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Teori Konflik: Sebuah Review atas Pemikiran Jonathan H. Turner
No full textAs reflected in the title of his book, The Structure of Sociological Theory, Jonathan H. Turner explores the structure of sociological theories, categorizing them into five major perspectives: (1) functional theory, (2) conflict theory, (3) exchange theory, (4) interactionist theory, and (5) structuralist theory. Each of these perspectives has its own distinct sub-theories. This paper aims to review one of the perspectives discussed by Turner—conflict theory. Following Turner’s analytical structure, the review first examines the origins of conflict theory, which he traces back to Karl Marx, Georg Simmel, and Max Weber. The discussion then progresses to various perspectives within conflict theory, including Dahrendorf’s conflict theory, Coser’s functional conflict theory, and Collins’ exchange conflict theory. One of the most intriguing aspects of Turner’s approach is his effort to formulate theoretical propositions for each perspective. As he states in the introduction , a proposition is “a theoretical statement that specifies the connection between two or more variables.” These propositions, as formulated by Turner, have the potential to contribute significantly to theory building in sociological research
Paradigma Pemilihan Kepala Negara di Zaman Khulafa Al-Rasyidin
No full textIn the realm of Political Science, there are various models for selecting leaders of a government. Some involve direct elections, while others rely on representation. Similarly, within Islam, there is diversity in the models of leadership selection. This diversity emerged after the passing of Prophet Muhammad, particularly during the era of the Rashidun Caliphs. This occurred because neither the Quran nor the Hadith provide explicit and detailed instructions regarding the process of selecting a head of state. This article examines the paradigm of leadership selection during the era of the Rashidun Caliphs. It delves into the selection systems for the four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, each of whom, according to the author, had distinct differences. Furthermore, the article provides a comparative analysis between several modern political systems and the concepts espoused by Islam
Upacara Slametan Gua Sam Poo Kong di Semarang dalam Perspektif Multikultural
No full textThe slametan ceremony commonly practiced by the abangan Javanese not only occurs within the Javanese community in Java, but also within the Chinese or Tionghoa community practicing religions other than Islam in Java. The slametan ceremony held to rebuild the Sam Poo Kong cave at the Sam Poo Kong temple in Semarang in 2002 was not just a sacred ritual, but also served as a platform to bring together and unite two different ethnic groups to establish order in society. The approach used in this paper refers to Clifford Geertz’s perspective, which views slametan as an effort or ceremony performed to ward off someone or a group of people from the disturbance of spirits. Additionally, Marcel Mauss’s theory of gift exchange or reciprocity is also employed. According to Mauss’s theory of exchange, no human action is without reciprocity, as all actions expect some form of return, including offerings made to spirits and deities
Merambah Jalan Baru Studi Hadis: Tawaran Pendekatan Hermeneutika
No full textThe presence of hadith in every human civilization demands a thorough ability to address every issue faced by the community. This is a dialectical consequence between the development of time and the demand to adhere to religious principles. However, striving towards this goal is not without obstacles, considering that the process of compiling hadith occurred thousands of years ago with multi-complex stages. Even though nowadays, the Prophet\u27s Hadith can be easily traced in various authenticated books like the Kutub al-Sittah, this endeavor is not conclusive; many other important dimensions need to be understood. Hence, hermeneutical studies of hadith serve as a pathway to unravel the intricacies of the documented sayings, preserved over time
Konsep Keberagamaan Orang Cina
No full textThe concept of religiosity among the Chinese refers to the traditional Chinese religions that have existed since 600 BC. These religions are still practiced by Chinese people wherever they are, including in Indonesia. By referring to the theory of great tradition and little tradition proposed by Robert Redfield and further developed by Jochim, this article aims to demonstrate that, although Chinese people have embraced religions outside of their traditional beliefs, the teachings of traditional religions and ancestors are still preserved. However, all of this remains within the boundaries they believe do not contradict the official religion they also adhere to
Understanding Muslim Plurality: Problems of Categorizing Muslims in Postcolonial Indonesia
No full textIslam in Indonesia has received significant academic attention. One important finding is the categorization of beliefs and behaviors of Muslims, which proves the plurality of Islam. However, these categorizations—such as santri-abangan-priayi, traditionalist-modernist, political-cultural, fundamentalist-liberal, great tradition-little tradition, and global-local—must be critically approached. The most appropriate categorization is one that is closer to reality. The santri-abangan-priayi categorization developed in the 1960s demonstrates Javanese centrism in the study of Indonesian Islam and shows a static, closed system that should be carefully used to refer to Muslims outside of Java and in the present era. The traditionalist-modernist category actually carries modernization assumptions and therefore should not be viewed statically. The differentiation of political-cultural is also difficult to apply in many cases, such as when an Islamic group is involved in both political and cultural activities simultaneously. Similarly, the terms great tradition-little tradition to refer to Sharia Islam and Sufi Islam are less relevant in cases where specific Islamic groups practice both Sharia and Sufism simultaneously, besides the fact that the terms big and small assume one pattern is more valuable than others religious patterns. The global and local perspectives in understanding the diversity of Islam can avoid overly general labeling, but it is still difficult to determine which aspects are global and which are local and challenging to measure religious change accurately. Even more challenging in understanding the plurality of Islam is how to determine a religious act and what is not religious (secular)
Emansipasi Perempuan pada Masa Muhammad Saw
No full textThe role of women is still often marginalized to this day. This occurs due to interpretations of texts, both religious and otherwise, that are gender biased. Mainstream masculinity has hegemonized consciousness, even among women themselves. It is not surprising that among women, some are submerged while perpetuating the hegemony of masculinity, alienating themselves from historical centers. Yet history also shows that significant roles of women are recorded amidst the hegemony of men. At the very least, the endeavors of women during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) demonstrate that women have a historically significant domain no less important than that of men
Korupsi Berbasis Tradisi: Akar Kultural Penyimpangan Kekuasaan di Indonesia
No full textCorruption in this country has spread to all sectors like an octopus. This deviation not only infiltrates areas that have been perceived by the public as nests of corruption but also delves into corridors of institutions that were previously unimaginable to have corruption. One by one, financial scandals in various state institutions have been uncovered. Even the General Election Commission (KPU), filled with democracy activists, academics, and professors, is not immune to the corruption epidemic. In the Department of Religion (Depag), corruption cases have even implicated its former top official as a suspect. This article attempts to uncover the roots of tradition and culture behind these deviations
Tragedi Manusia dan Kemanusiaan: Merajut Perdamaian dalam Perspektif Agama Buddha
No full textThe human predicament, when distilled, boils down to three aspects: humans versus nature, humans versus other humans, and humans versus themselves. How can peace be attained if human attitudes remain entangled in these three types of conflicts? Upon deeper and wiser examination of the essence of teachings encapsulated within the framework of religion, none actually reject the honoring and exaltation of humanitarian values
Agama dan Perdamaian: Perspektif Multikultural Menurut Agama Hindu
No full textThrough its characters, the essence of Hindu teachings can be found, namely “universalism,” “tattvam asi,” “ahimsa,” “svadhes,” “moksa artham jagat hita ya ca iti dharma,” and so on. Its universality gives rise to the understanding that all religions are the same and true. There is no one religion that is the best and truest. All religions are the same, none is higher, nobler, and more sublime. Hindu teachings and views on religion and peace in a multicultural perspective actually have no problem. In other words, the peace intended can certainly be realized in reality. Because, from the beginning, since around 6000 BC, Hinduism has lived and developed until now, characterized by its universality