Communities in the Belawan River Estuary, North Sumatra
No full textThe Belawan Estuary is a highly important economic and logistics hub in Sumatra, serving as the primary maritime transportation route in western Indonesia. This estuary is also utilized for multiple purposes, including industrial activity, residential areas, and fisheries. These activities inevitably influence water quality, which in turn affects the presence and population dynamics of plankton in the estuary. This study aimed to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of plankton communities in the Belawan Estuary. Observation points were selected from eight locations representing different activities and regions, including areas near the sea, the middle section, and areas close to land. Plankton samples were collected during high and low tides following the tidal cycle (new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter). Principal component analysis was performed to determine the influence of tidal cycles on plankton composition and abundance in the estuary. A total of 64 plankton genera from 16 classes were identified in the estuary. spatially, the highest abundance was recorded in the mouth estuary during low tide. Temporally, the highest plankton abundance across stations was during the first quarter phase at low tide. These findings indicate that tidal cycles significantly influence plankton abundance in the Belawan Estuary. This phenomenon is attributed to the tidal currents that transport nutrients from the lower layers to the surface waters during both high and low tides. Changes in plankton abundance and species composition can serve as indicators of water fertility in this region and reflect the impacts of changes in environmental conditions
Bioprospecting Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Algerian Raw Goat Milk and Traditional Cheeses
No full textArtisanal fermented dairy preparation represents one of the oldest and most prevalent methods of food preservation, having enabled rational management of valuable food resources for millennia across various cultures worldwide, particularly those of the southern Mediterranean countries. Bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are contained in traditional fermented milk are considered good sources of promising antimicrobial bioactive compounds. A total of 58 LAB were isolated and identified based on phenotypic characteristics and then tested for their antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that cause food spoilage. Eight strains among selected LAB produce bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS), which have a broad antibacterial spectrum against tested species. The strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. All generated BLISs were fully inactivated by proteolytic enzymes while remaining unaffected by catalase, indicating their proteinaceous nature. The BLIS produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NBC101174 was concentrated by the addition of ammonium sulfate to a final concentration of 80%, which allowed for an increase in the specific activity of the bacteriocin from 21.05 to 106.00 AU/mg, increasing the specific factor of 5.04 fold. The inhibitory substance produced by Lpb. plantarum NBC101174 exhibits a bactericidal effect, leading to cell lysis and a 99.9% lethality rate against the indicator strain. The findings of the current study could increase our understanding of bacteriocinogenic LAB diversity. It could also be concluded that LAB isolated from Algerian fermented milk provides a promising source for bacteriocins that can be used safely as bio-preservation of various foods produced under different storage conditions
Assessing Methods for Enhanced Recovery of Touch DNA from Fingerprints: A Pilot Study
No full textThe rapid advancement of science and technology, particularly in forensic science, has significantly enhanced crime investigation methodologies. One such advancement is the utilization of Scientific Crime Investigation methods, specifically the analysis of touch DNA from fingerprints. This research investigates the efficiency of fingerprint powders and swabbing agents in improving the quality and quantity of touch DNA for forensic applications. Touch DNA, derived from cellular materials like sweat and skin cells, presents a valuable source of genetic material for identification purposes. The study involved experimental analyses using Regular Silk Black Fingerprint Powder and Magnetic Dual-Purpose Powder, coupled with non-ionic detergent surfactants as swabbing agents. DNA samples were collected from volunteers with varying DNA shedding levels, processed, and analyzed using quantitative PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Results indicated that fingerprint powders significantly reduce the quantity and quality of recovered DNA due to DNA damage caused by the powders\u27 chemical composition. Conversely, using non-ionic surfactants like Triton™ X-100 in swabbing improved DNA recovery and stability, leading to more complete DNA profiles. This study underscores the importance of optimizing fingerprint powder formulations and DNA sampling techniques to enhance forensic DNA analysis. The findings advocate for the development of less damaging fingerprint powders and improved DNA extraction protocols to preserve the integrity of touch DNA evidence in forensic investigations
The Effect of Colony Addition of Bees (Apis cerana and Tetragonula laeviceps) in Pollination and Fruit Set of Pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.)
Full text linkPummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) (Rutaceae) is a cultivated species with a high economic value and several cultivars are found in Indonesia. Bageng Taji is a seedless pummelo cultivar found in Bageng village, Pati regency, Central Java, Indonesia. This research aims to measure the effect of colony addition of two bee species, Apis cerana and Tetragonula laeviceps in pollination and fruit set of pummelo. We set-up four treatments of pollination, i.e., bagged flowers (control), open flowers , colony addition of A. cerana (honey bee), and colony addition of T. laeviceps (stingless bee). Visiting activity of bees were observed by using focal sampling method in the sunny days. Pollen load was measured using the acetolysis method. The effectiveness pummelo pollination was measured based on fruit formations. Results showed that the longest visitation and the number of flowers visited of A. cerana (15.2 seconds/flower and 37.3 flowers/5 minutes) and T. laeviceps (45.5 seconds/flower and 17.1 flowers/5 minutes) occurred at 09.30 am. The average number of pollens carried by A. cerana (19,908 pollen grains) was higher than T. laeviceps (4,308 pollen grains). Addition of A. cerana and T. laeviceps colonies increased 34% and 32% of fruit formation compared to control plants
Genetic Diversity of Mudskipper Species (Periophthalmus spp.) from the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia, Based on the Mitochondrial 16S Gene
Full text linkThe genus Periophthalmus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) comprises a diverse group of mudskippers within the family Oxudercidae and subfamily Oxudercinae. It includes 20 verified species globally, with 11 of these species originating from Indonesia. Among them, P. kalolo and P. argentilineatus are prevalent across seven major islands. However, P. novemradiatus is less documented, with limited distribution records. The morphological similarities among Periophthalmus spp. complicate recognition, often leading to misidentification. To address this challenge, this study investigated the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity among these three species, utilizing the 16S rRNA gene as a marker. PCR amplification of the DNA from samples collected from seven regions along Java\u27s southern coast employed primers 16Sar and 16Sbr. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three monophyletic clades corresponding to each species, with genetic divergences ranging from 3.66 to 5.40%. P. argentilineatus displayed a relatively high intraspecific divergence of 0.21-2.26%, suggesting the potential identification of cryptic species within this lineage, even with a conserved gene like 16S rRNA. We identified 47 variable sites within the 552-bp 16S rRNA sequence, including four singleton sites and 43 parsimony-informative sites. We discovered a unique marker at position 172 that could serve as a genetic identifier for distinguishing these species. These findings suggest that the 16S rRNA gene has potential as an alternative marker for species identification while also revealing genetic diversity, thereby complementing or even serving as an alternative to the commonly used COI gene in Periophthalmus spp
Evaluating the Repellent Efficacy of a Vitex trifolia L. Leaf Powder Botanical Formulation Against Oriental Fruit Flies (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Full text linkFruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important horticultural crop pests that cause significant losses in both crop quality and quantity. Vitex trifolia L., often considered a weed, contains bioactive compounds with potential as fruit fly repellents. This research aims to evaluate the repellent activity of V. trifolia against oriental fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis) at various concentrations. Laboratory experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (1%, 3%, 5%) and one control, each repeated five times, Testing was carried out using an olfactometer. The results showed that all tested concentrations significantly reduced B. dorsalis visits compared to the control (0%), with the highest repellency (65.83%) observed at the 5% concentration. A negative linear relationship was established between formulation concentration and B. dorsalis activity, including visits, ovipositor punctures, and larval presence. The formulation significantly decreased oviposition punctures and larval infestation, resulting in a lower percentage of infested fruits (28.57% at 5% concentration compared to 82.86% in the control). Physical and organoleptic assessments confirmed the formulation\u27s suitability for practical application, with a moisture content of (2.66%), a light green color, and a distinctive spicy aroma. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including phenol, methyl β-D-glucopyranoside, vitexifolin D, and viteosin A, which are known for their repellent properties. These findings suggest that V. trifolia leaf powder is a promising, eco-friendly alternative for managing B. dorsalis infestations in horticultural crops
Behaviour of Wild, Non-Adult Bornean White-Bearded Gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in Indonesia
Full text linkPrimates have an extended juvenile period associated with critical social and environmental learning. In particular, social play is positively associated with brain size in primates, indicating an important role in cognition and development. However, this behaviour has been overlooked in the Hylobatidae family. The activity patterns of eight non-adult Bornean white-bearded gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) from four groups were studied in the Sebangau peat-swamp forest in Borneo from 2005 to 2019. We compare our findings to previous reports for adult conspecifics, report the directionality of non-adult play behaviour, and examine whether the weather impacts daily activity patterns. Feeding (39.5%), resting (27.6%) and travelling (23%) were the main activities of juveniles, while infants mostly played (42.1%) or clung to their mothers (38.3%). Non-adult groups socialised and observed their surroundings more often, and they travelled and called less often than adults. Feeding and resting frequency did not differ significantly from that of adults. Infants engaged in self-centred play twice as often as juveniles and directed most of their playing attention towards sub-adults (58%). Weather variables, previously reported to be good predictors of certain adult activities, such as singing, did not appear to affect infant and juvenile activities. Play is a critical part of primate physical and social development, and this study describes some key behaviours of young gibbons. Understanding the play behaviour of gibbons in the wild will help inform the rehabilitation of an ever-increasing number of orphaned individuals who are victims of the illegal pet trade