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What Is Perception?: Interpreting “Flesh, Chiasm (L'entrelacs-Le Chiasme) According To Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Get PDF The study of the body and chiasm according to Merleau-Ponty is an interesting subject that deserves to be explored. This is because it touches the "visible" and "invisible" areas, which are often interpreted ambiguously when dealing with bodily functions. The ambiguity that often arises is that the two are not used together or one is chosen. Even if together, it is usually seen as a support or a complement. In fact, the two are inseparable and interrelated. Through literature research, the author tries to show key descriptions related to the area by overseeing the perception frame. The results show that the "visible" can be likened to the skin and surface, while the "unseen" is the flesh beneath. For Merleau-Ponty, it does not mean "the invisible" supports "the visible". The integration between the "visible" and "invisible" can be said as a chiasm. A chiasm is a criss-cross framework. This idea is not easily accepted by feminist philosophers. Merleau-Ponty seems to understand that the inherent flesh with the chiasm of subjects and the world is the embodiment of a new ontology. This ontology focuses on between life and death, animals and humans, which seem hierarchical, so it attracts the attention of feminists, at least represented by Irigaray. Irigaray believes that the "visible" privilege of touch contributes to phallogocentrism because the penis is judged to be "the visible", while the vagina is the opposite, "the invisible"
The Possibility of Interreligious Dialogue: A Philosophical Foundation
Get PDFThe possibility of interreligious dialogue depends, at least, on the justification for the existence of religion itself. Thus, the constructionist theory of religion becomes a fundamental problem in constructing a framework of interreligious dialogue theory because religion is expressed as an imaginary existence, in the sense that it is only the construction of scholars and academics. If the existence of religion itself cannot be justified ontologically, it means that interreligious dialogue is impossible. Hence, to answer that problem, we inevitably have to prove ontologically the existence of religion without having to reject the constructionist theory. In this paper, I use the social ontology analysis proposed by John Searle and the historical ontology theory proposed by Ian Hacking to prove that religion as a constructed social reality exists objectively. Thus, interreligious dialogue is possible within a framework of existential hermeneutics that presupposes a process of understanding that changes continuously in accordance with historical ontology as its foundation
Scientism, Anti-Science, and Scientific Activities as an Expression of Religious Beliefs
Get PDFThis paper seeks to show how believers can carry out scientific activities or appreciate the results of scientific research as an expression of faith itself. This goal will be achieved by demonstrating two important distinctions, namely: 1) the difference between the rejecting scientism and anti-science stance, 2) the difference between rejecting scientism and accepting the reality of theism. Later, I will show how the narrative of conflict between the adherents of scientism and its opponents can be overcome by localizing the narrative of the conflict to local historical situations and at the end an alternative narrative taken from internal sources of the Christian religious tradition will be explained in relation to three things, namely: 1) assumptions about the relationship between faith and reason, 2) attitudes towards human critical efforts, and 3) attitudes towards nature and natural research activities. This proposal is expected to be an example of how science and faith can enrich each other in a dialogical-critical relationship
An Inquiry Into Human Dignity According to George Kateb
Get PDFDiscrimination, slavery, and violence have always been distinctive colors in the painting of human history. There have been men or groups feeling greater than others. There have been unending oppressions among the human species. When confronted with these cases, most immediately think of human rights. On another side of human history, there has also been environmental detriment caused by uncontrolled human expansion. It is oppression among men and ‘vertical suppression’ of inter-species. The main actors are humans. This phenomenon leads to a fundamental question about our actual Being (ὄντος). In the name of human dignity, George Kateb raises it in two fundamental concepts: human status and human stature. A philosopher should be able to examine human dignity as fundamental to human rights. Human dignity is human’s actual Being as [a] Being of human rights. This essay uses qualitative methods through literature research to examine human dignity ontologically, based on the primary sources of George Kateb, namely the palpable distinction between human status and human stature. While providing technological and natural phenomena, this paper gives a contextualization of existential human dignity from George Kateb’s ontological perspective
Reinterpeting Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Textualists' Approach
No full textThe core of Nietzsche's philosophy is typically articulated comprehensively by contentists through key concepts such as the will to power, the eternal return, and the overman. Unfortunately, such goals are frequently arbitrary and lack rigorous textual support. Textists, on the other hand, tend to prioritize a historical-contextual approach in interpreting Nietzsche's texts in order to overcome this weakness. The textists' approach is distinguished by the genetic and literary analysis of the critical editions of Nietzsche's texts compiled by Colli/Montinari. As a result, this article begins with a brief topography of the critical editions, focusing on the role of KGW IX in genetic analysis. Furthermore, the style of genetic and literary analysis applied to aphorism 36 of BGE becomes a case study to demonstrate how the interpretation differs from that of the contentists. Textists show Nietzsche's creativity as the author of the aphorism that makes parody, irony, and satire of will-causality and moral demands in scientific explanations, whereas contentists interpret the will to power hypothesis as the essence of reality. For textists, the principle of the will to power in BGE 36 is framed in suppositional language, implying that the proposition of the will to power is also unreal
GAGASAN EVOLUSI MAKHLUK HIDUP: SEBUAH TINJAUAN RINGKAS DAN REFLEKSI
Get PDFArtikel ini membahas, secara garis besar, lintasan sejarah dinamika narasi evolusi makhluk hidup. Berbagai opini tentang evolusi serta berbagai perkembangan sains dan teknologi yang memiliki implikasi bagi pemikiran evolusionistis diuraikan secara kronologis untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang komprehensif. Artikel ini juga melakukan refleksi terhadap kedudukan evolusi, sebagai opini, di dalam usaha manusia menjelaskan fenomena dan realitas. Evolusi makhluk hidup merupakan bagian dari evolusi alam secara keseluruhan. Alam tidak statis, demikian juga makhluk hidup. Perkembangan di bidang sains serta berbagai penemuan fosil-fosil sisa makhluk hidup telah semakin mengukuhkan pandangan evolusionistis terkait makhluk hidup. Evolusi makhluk hidup semakin dianggap bukan lagi hanya sebagai suatu pemikiran subyektif, melainkan merupakan suatu fakta obyektif. Evolusi makhluk hidup, sebagai fakta, memang terjadi. Evolusi, sebagai sebuah ide, merupakan salah satu hasil dari kerja akal manusia dalam rangka menjelaskan fenomena dan realita yang ditemui
DIMENSI ETIS DALAM PERTANDINGAN SEPAKBOLA
Get PDFPenelitian ini menggunakan metodologi hermeneutik filosofis yang bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi berbagai informasi dalam pertandingan sepakbola dan menjelaskan relevansi dan pengaruhnya bagi moralitas manusia. Data pustaka digunakan sebagai bahan pokok dan pengamatan peneliti terhadap fenomena dan aktivitas dalam berbagai pertandingan sepakbola di stadion maupun di televisi digunakan sebagai bahan pendukung. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) deskripsi secara reflektif tentang hakikat pertandingan sepakbola bahwa pertandingan sepakbola memiliki banyak aktivitas yang bernilai etis seperti nilai kejujuran, sportivitas, kerjasama, profesionalisme dan tanggung jawab yang dapat mempengaruhi sikap dan moralitas manusia; 2) deskripsi tentang kesesuaian antara unsur-unsur utilitarianisme dengan pertandingan sepakbola seperti kebahagiaan umum, pertanggungjawaban moral, prinsip sikap baik dan fair play sebagai tujuan; 3) deskripsi tentang pesan moral yang terkandung dalam pertandingan sepakbola sebagai miniatur kehidupan yang terangkum dalam kode etik fair play hingga kemudian berelevansi dan berpengaruh pada diri manusia baik bagi diri pribadi pemain maupun masyarakat yang lebih luas
Asal-Usul Pemikiran tentang Sekularisme di Abad Pertengahan
Get PDFArtikel ini melacak asal-usul wacana sekularisme dalam filsafat politik Abad Pertengahan, khususnya dalam pemikiran Dante Alighieri, Marsilius Padua dan William Ockham. Pertanyaan pokok yang membimbing kajian ini adalah: sejauh mana benih pemikiran mengenai sekularisme sudah muncul pada masa Abad Pertengahan? Metode yang digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut adalah telaah filosofis atas konflik antara kuasa temporal dan spiritual yang menjadi konteks perdebatan mengenai kedudukan penguasa sekuler dalam hubungannya dengan otoritas keagamaan tertinggi. Dengan memeriksa respons terhadap kekuasaan mutlak gereja, terlihat adanya sejumlah alternatif berbeda yang salah satunya adalah sekularisme. Melalui penelusuran itu ditemukan bahwa sekalipun terdapat benih-benih sekularisme dalam pemikiran William Ockham, ia tetap mengandaikan paradigma religius tentang dunia yang mengasalkan sumber pembagian kewenangan temporal dan spiritual pada Tuhan, sedangkan Dante dan Marsilius Padua justru mengklaim otoritas religius dikandung dalam otoritas sekuler. Pemisahan gereja dari negara masih dilakukan dalam pengandaian penyelenggaraan ilahi di dunia. Pengandaian inilah yang membedakannya dari sekularisme modern
Teologi Proses ala Barbour vs Kepercayaan Timur
Get PDFDalam dunia pemikiran modern, disintegrasi antara filsafat, sains-teknologi, dan teologi dianggap perlu untuk diintegrasikan kembali sehingga koheren setelah sekian abad berjalan sendiri-sendiri dan tidak jarang saling bertabrakan satu sama lain. Apalagi dengan perkembangan pesat teknologi yang telah menciptakan ketergantungan bagi manusia bahkan memunculkan berhala-berhala baru, ilah-ilah baru, tuhan-tuhan baru yang mengontrol hidup manusia, sadar atau tidak sadar. Sampai pada perkawinan neurosains dengan intelegensia buatan yang bisa menjelaskan banyak fenomena yang sebelumnya dianggap “magic” atau menurut agama adalah “mukjizat”, ternyata ilmiah, bukan mukjizat lagi. Barbour melanjutkan teologi proses Whitehead, mencoba meredefinisi pemahaman teologi tentang Kedirian Manusia (istilah ketimbang Kodrat Manusia) dari “The Selfness of Being” menjadi “The Selfness of Becoming”. Teologi Proses menawarkan sebuah jalan tengah antara kemahakuasaan (omnipotence) Allah dan ketidakberdayaan (impotence) Allah lalu merumuskan kembali kekuatan Ilahi lebih sebagai pemberdayaan daripada sebagai penguasaan yang menaklukkan. Dalam rangka melanjutkan upaya Barbour untuk mencari koherensi antara filsafat, sains-teknologi, dan teologi, maka tulisan ini memberi masukan dan koreksi atas pemikiran Barbour dan menyarankan agar menengok agama-agama Kuno yang masih bertahan dan termasuk salah satu yang penganutnya besar di belahan bumi Timur dan beberapa dekade belakangan eksistensinya merambah ke Barat, yang bisa menjelaskan secara koheren temuan-temuan teknologi terkini, dari sudut pandang lain tentunya, yakni pertemuan Barat dan Timur di sini.