HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Assessing the Influence of Flowering Plants and Landscape Composition on Host-Parasitoid Food Webs
No full textThe introduction of flowering plants into agricultural landscapes can significantly impact host-parasitoid food webs, although the extent of these effects varies depending on landscape characteristics. This study examined the effects of habitat manipulation by introducing flowering plants on the complexity of herbivore-parasitoid food webs in agricultural landscapes. Using Shannon diversity, links per species, linkage density, and vulnerability, we assessed the effects of flowers planted in maize fields. Herbivore collections were conducted at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after planting. Bipartite network analysis identified nine host morphospecies (Lepidoptera) in maize fields, revealing eight morphospecies in fields without flowering plants and six in fields with flowering plants. Eight major parasitoids were recorded, with Paratetracnemoidea sp.1 and Telenomus remus dominating fields without flowering plants, whereas T. remus was the most prevalent in fields with flowers. Spodoptera frugiperda emerged as the dominant host in both fields, whereas Lymantriidae sp.2 was present in low numbers in both field types. These results indicate that flowering plants enhance Shannon diversity and linkage density. However, the composition of the surrounding landscape can obscure these benefits, leading to simplified food web structures as the agricultural fields expand. Our findings underscore the significance of landscape context in shaping crop-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, offering valuable insights into sustainable agricultural management practices
Therapeutic Potential of Synbiotic Roselle Extract Yogurt in Modulating Inflammatory Markers and Oral Microbiota in a Rat Model of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis
No full textMucositis is a common complication in cancer patients undergoing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) extract in synbiotic yogurt could be a beneficial alternative because it might change the inflammatory response and oral microbiota. The study aimed to investigate the effects of synbiotic roselle extract yogurt on inflammatory responses and oral microbiota in oral mucositis caused by 5-FU. An experimental study with twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups (n=6): healthy control (NC), disease control (PC), synbiotic roselle extract yogurt therapy (P1), and standard therapy (P2) groups. This study evaluated the number of bacterial colonies, expression of COX-2 and caspase-1, and levels of IL-1β and VEGF (days 4 and 7). The P1 group had a significantly increased beneficial lactic acid bacteria (6.91±0.87) and a decrease in pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (3.89±0.05), Escherichia coli (0), and Enterobacter aerogenes (1.78±0.29), compared to the PC group. Additionally, there was a statistically significant increase in VEGF levels in the tissue (0.07±0.03 ng/mL), a decrease in serum IL-1β levels (48.02±10.29 pg/mL), and an expression of caspase-1 and COX-2 compared to the PC group (p<0.05). Synbiotic roselle extract yogurt shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for managing mucositis by restoring microbial balance and mitigating inflammation
Vital But Vulnerable: The Population Structure of Macaca maura in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi
No full textMacaca maura is an endemic primate of South Sulawesi, currently listed as Endangered due to habitat fragmentation and increasing anthropogenic pressure. This study aims to analyze the population density, age structure, spatial distribution, and food types consumed by M. maura in the Karaenta Forest, TN Babul. This field study was conducted over four months (August–November 2024) using a grid-based home-range survey. The study area was divided into 1 × 1 km² grid plots; each encounter with M. maura was recorded with X–Y coordinates to visualize the movement patterns of each group. Data were collected through direct observation of eight groups (A–H) with a total of 193 individuals. Group sizes ranged from 13 individuals (Group F) to 39 individuals (Group A). Population density ranged from 52 to 134 individuals/km² with an average of 92 individuals/km². The age distribution, with an average IFR of 0.69, indicates that there is less than one infant per adult female in the M. maura population, suggesting a low reproductive rate. Most individuals were observed on the ground rather than in trees or on cliffs, indicating a preference for terrestrial habitats. Dietary records show considerable flexibility, with 27 plant species being utilized. These findings underscore the need for targeted habitat management strategies aligned with the species\u27 ecological needs. This study provides baseline data to support future evidence-based conservation planning and environmental monitoring of M. maura
Genome-Wide SNP Discovery and Population Structure Analysis of 244 Indonesian Local Rice Accessions
No full textSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers are essential tools for the genetic management and breeding of rice, enabling precise characterization of genetic diversity. However, SNP datasets specifically developed for analyzing the population structure of Indonesian local rice remain limited. This study aimed to identify polymorphic SNP markers and analyze the lineage and population structure of 244 Indonesian local rice accessions. BAM files of these accessions were obtained from the 3K Rice Genome Project via the International Rice Informatics Consortium. High-quality SNPs were generated through variant calling and stringent filtering, followed by annotation and population analyses using IR64, DJ123, and Nipponbare as references. A total of 3,839,961 high-quality SNP loci were identified across the 12 rice chromosomes. Hierarchical clustering and principal coordinate analysis consistently grouped the accessions into three major clusters, corresponding to Indica, Japonica, and admixed groups. Population structure analysis confirmed two main subpopulations: Indica and Japonica, with Japonica further divided into Temperate and Tropical subgroups. Eleven accessions showed admixed ancestry. This study provides essential insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of Indonesian local rice, supporting genetic resource conservation, trait discovery, and breeding efforts
Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Emprit Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) and Its Potential Metabolite as Functional Food Ingredients
No full textThe Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles (PDENs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by plants that carry various bioactive compounds and have shown promise for use in functional food applications. This study investigated PDENs isolated from emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum), a local ginger variety renowned for its health-promoting properties. PDENs were extracted from rhizomes harvested at 8, 10, and 12 months, and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity. The best-performing sample based on these parameters was selected for further metabolite profiling using LC-QTOF-MS. A total of 41 compounds were identified from the selected GDEN and ginger extract samples—32 compounds in the GDEN and 24 in the extract. These compounds belong to various groups, including amino acids, flavonoids, phenolics, lipids, terpenoids, vitamins, and others. Compound identification was based on public databases and literature concerning their potential as functional food ingredients. Among these, amino acids were the most abundant group in the GDENs, whereas phenolics were the dominant group in the ginger extract. This study underscores the potential of ginger-derived exosome nanoparticles as a rich source of bioactive compounds, supporting their further exploration and application in the development of functional food products. The balanced metabolite profile observed in GDENs highlights their unique advantages over conventional extracts. These findings reinforce the potential of emprit GDENs as promising candidates for functional food development
Detection of Vgsc-L1014F Allele Knockdown-resistance Mutation in Male Culex quinquefasciatus
Full text linkThe distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus as a vector for several tropical diseases in Indonesia could affect the transmission of various pathogens, including filariasis, West Nile, encephalitis, and Rift Valley fever. The use of insecticides to control mosquito populations is carried out massively. However, this effort is threatened by an increase in mosquito resistance to insecticides, in this case, pyrethroids that target Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) as a complex protein in mosquito nerve cells that plays a role in the movement of sodium ions, where these compounds can have a knockdown effect and lead to death. The existence of a single nucleotide mutation in this specific codon results in knockdown resistance (kdr) in mosquitoes. This study aims to determine whether there is a kdr mutation in the Vgsc-L1014F target using the latest molecular method ETAS-PCR to type tri-allelic variation at Vgsc-1014 in Cx. quinquefasciatus samples collected in three areas in the cities of Surabaya and Sidoarjo, namely Wonocolo, Sukodono, and Wonoayu. The result showed ten male pool samples (C1-C10) of Cx. quinquefasciatus did not carry mutations or present as homozygous wild type (TTT/TTT), with a DNA band size of 181 bp. Hence, this preliminary study could be extended for further research to build vector control monitoring programs
The Influence of Hen Age on Hatching Egg Quality and Embryonic Development of Sentul Chickens
Full text linkSentul chicken is a local Indonesian chicken primarily raised for meat production. One crucial factor affecting egg quality and embryo development is hen age. This study aims to examine the influence of hen age on the external and internal quality of Sentul chicken hatching eggs, as well as the early development of the embryo. Eggs from 41-week-old and 78-week-old hens were compared across exterior and interior quality, nutrient composition, and embryonic development. Data analysis was performed using a descriptive method for hatching egg quality and a t-test for embryonic development. Results revealed that eggs from older hens (78 weeks) were significantly (P<0.05) heavier, had a higher egg shape index, and exhibited higher albumen and yolk indices, as well as a higher Haugh unit (HU). Nutrient analysis showed an increase in protein and fat content in older hens’ eggs, alongside a reduction in water content. However, embryonic development assessed by primitive streak and somite formation showed no significant differences (P>0.05) between the age groups. These findings highlight the positive influence of hen age on egg quality and embryonic development, potentially enhancing hatchability and chick development. Further research is, however, needed to observe long-term effects of hen age on embryo development and post-hatch performance
Diterpene Lactones from Andrographis paniculata and In Vitro Studies on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Properties
Full text linkPlants contain chemical compounds that have medicinal properties. Andrographis paniculata (bitter herb) is commonly used as a traditional medicine, including treating hyperglycemia. A. paniculata was known to contain major compounds, terpenoids, and flavonoids. The phytochemical investigation aimed to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the aerial part of the bitter herb and then evaluate the antihyperglycemic properties. A. paniculata was extracted using 96% ethanol. The extract was partitioned with three organic solvents successively to obtain the chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction. Isolation was carried out on the ethyl acetate fraction using column chromatography with a silica stationary phase and an organic solvent mobile phase in various ratios. The isolate in the form of white powder was found in subfraction E8 with the mobile phase chloroform-ethyl acetate (1-2). The structure of the isolated compounds was characterized using spectroscopic methods, including 1D NMR (1H and 13C), 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC), and LCMS. The isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro with α-amylase and α-glucosidase tests. The results of the data analysis indicated the identification of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide as the isolated compounds. The isolated compounds showed α-amylase inhibitory activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 167.31±4.92 μg/ml and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 267.10±6.72 μg/ml. The results of this study indicate that paniculata contains diterpene lactones, which are active in hyperglycemia therapy
Construction and Expression of Recombinant LL-37 as Histag-SUMO Fusion Protein with Factor Xa Cleavage Site
Full text linkLL-37 is an antimicrobial protein expressed by the CAMP gene in humans. This protein has various antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer effects. Expressing LL-37 as a heterologous protein in E. coli cells has its challenges. LL-37 is a peptide that is so small that it must be engineered with a fusion protein to increase its size solubility and prevent proteolysis of the target protein in cells. Factor Xa is the protease chosen to cleave LL-37 from its fusion protein in this research due to leucine binding factor Xa quite strongly. The aim of this study is, therefore, to express LL-37 as a fusion protein with Histaq_SUMO at the N-terminus linked to LL-37 at the C-terminus through Factor Xa cleavage site. Then, the fusion protein was cleaved by Factor Xa to obtain pure LL-37. In this study, LL-37 was produced by recombinant DNA technology, starting with the construction, expression, purification and cleavage of the fusion protein. The constructed genes consisted of 6xHis, SUMO, the factor X cleavage site, and LL-37, a total of 450 bp inserted in the pD451-SR vector plasmid. The results of this study yielded a SUMO_LL-37 protein with a molecular weight of approximately 17.34 kDa, which could be purified by Ni-NTA under native purification conditions. Based on ImageJ SUMO_LL-37 quantification, it was 1.65 µg/µL. LL-37 can be cleaved by factor Xa from SUMO with an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1:12.5 at 37°C with a 24-hour incubation time and results as much as 0.144 µg/µL.
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Genetic Diversity of Black Pepper in Bangka Island Based on SSR Markers
No full textThe Bangka Belitung Islands Province is a major centre of black pepper production in Indonesia. Black pepper production in Indonesia has dropped, so it needs to be increased using superior varieties. Identifying the genetic diversity of black pepper plants is important for breeding superior varieties. The study\u27s objective was to determine the genetic diversity and relationships of Bangka landrace black pepper using SSR markers. This research was conducted from June to August 2024 at the Biology Laboratory, Universitas Bangka Belitung. The black pepper genotypes used in this study were as follows: Lampung Daun Kecil (LDK), Nyelungkup, Petaling 1, Chunuk, Peremis, Balunijuk 1, Balunijuk 2, and Jerambah Gantung. The SSR markers employed in this study included Psol3, Psol6, Psol9, Psol10, Psol11, Psol17, and Psol19. The genetic relationship of Bangka black pepper was analysed using the UPGMA method. Genetic relationship revealed two main clusters of eight Bangka black pepper genotypes. Cluster I consisted of the Peremis and Balunijuk 2 genotype, while the remaining six genotypes were contained within cluster II. The structure population exhibited two subpopulations, with FST values of 0.30 and 0.61, respectively. The results showed that the seven primers used produced polymorphic (82.1%) and monomorphic (17.9%) bands on eight pepper genotypes. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of all primers tested was found to be medium, with the exception of Psol9, which exhibited a low PIC value. The average PIC value was 0.32, which is categorized as medium