HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Genetic Variability of the Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Populations in Urban Habitat in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Get PDFThe long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a primate species recognized for its exceptional ability to adapt to urban habitat. However, urban anthropogenic activities contribute to the fragmentation of macaque natural habitat, affecting genetic variation among distinct populations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic variability of M. fascicularis populations in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 70 fecal samples from the wild long-tailed macaques in Gunung Padang (GPD), Gunung Meru (GMR), and Gunung Pangilun (GPG) were collected using a non-invasive method. Conventional PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing were conducted to examine a 1,200-bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment in the D-loop region. The analysis of genetic variation showed that only two haplotypes were present in the three populations. Both GPD and GMR shared the same haplotype (H1), while the GPG population had a distinct haplotype (H2). No intrapopulation variation was observed, and haplotype differences were found in ten nucleotide sites with transition substitution mutations. These results showed limited genetic variation among populations of the long-tailed macaque in Padang, thereby providing valuable insights for stakeholders when formulating genetic conservation policies
Growth and Development Performance of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae on Fermented Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) Substrate
Get PDFLarvae of Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly/BSF) are considered agents of bioconversion of organic waste, including by-products of agroindustrial waste. Palm kernel meal (PKM), a palm oil mill waste contains high lignocellulose, making it difficult for BSF larvae to digest in which pre treatment process is required. This study aims to analyze the growth and development performance of BSF larvae in fermented PKM waste using EM4 and molasses as the pretreatment process. Five (5) days old BSF larvae were reared in PKM waste, which was fermented with EM4 and molasses for 2, 3, and 4 days (F2, F3, and F4) and with water for four days (FA) while chicken feed (PA) applied as control. During this study, growth rate, average weight, developmental period, survival rate, and larval development period. Feed efficiency and feed reduction analyzed by efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), feed conversion ratio (FCR), waste reduction index (WRI) and substrate consumption rate (SCR). The growth and development performance of F2 group was the best among other treatment groups which is similar to larvae fed on chicken feed as a control. All treatments showed high larval survival rates (99.72-100.00%). On the other hand, the best best reduction efficiency recorded in F3. Based on these result it can be concluded that pretreatment of PKM by EM4 and molasses is applicable to be improve the quality of PKM as feeding material for BSF larvae
Identification of Vermamoeba vermiformis and Tetramitus sp. Isolated from the Gills of Oreochromis sp. (Red Hybrid Tilapia)
Get PDFThis study is the first report of an infestation of amoeba in the gills of asymptomatic Oreochromis sp. from the Manir River, Terengganu, Malaysia. The results confirmed the presence of two species of amoeba, Vermamoeba vermiformis and Tetratmitus sp., based on the 18 ribosomal RNA gene sequences with 99% sequence similarity. Morphological observations using light and scanning electron microscopy supported the findings, demonstrating both amoeba species\u27 specific features and locomotions. In the trophozoite stage, the mean size of V. vermiformis in the locomotive form was between 25.55 µm in length and 4.17 µm in width. The mean size of Tetramitus sp. was 20.96 µm in length and 8.66 µm in width. The diameter of the cyst for V. vermiformis was 4.67 µm and Tetramitus sp. was 3.37 µm. V. vermiformis was characterized by cylindrical trophozoites and single monopodial morphology. Tetramitus sp. showed a limax-type and various cell shapes. Infestation of the amoeba was also confirmed by histopathological observation in the lamella region with distinct amoeba characteristics compared to the lamellae\u27s epithelial tissue. These findings revealed the presence of V. vermiformis and Tetramitus sp. infestation in the gills of Oreochromis sp. and its potential pathogenic activity, whilst the symbiosis interaction in Oreochromis sp. is still unidentified
Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Kampung Chicken Carcasses
Get PDFKampung chicken meats have been widely consumed in Indonesia as well as broiler chicken. However, the extensive rearing allowed multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria exposure to kampung chicken, including through horizontal gene transfer. This study aimed to observe the correlation between the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella spp. isolated from kampung chicken carcasses. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer\u27s disk diffusion method, while the detection of drug resistance genes in seventeen isolates of Salmonella was carried out by PCR. All (17/17) isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Most isolates of Salmonella were resistant to erythromycin (82%; 14/17), while the decreased susceptibility (intermediate category) most occurred in oxytetracycline (82%; 14/17). Salmonella Typhimurium showed a resistance pattern to more antimicrobial groups than S. Newport and S. Weltevreden. Several antimicrobial resistance genes (blaTEM, tetG, cmlA, gyrA) were present in all (17/17) isolates of Salmonella spp. Resistance to antimicrobial agents and the presence of resistance genes were not always related. This study could provide beneficial information regarding the transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella spp. from kampung chickens
Annonacin and Squamocin Conjugation with Nanodiamond Alters Metastatic Marker Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line
Get PDFBreast cancer can perform metastasis to distant organs and cause more than 90% of malignancy-related deaths. The anti-metastasis potency of nanodiamond-conjugated annonacin and squamocin against MCF-7 cells is currently studied. First, IC50 determination of both free annonacin and squamocin to evaluate their potency as cytotoxic agents. Upon getting the IC50 value, both compounds are conjugated into nanodiamonds. Drug loading efficiencies of nanodiamond-conjugated annonacin and squamocin are 88.9% and 89.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the ND-annonacin and ND-squamocin complex size is 150-300 nm based on SEM imaging. Subsequently, cell viability assessment of MCF-7 was performed with six cohort designs, namely, K (control cell), AN (annonacin), SQ (squamocin), NDAN (nanodiamond-conjugated annonacin), and NDSQ (nanodiamond-conjugated squamocin). Both IC50 and cell viability are assessed by MTT assay after 24 h incubation. All cohorts also underwent gene expression analysis subject to the metastasis markers CTNND1 (catenin delta 1), NOTCH4, and C-JUN. Here, the IC50 of both free annonacin (4.52 µg/ml) and squamocin (10.03 µg/ml) are more than IC50 of potent anticancer (< 4 µg/ml) for pure compounds. However, nanodiamond conjugation to both compounds can decrease cell viability better than free compounds. Compared to K, nanodiamond-conjugated annonacin and squamocin significantly decreases cell viability after 24 h incubation. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed significant pro-metastasis (C-JUN and NOTCH4) upregulation and anti-metastasis (CTNND1) downregulation in tumors compared to normal. Recent findings demonstrated that nanodiamond-conjugated annonacin can significantly upregulate CTNND1 and significantly downregulate C-JUN and NOTCH4. Even so, nanodiamond-conjugated squamocin upregulate CTNND1 but not significantly and significantly downregulate C-JUN and NOTCH4
Viewable Terrestrial Mammals along the Nature Trails at the Lowland Tropical Forests of Western Sabah, Malaysia Borneo
Get PDFThe information related to the species of terrestrial mammals that can be detected along the nature trails established in the lowland tropical forests of Western Sabah remains scarce at this moment. The camera trapping surveys were commenced at the Tenghilan Community Forest (TCF), Kawang Forest Reserve (KFR), and the urban forest of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) to investigate the terrestrial mammal species that could be observed along the local trails. A total of 20 terrestrial mammal species belonging to 13 different families were observed in 2,077 trap nights, where most of them were validated to be non-threatened (n = 16 or 80.0%) and omnivorous (n = 13 or 65.0%) species. Twelve species were found along the nature trails in TCF (H’ = 2.223; 1-D = 0.8650) and KFR (H’ = 1.730; 1-D = 0.7078), whereas seven species were detected along the trails in the urban forest of UMS (H’ = 1.217; 1-D = 0.5567). The differences in the mammalian composition, diversity richness, and distribution evenness between these three study sites were validated as significant (p<0.05). The present findings emphasize that these three study sites are favorable habitats for four threatened species. Hence, conservation efforts are needed to protect these terrestrial mammal species from facing extinction risks in future
The Impacts of Pieh Marine Protected Area on Reef Fish Resources In Its Adjacent Areas
Get PDFReef fish have a high economic value. Excessive fishing causes degradation of reef fish resources, as has occurred in the West Sumatera waters. Marine protected areas (MPA) offer one of the better management strategies in support of the restoration of the overexploited fish resources by protecting fish habitat and limiting exploitation. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the establishment of MPA on reef fish resources in its adjacent areas. The research was carried out in Pieh MPA and its adjacent areas located in the West Sumatra waters. Fishing experiments were conducted inside the core zone of the MPA and the catch was compared to similar experiments outside MPA. The result showed that the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of reef fishes in the core zone of MPA was 2.47 times higher than that of in the outside of MPA. However, the size composition was not significantly different between those two areas, except for Lutjanus russellii, which shows that the maximum length inside MPA was about 2.5 times higher. The length and weight of Epinephelus areolatus were analyzed to determine the biological condition of the grouper caught in both areas. The length-weight analysis shows that 86.67% of E. areolatus were matured. Nevertheless, the length of maturity in the MPA is smaller, indicating there is the impact of epreviously fishing pressure on E. areolatus. Research results showed that the MPA is double in fish abundance
The Patterns of Restriction Fragment of Several Enzymes to Distinguish Toxoplasma gondii Isolates Virulent and Avirulent Strains using GRA1 and GRA7 Genetic Marker
Get PDFToxoplasma gondii pathogenicity depends on the type derived from a clonal population. A genetic analysis of the locus has been carried out to determine the different genotypes of T. gondii (strain types I, II, and III) that are associated with human toxoplasmosis. The several genotypes of T. gondii (strain types I, II, and III) that are linked to human toxoplasmosis have been identified through genetic study of the locus. In this investigation, PCR-RFLP was found to be a useful, and simple method genotypic characterization. The objective of this study was to genotyping characterize T. gondii RH and BEV strains isolates by PCR-RFLP using several restriction enzymes. T. gondii tachyzoite DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR using dense granule genetic markers (GRA1 and GRA7) designed with Primer3plus. The amplification were digested using the restriction enzymes. The PCR-RFLP amplified dense granule products was used to classify strains into two genotypes of T. gondii (virulent and avirulent). The results demonstrated that the RFLP patterns of the GRA1 and GRA7 gene area digested by DdeI, MvaI, HinfI, RsaI, and Sau96I enzymes can be used to identify virulent or avirulent strains of T. gondii. Toxoplasma gondii RH and BEV strain produced different digestion product which can be used to distinguished the strains
Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Mangrove Sediment in Indonesia: Growth Optimization, Bacteriocin Production, and its Application in Food Preservation
Get PDFThe mangrove ecosystem is unique because it is located between marine and land. Little research is exploring lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from mangrove ecosystems. The LAB LG71 isolate is successfully isolated from the sediment of mangrove ecosystems on the coast of Logending, Jawa Tengah (Indonesia). In this study, we aimed to know the effect of glucose supplementation on the growth of LG71 isolate, bacteriocin production, and its application in food preservation. The characterization results showed that the LG71 isolate is Lactobacillus sp. Interestingly, the LG71 isolate is catalase-positive since this character is rarely found in the LAB group. Supplementing 0.25% glucose to MRSB medium and an incubation time of 15 hours is the best treatment for producing Lactobacillus LG71 isolate cell biomass. A 2% concentration of crude extract of Lactobacillus LG71 bacteriocins is the best concentration against Salmonella typhi both during in vitro and in vivo tests in fish balls. The addition of glucose affects the production of Lactobacillus LG71 cell biomass, and the bacteriocin derived from Lactobacillus LG71 gives increased protection against S. typhi and offers an alternative for food preservation
In Silico Analysis of 14-Deoxy 11, 12-Didehydro Andrographolide (AGP 2) from Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) as Drug Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2
Get PDFThe outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world has urged researchers to develop a vaccine or therapeutic drugs to fight this virus. This study aimed to assay 14 deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AGP 2) ability as an inhibitor of 3-chymotrypsin like-protease (3CLPro), Papain-like protease (PLPro), and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), the viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate it safeness as a drug candidate. In-silico technique was performed in this study to analyze the binding interaction, complex stability between protein and ligand, and drug-likeness properties. The proteins and ligands were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem web tools, then using PyRx to identify the binding affinity score, PyMoL to visualize the 3D binding interaction, and WebGro web tools to analyze the stability of each complex. A drug-likeness evaluation was done using SwissADME, pkCSM, and Way2drug web tools. The result of this study showed that the binding affinity score for each complex is; AGP 2-3CLPro (-6.7 kcal/mol), AGP 2- PLPro (-6.4 kcal/mol), and AGP 2-RdRp (-7.0 kcal/mol) where the AGP 2-RdRp and AGP 2-3CLPro showed a stable form indicating the inhibitor ability of AGP 2. This study also demonstrates that the drug-likeness properties of AGP 2 are safe to use. Additionally, it has been proved that AGP 2 can be developed into a therapeutic drug with further studies