Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia
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    Aktivitas antikanker senyawa bioaktif dari Paracaudina australis: Studi in silico yang menargetkan AKT1 dan NOS2

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    Sea cucumber isolates (Paracaudina australis) have shown potential as agents with various bioactivities. Bioactivity refers to the ability of a substance to interact with biological tissues and elicit positive physiological responses. This study aimed to analyze the interaction between the target proteins RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2) with compounds identified in P. australis. The methods employed included ligand preparation using the Open Babel 2.3.1 plug-in, bioactivity prediction via the PASS Online web server, ADMET analysis using Canonical SMILES, pathway prediction using the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) web server, prediction of active or functional sites in proteins using BIOVIA Discovery Studio software, molecular docking using AutoDock Vina integrated in PyRx 0.8, visualization with BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019, and molecular dynamics simulation using the WebGro web server. The results revealed that the P. australis sea cucumber isolate contained 38 compounds predicted to exhibit bioactivities related to the target proteins, including anticancer, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-type 2 diabetes, and anti-obesity effects. Based on five ADMET parameters, all compounds satisfied several pharmacokinetic and toxicity criteria. Protein interaction analysis indicated that AKT1 and NOS2 interacted with other proteins, such as MTCP1, TCL1A, and NOX1. Molecular docking results showed that the compounds Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α,22E); Ergostan-3-ol; Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3β,5α); and Stigmasta-7,16-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α) exhibited the most stable binding to AKT1. Additionally, the compounds Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α,22E) and Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E) demonstrated lower binding affinity values than the control NOS2 inhibitor, indicating strong potential as NOS2 inhibitors.Isolat teripang (Paracaudina australis) menunjukkan potensi sebagai agen dengan berbagai bioaktivitas. Bioaktivitas mengacu pada kemampuan suatu zat untuk berinteraksi dengan jaringan biologis dan menghasilkan respons fisiologis positif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis interaksi antara protein target RAC-alfa serin/treonin-protein kinase (AKT1) dan Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2) dengan senyawa yang diidentifikasi dalam P. australis. Metode yang digunakan meliputi preparasi ligan menggunakan plug-in Open Babel 2.3.1; prediksi bioaktivitas melalui server web PASS Online; analisis ADMET menggunakan Canonical SMILES; prediksi jalur menggunakan server web DAVID (database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery); prediksi situs aktif atau fungsional dalam protein menggunakan perangkat lunak BIOVIA Discovery Studio; docking molekuler menggunakan AutoDock Vina yang terintegrasi dalam PyRx 0.8; visualisasi dengan BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019; dan simulasi dinamika molekuler menggunakan server web WebGro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat teripang P. australis mengandung 38 senyawa yang diprediksi menunjukkan bioaktivitas yang berkaitan dengan protein target, termasuk efek antikanker, antiproliferatif, proapoptotik, antiinflamasi, antidiabetes tipe 2, dan antiobesitas. Berdasarkan lima parameter ADMET, semua senyawa memenuhi beberapa kriteria farmakokinetik dan toksisitas. Analisis interaksi protein menunjukkan bahwa AKT1 dan NOS2 berinteraksi dengan protein lain seperti MTCP1, TCL1A, dan NOX1. Hasil docking molekuler menunjukkan bahwa senyawa Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α,22E); Ergostan-3-ol; Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3β,5α); dan Stigmasta-7,16-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α) menunjukkan ikatan paling stabil dengan AKT1. Selain itu, senyawa Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α,22E) dan Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E) menunjukkan nilai afinitas pengikatan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan inhibitor NOS2 kontrol, yang menunjukkan potensi yang kuat sebagai inhibitor NOS2

    Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Caulerpa racemose extract with a combination of solvents and variation of maceration time: Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri ekstrak Caulerpa racemosa dengan kombinasi pelarut dan variasi waktu maserasi

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    Rumput laut dari kelompok Chlorophyta dan Rhodophyta banyak dimanfaatkan di Indonesia sebagai bahan pangan. Caulerpa racemosa, salah satu jenis Chlorophyta, mengandung senyawa bioaktif antioksidan dan antibakteri di antaranya terpenoid, polifenol, alkaloid, dan flavonoid. Tujuan penelitian untuk menentukan kondisi ekstraksi optimal (konsentrasi, rasio padatan:pelarut, dan lama waktu) C. racemosa menggunakan Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) berdasarkan aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel bebas (konsentrasi DES 5, 10, 15%), padatan : pelarut (1:10, 1:15, 1:20) dan lama waktu maserasi (24, 48, 72 jam). Proses optimasi dilakukan menggunakan metode Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan rancangan Box–Behnken melalui perangkat lunak Design Expert versi 13. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak C. racemosa berkisar antara 28,46±0,067 hingga 50,50±0,067 mg TE/g DW. Konsentrasi pelarut DES dan waktu maserasi berpengaruh signifikan (p < 0,05), sedangkan rasio padatan terhadap pelarut tidak menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan (p > 0,05). Aktivitas antioksidan menurun pada 15% DES akibat perbedaan polaritas dan viskositas pelarut, sementara viskositas yang lebih rendah meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada 10% DES, rasio 1:20, dan waktu maserasi selama 72 jam.  Aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Vibrio harveyi (13 mm) dan Vibrio parahaemolyticus (14,8 mm) juga tertinggi pada kondisi tersebut, kemungkinan karena peningkatan ekstrak senyawa bioaktif. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa metode ekstraksi teroptimasi ini dapat direkomendasikan untuk pengembangan produk akuakultur dan pangan fungsional.Seaweed from the Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta groups is widely used as food in Indonesia. Caulerpa racemosa, a type of Chlorophyta, contains bioactive antioxidant and antibacterial compounds, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the optimal extraction conditions (concentration, solid:solvent ratio, and duration) of C. racemosa using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) based on antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study used independent variables ( 5%, 10%, and 15%), solid:solvent ratio (1:10, 1:15, and 1:20); and maceration time (24, 48, and 72 h maceration times). The optimization process was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design using Design Expert software v13. The antioxidant activity of C. racemosa extract ranged from 28.46 ± 0.067 to 50.50 ± 0.067 mg TE/g dry weight (DW). The concentration of the DES solvent and maceration time had a significant effect (p < 0.05), whereas the solid-to-solvent ratio did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05). Antioxidant activity decreased at 15% DES owing to differences in solvent polarity and viscosity, whereas lower viscosity increased the extraction efficiency. Optimal conditions were obtained at 10% DES, a ratio of 1:20, and a maceration time of 72 h. Antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi (13 mm) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (14.8 mm) was also highest under these conditions, possibly due to an increase in the bioactive compound extracts. These results indicate that the optimized extraction method is suitable for developing aquaculture and functional food products

    Nutritional improvement of gluten-free arrowroot biscuits through catfish flour enrichment: Peningkatan gizi biskuit tepung garut bebas gluten melalui penambahan tepung ikan lele

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    Permintaan produk bebas gluten meningkat seiring meningkatnya kesadaran akan intoleransi dan sensitivitas gluten. Penggunaan tepung alternatif, misalnya umbi lokal dan teknik fortifikasi tepung ikan dapat membantu meningkatkan kandungan gizi produk bebas gluten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi tepung ikan lele terbaik berdasarkan kandungan gizi dan hedonik biskuit berbasis tepung garut. Rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) digunakan dengan empat konsentrasi penambahan tepung ikan lele (0, 2, 4, dan 6%). Analisis yang dilakukan, yaitu uji proksimat, tekstur, warna, dan hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tepung ikan lele 6%  memiliki karakteristik biskuit meliputi kadar air 5,59%; abu 1,63%; protein 8,57%; lemak 28,46%; dan karbohidrat 55,39%. Biskuit dengan penambahan tepung ikan lele 6% merupakan perlakuan terbaik, dengan karakteristik tekstur 3,43 N, warna L* 70,82, a* 2,46, dan b* 37,69 serta memenuhi SNI 2973:2022 untuk parameter protein. Uji hedonik menunjukkan penambahan tepung ikan lele pada biskuit dapat diterima dan disukai oleh panelis. Secara keseluruhan, tepung ikan lele bermanfaat meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi biskuit bebas gluten berbahan dasar tepung garut. Biskuit ini berpotensi menjadi camilan bebas gluten yang bergizi.The demand for gluten-free products is increasing along with the growing awareness of gluten intolerance and sensitivity. The use of alternative flours, such as local tubers and fish flour fortification techniques, can help improve the nutritional content of gluten-free products. This study aims to determine the best concentration of catfish flour based on the nutritional content and hedonics of arrowroot flour-based biscuits. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with four concentrations of catfish flour addition (0, 2, 4, and 6%). The analyses conducted were proximate tests, texture, color, and hedonic. The research results indicate that the addition of 6% catfish flour is the best treatment, with biscuit characteristics including moisture content of 5.59%, ash 1.63%, protein 8.57%, fat 28.46%, and carbohydrates 55.39%. The biscuits with the addition of 6% catfish flour have a texture of 3.43 N, a color of L* 70.82, a* 2.46, and b* 37.69 and meet SNI 2973:2022 for protein parameters. Hedonic tests show that the addition of catfish flour to biscuits is acceptable and liked by the panelists. Overall, catfish flour is beneficial in enhancing the nutritional content of gluten-free biscuits made from arrowroot flour. These biscuits have the potential to become nutritious gluten-free snacks

    Karakteristik fisikokimia dan penerimaan konsumen kopi analog nonkafeina Rhizophora mucronata berdasarkan lama waktu penyangraian: Physicochemical characteristics and consumer acceptance of analogous coffee of non caffeine Rhizophora mucronata based on roasting time

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    Analog coffee is a type of non-caffeine coffee that has different content and taste from coffee in general. Rhizophora mucronata mangrove fruit can be used as the main ingredient in making analog coffee because it has a distinctive bitter and slightly astringent taste. The aim of the study was to determine the best roasting time based on physicochemical characteristics and consumer acceptance level. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three different roasting time treatments, namely 30, 45, and 60 minutes, with3 replications. The test results showed that the roasting time treatment had a significant effect on physicochemical characteristics, including yield, moisture content, pH, L*, a*, b*, and degree of whiteness, but had no significant effect on the ash content of R. mucronata mangrove fruit pulp analog coffee. A roasting time of 45 minutes was the best treatment, with a color value of 4.73 (liked), aroma of 3.80 (liked), taste of 5.57 (very liked), and overall 4.70 (liked), moisture content of 4.17%, ash 1.63%, fat 4.93%, protein 7.52%, and carbohydrates 81.11%. The analysis of the coffee analog of R. mucronata mangrove fruit meat revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, and triterpenoid compounds, but no saponins or caffeine.Kopi analog merupakan salah satu jenis kopi non kafein yang memiliki kandungan dan cita rasa berbeda dengan kopi. Buah bakau Rhizophora mucronata dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan utama dalam pembuatan kopi analog karena memiliki cita rasa yang khas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu penyangraiaan terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia dan tingkat penerimaan konsumen. Perlakuan waktu penyangraian adalah 30 menit, 45 menit dan 60 menit menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan waktu penyangraian pada pembuatan kopi analog daging buah bakau R. mucronata memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia meliputi nilai rendemen, kadar air, pH, warna L*, a*, b*, derajat putih, antioksidan, tetapi tidak memberi pengaruh nyata terhadap kadar abu. Perlakuan terbaik waktu penyangraian kopi analog daging buah bakau R. mucronata berdasarkan penerimaan konsumen diperoleh oleh perlakuan waktu penyangraian 45 menit dengan nilai warna 4,73 (suka), aroma 3,80 (suka), rasa 5,57 (sangat suka) dan keseluruhan 4,70 (suka)

    Detection and molecular identification of Salmonella spp. in traditional shrimp paste (terasi): insights from multiplex PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing : Deteksi dan identifikasi molekuler Salmonella spp. dalam terasi tradisional: analisis menggunakan multiplex PCR dan sekuensing 16S rDNA

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    Kriteria utama produk pangan berkualitas salah satunya adalah tidak adanya mikroba patogen. Terasi sebagai produk fermentasi tradisional rentan terhadap kontaminasi bakteri yang tidak diharapkan termasuk Salmonella spp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Salmonella spp. dalam terasi tradisional menggunakan pendekatan multiplex PCR (mPCR). Sampel yang digunakan mencakup terasi berbahan dasar udang (UA, UB, UC), ikan (IA, IB, IC), serta campuran keduanya (CA, CB, CC). Penelitian ini meliputi isolasi Salmonella, uji biokimia dengan TSIA dan LIA, serta deteksi molekuler menggunakan mPCR. Identifikasi isolat berbasis sekuensing 16S rDNA dilakukan pada sampel yang tidak terdeteksi Salmonella melalui mPCR, baik pada tingkat serovar maupun genus. Hasil isolasi dan karakterisasi biokimia mengonfirmasi keberadaan Salmonella spp. dalam lima sampel terasi (UA, UB, UC, CA, dan CC), dengan densitas bakteri tertinggi ditemukan pada sampel UC (8,3 × 10⁶ CFU/g). Uji TSIA dan LIA lebih lanjut memverifikasi keberadaan isolat Salmonella spp. hanya pada sampel UC sejumlah tujuh isolat, menunjukkan fermentasi glukosa, produksi hidrogen sulfida, serta morfologi koloni khas pada media XLD. Tujuh isolat dalam sampel UC tersebut teridentifikasi melalui mPCR sebagai genus Salmonella, dan satu diantaranya berhasil teridentifikasi sebagai Salmonella Typhimurium (UC8). Hasil sekuensing 16S rDNA menunjukkan bahwa enam isolat yang tidak diketahui serovarnya diidentifikasi sebagai Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newlands, yang untuk pertama kalinya dilaporkan pada terasi di Indonesia. Sementara itu, satu isolat (UC4) yang tidak teridentifikasi pada tingkat genus terkonfirmasi sebagai Proteus mirabilis, yang mengindikasikan adanya kontaminasi non-Salmonella. Temuan ini menyoroti pentingnya peningkatan kebersihan dalam produksi terasi tradisional guna mengurangi risiko kontaminasi mikroba patogen.One of the key criteria for quality food products is the absence of pathogenic microbes. Shrimp paste (terasi), a traditionally fermented product, is prone to contamination by unexpected bacteria, including Salmonella spp. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. in traditional shrimp paste using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) approach. The analyzed samples consisted of shrimp paste formulated from shrimp (UA, UB, UC), from fish (IA, IB, IC), and from a combination of both raw materials (CA, CB, CC). The research involved isolating Salmonella, performing biochemical tests with triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) and lysine iron agar (LIA), and molecular detection using mPCR. Isolate identification based on 16S rDNA sequencing was conducted for samples where mPCR failed to detect Salmonella at either the serovar or genus level. The presence of presumptive Salmonella spp. was confirmed through isolation and biochemical characterization in five shrimp paste samples, namely UA, UB, UC, CA, and CC, with the UC sample exhibiting the highest bacterial density at 8.3 × 10⁶ CFU/g. Further TSIA and LIA tests verified that Salmonella spp. was only present in UC. Seven UC isolates showed biochemical characteristics typical of Salmonella spp. (i.e., glucose fermentation, hydrogen sulfide production, and characteristic colony morphology on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar). mPCR confirmed these seven UC isolates as belonging to the Salmonella genus, and one of them (UC8) was successfully identified as Salmonella Typhimurium. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that six isolates not identified at the serovar level were classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newlands, which is reported for the first time in Indonesian shrimp paste. Meanwhile, one isolate (UC4) that could not be identified at the genus level was confirmed as Proteus mirabilis, indicating non-Salmonella contamination. These findings highlight the importance of improving hygiene in traditional shrimp paste production to minimize the risk of pathogenic microbial contamination

    Physicochemical characteristics of flavor powder of blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) lemi with maltodextrin addition: Karakteristik fisikokimia flavor bubuk lemi rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) dengan penambahan maltodekstrin

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    The blue swimmer crab is one of the most important commodities and has high economic value. High export demand is followed by an increase in the volume of by-products, namely semi-solid substances (lemi). Lemi can be used as a flavor, but the product in the market is not optimal. Fillers such as maltodextrin need to be added to improve the flavor characteristics of the powder. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of maltodextrin on the physicochemical characteristics of crab lemi powder flavor. We used a completely randomized design (CRD) to compare the effects of various maltodextrin concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) on the yield, cooking loss, bulk density, and proximate composition of the flavor powder. The best concentration was 10% maltodextrin with a 26.68% yield, 73.54% cooking loss, 0.58 g/mL bulk density, 3.14% moisture content, 11.60% ash, 42.40% protein, 11.69% fat, and 31.18% carbohydrate. The addition of maltodextrin to the flavored blue swimmer crab lemi powder has the potential to transform it into a powdered flavoring suitable for a variety of food types.Rajungan merupakan salah satu komoditas penting dan memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Permintaan ekspor yang tinggi diikuti dengan penambahan volume hasil samping, yaitu zat semi padat (lemi). Lemi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai flavor, namun produk tersebut di pasaran belum optimal. Bahan pengisi misalnya maltodekstrin perlu ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan karakteristik flavor bubuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi maltodekstrin terbaik terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia flavor bubuk lemi rajungan. Rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) digunakan untuk membandingkan pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi maltodekstrin (5%, 10%, dan 15%) terhadap rendemen, susut masak, bulk density, dan komposisi proksimat bubuk flavor. Konsentrasi terbaik, yaitu 10% maltodekstrin, rendemen 26,68%, susut masak 73,54%, bulk density 0,58 g/mL, kadar air 3,14%, abu 11,60%, protein 42,40%, lemak 11,69%, dan karbohidrat 31,18%. Flavor bubuk lemi rajungan dengan penambahan maltodekstrin berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi penyedap rasa bubuk dan diaplikasikan pada berbagai jenis pangan

    Pemanfaatan ampas limbah industri agar-agar (Gracilaria sp.) pada pembuatan kertas map eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes): Utilization of agar-agar industry waste (Gracilaria sp.) in the production of map paper from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

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    Annually, the agar processing industry (Gracilaria sp.) continues to increase the amount of waste pulp it produces. Cellulose, present in agar pulp, serves as a raw material for the production of folder paper. The purpose of this study was to determine the best concentration of industrial waste pulp based on the characteristics of water hyacinth folder paper. The study used an experimental lab with a complete randomized design (CRD) to test how different concentrations of agar pulp affect the process of making folder paper. These concentrations were 0, 10, 15, and 20%. The test parameters of the folder paper are grammage, tear resistance, water absorption, stiffness, hedonic, and SEM. Adding more agar pulp to the folder paper made it more resistant to tears and better at absorbing water, but it made it less dense, stiff, and enjoyable to use. The optimal outcome was achieved with the addition of 20% agar processing pulp.  It had a weight of 318.67 g/m2, a tear resistance of 1573.3 mN, a water absorption of 926.3 g/m2, a stiffness of 45 g/m3, and a hedonics value of 6.82±< 6.83. The absorption in the 928–933 cm⁻³ band shows that the 3,6-anhydrogalactose group of agar-agar constituent compounds is present.Jumlah ampas limbah yang dihasilkan industri pengolahan agar-agar (Gracilaria sp.) terus meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya produksi setiap tahun. Ampas agar-agar mengandung selulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan kertas map. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan konsentrasi ampas limbah industri agar terbaik berdasarkan karakteristik kertas map eceng gondok. Metode penelitian berupa experimental laboratory menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan perbedaan konsentrasi ampas agar-agar dalam pembuatan kertas map, yaitu 0, 10, 15, dan 20%. Parameter uji kertas map, yaitu gramatur, ketahanan sobek, daya serap air, kekakuan, hedonik dan SEM. Peningkatan jumlah ampas agar-agar dalam formulasi kertas map meningkatkan ketahanan sobek dan daya serap air, namun menurunkan nilai gramatur, kekakuan dan hedonik. Hasil terbaik, yaitu pada perlakuan penambahan ampas pengolahan agar-agar 20% dengan nilai gramatur 318,67 g/m2, ketahanan sobek 1.573,3 mN, daya serap air 926,3 g/m2, kekakuan 45 g/m3 dan hedonik 6,82 < µ < 6,83. Serapan pada pita 928-933 cm-1 menunjukkan penanda adanya gugus 3,6-anhydrogalactose senyawa penyusun agar-agar

    Formulasi dan karakterisasi paper soap antibakteri dengan penambahan nanokitosan dari cangkang kepiting bakau : Formulation and characterization of antibacterial paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan from mangrove crab shells

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    Inovasi pembuatan produk sabun terus dikembangkan salah satunya berbentuk paper soap dengan penambahan nanokitosan yang memiliki manfaat sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan kitosan berukuran nano dan menentukan formula terbaik paper soap antibakteri dengan penambahan nanokitosan cangkang kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) melalui karakterisasi secara fisikokimia dan mikrobiologi. Pembuatan nanokitosan menggunakan cangkang kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Formulasi paper soap dengan penambahan nanokitosan, yaitu 0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; dan 1%.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nanokitosan cangkang Scylla sp. berukuran 67,07 nm. Paper soap dengan penambahan nanokitosan Scylla sp (0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; dan 1%) menghasilkan nilai ph 9,18-9,27, kadar air 18,25-32,00% dan alkali bebas 0,003-0,010%. Seluruh konsentrasi paper soap bertekstur halus, memiliki aroma jasmine dan menunjukkan warna beige. Aktivitas bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus pada paper soap menghasilkan zona bening 3,5-14 mm dan pada bakteri Gram negatif mampu menghambat Echerichia coli 4,50-11,50 mm. Paper soap antibakteri dengan konsentrasi nanokitosan 0,5% adalah formulasi terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Gram positif (S.aureus) dan bakteri Gram negatif (E.coli). Paper soap antibakteri dengan penambahan nanokitosan cangkang (Scylla sp.) pada penelitian ini memenuhi kriteria sabun sesuai standar SNI.Innovations in the production of soap products continue to be developed, such as paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan, which has antibacterial benefits. This study aimed to obtain nanosized chitosan and determine the best formula for antibacterial paper soap with the addition of mangrove crab shell nanochitosan (Scylla sp.) through physicochemical and microbiological characterization. The manufacture of nanochitosan was using ionic gelation. The formulation of antibacterial paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%). The results showed that Scylla sp. shell nanochitosan had a size of 67.07 nm. Paper soap with the addition of Scylla sp. nanochitosan (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) produced pH value of 9.18-9.27, water content 18.25-32.00% and free alkali 18.25-32.00%. All paper soap concentrations had a fine texture, jasmine aroma, and beige color. The gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in paper soap produces a clear zone (3.5-14 mm and gram-negative bacteria are able to inhibit Echerichia coli 4.50-11.50 mm. Antibacterial paper soap with a nanochitosan concentration of 0.5% was the best formulation for inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and a concentration of 0.75% for gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). The antibacterial paper soap with the addition of shell nanochitosan (Scylla sp.) in this study met the soap criteria according to the SNI standards

    Potensi antioksidan dari teripang berunok (Paracaudina australis): Antioxidant potency of transparent sea cucumber (Paracaudina australis)

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    Teripang kaya akan senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan. Salah satu jenis teripang yang ditemukan di Indonesia adalah berunok (Paracaudina australis). Faktor yang memengaruhi hasil ekstraksi di antaranya waktu ekstraksi, jenis pelarut, dan jumlah sampel. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan waktu ekstraksi terbaik pada berunok melalui parameter rendemen dan aktivitas penghambatan antioksidan. Ekstraksi berunok dilakukan pada waktu yang berbeda, yaitu 48, 72, dan 96 jam dengan pelarut metanol. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi identifikasi proporsi berunok, rendemen, uji fitokimia, dan aktivitas antioksidan melalui metode Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan waktu ekstraksi berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi bagian tubuh berunok yaitu isi perut 88%, bagian daging dan kulit 12%. Berunok terdeteksi memiliki senyawa aktif flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, saponin, alkaloid, dan fenolik. Waktu ekstraksi selama 96 jam merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan nilai rendemen tertinggi sebesar 7,90% dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 648,24 ppm. Aktivitas antioksidan yang terdapat pada berunok dengan perlakuan waktu ekstraksi berbeda tergolong sangat lemah.Sea cucumbers contain active compounds with antioxidant potential. Transparent sea cucumbers, specifically the Paracaudina australis species, can be found in Indonesia.The factors that impact the extraction outcomes include the duration of extraction, the type of solvent utilized, and the quantity of samples extracted. The objective of this research was to identify the ideal duration for extracting see-through sea cucumber in order to optimize yield parameters and antioxidant inhibitory activity.The process of extracting transparent sea cucumbers was conducted using methanol as a solvent at time intervals of 48, 72, and 96 hours. The analysis involved the examination of various parameters, including the percentage of berries, yield, phytochemical tests, and antioxidant activity using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method, employing a completely randomized design, which involved a variety of extraction times. The study\u27s findings indicated that the majority of body parts that were beveled were composed of 88% stomach contents and 12% skin and flesh. Transparent sea cucumber comprises various bioactive components, including flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, and phenolics, with an extraction time of 96 h, which resulted in the highest yield (7.90 %) and demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 648.24 ppm. The antioxidant activity of transparent sea cucumber after various extraction times was categorized as very weak

    Pengendalian cacat fisik ikan sarden kaleng menggunakan metode statistical quality control (SQC): Physical defect control in canned sardine fish using statistical quality control (SQC) method

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    Statistical Quality Control (SQC) is a quality management approach that uses statistical methods to resolve issues within an organization. This study aimed to determine the extent of physical damage to the end product in fish canning companies and to enumerate the factors contributing to the issue. The data collection methods employed at one of the fish canning companies in Banyuwangi were interviews, observations, and documentation. The evaluation period spanned three months, during which a total of 30 days was dedicated to the examination process. The item in question was a small-sized can, weighing 155 g, produced during the morning shift. The SQC analysis procedure utilized five instruments: examination sheets, histograms, control charts, Pareto diagrams, and cause and effect diagrams. The investigation outcomes indicated that over a period of 30 days, 3,288,138 sardine cans were produced, yielding 5,664 detected product defects. The proportion of sardine product defects was 77% dented items, 17% scratched products, 5% leaky containers, 0.9% bulging items prior to incubation, and 0.1% bulging products following incubation. A study of the control chart for a period of nine days revealed that the quantity of defective canned goods surpassed the upper control limit on inspection days 4, 5, 7, 14, 17, 20, 24, 25, and 27.The root causes of sardine product defects are (1) the absence of written work instructions in the production room, (2) inadequate machine control, (3) irregular machine maintenance, (4) inflating cans, and (5) negligence on the part of employees in performing their work duties.Statistical Quality Control (SQC) yaitu alat pengendalian mutu menggunakan metode statistik untuk mencegah cacat fisik dalam proses produksi di perusahaan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi kerusakan fisik ikan sarden kaleng dan faktor-faktor penyebabnya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi pada salah satu perusahaan pengalengan ikan di Banyuwangi. Lama waktu penelitian adalah 3 bulan dengan total waktu pengamatan produk sebanyak 30 hari. Produk yang diamati yaitu kaleng ukuran kecil (kapasitas 155 g) pada produksi shift pagi. Metode analisis SQC menggunakan 5 alat bantu yakni lembar pemeriksaan, histogram, peta kendali, diagram pareto, dan diagram sebab-akibat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 5.664 ikan kaleng yang mengalami cacat fisik dari total 3.288.138 kaleng selama 30 hari pengamatan. Persentase cacat produk sarden, yaitu 77% penyok, 17% lecet, 5% bocor, 0,9% kembung sebelum inkubasi, dan 0,1% kembung setelah inkubasi. Hasil analisis peta kendali, terdapat 9 hari yang menghasilkan produk kaleng cacat melebihi batas kendali atas pada hari pemeriksaan ke 4, 5, 7, 14, 17, 20, 24, 25, dan 27. Cacat produk kaleng sarden disebabkan oleh kurangnya instruksi kerja secara tertulis di ruang produksi, kontrol mesin kurang, perawatan mesin yang tidak berkala, pengembungan kaleng dan pegawai yang kurang hati-hati dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan

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    Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia
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