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Cacao plant is one of the major commodity of plantation in South East Sulawesi, especially in Konawe regency. Practices of land management implemented by the local cacao farmers in many cases are not in accordance to soil and water conservation principles until caused of soil degradation. The research was aimed to investigate the alteration of soil physics properties on the local farmers cacao cropping land at different slope as related to canopy cover. The research was conducted in Amosilu Village, Besulutu District, Konawe Regency, the Province of South East Sulawesi, from December 2006 to September 2007. The experimental method with field study was applied in split plot design consisting of three factors, namely (i) slope consisting of two levels (10-15% and 40-45%) and (ii) age of the cacao plant consisting of two levels (5 to 7 months and 25 to 27 months) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 months and 10-15%; P2 = 25 to 27 months and 10-15%; P3 = 5 to 7 months and 40-45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 months and 40-45%), while (iii) vegetatif conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting of three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with disc clearing, T2 = dry field rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant, T3 = T2 + Arachis pintoi as strip plant. There was not interaction between both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetative conservation treatment to soil physics properties, exception on aggregate stability index. The result showed that vegetative conservation treatment (T1) that is cacao with disc clearing was best alternative because they implied the higher rate of total porosity (61,8%) and the lower rate of bulk density (1,013 g cm-3) as soon as the raising of aggregate stability index as well. Key words: cacao, canopy cover, conservation, soil physics properties
No full textCacao plant is one of the major commodity of plantation in South East Sulawesi, especially in Konawe regency. Practices of land management implemented by the local cacao farmers in many cases are not in accordance to soil and water conservation principles until caused of soil degradation. The research was aimed to investigate the alteration of soil physics properties on the local farmers cacao cropping land at different slope as related to canopy cover. The research was conducted in Amosilu Village, Besulutu District, Konawe Regency, the Province of South East Sulawesi, from December 2006 to September 2007. The experimental method with field study was applied in split plot design consisting of three factors, namely (i) slope consisting of two levels (10-15% and 40-45%) and (ii) age of the cacao plant consisting of two levels (5 to 7 months and 25 to 27 months) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 months and 10-15%; P2 = 25 to 27 months and 10-15%; P3 = 5 to 7 months and 40-45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 months and 40-45%), while (iii) vegetatif conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting of three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with disc clearing, T2 = dry field rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant, T3 = T2 + Arachis pintoi as strip plant. There was not interaction between both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetative conservation treatment to soil physics properties, exception on aggregate stability index. The result showed that vegetative conservation treatment (T1) that is cacao with disc clearing was best alternative because they implied the higher rate of total porosity (61,8%) and the lower rate of bulk density (1,013 g cm-3) as soon as the raising of aggregate stability index as well. Key words: cacao, canopy cover, conservation, soil physics propertie
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) becomes a public health concern in developed countries which associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) in human and Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants. Some researchers in Europe, USA, and Australia detected MAP in the dairy products and showed the relationship among MAP, CD, and JD. Meanwhile Indonesia imported milk and milk products from those countries to cover national demand. In the future it will be a potential problem to national dairy herd and human health. The aim of this study is to detect MAP in the growing up milk formula. Fifty samples from five established distributors were taken in Bogor. Some diagnostic methods were used parallel in this study, namely Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT), Herrold’s Egg Yolk enrichment with mycobactine-J (HEYM) and polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) with insertion sequence IS 900 and F 57 as primer. Neither MAP grew up in MGIT and HEYM after 20 weeks of incubation period. No positive samples were found by conventional PCR using IS 900 and F57 either but 5 samples were detected positive by nested PCR F57. Although there was no evidence of MAP grew from the samples in this study, the comprehensive and sustainable studies on MAP still should be carried out with more and varied samples, as well as in human to provide data on MAP and to anticipate it in Indonesia. Key words: mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, growing up milk formula, PCR
No full textMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) becomes a public health concern in developed countries which associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) in human and Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants. Some researchers in Europe, USA, and Australia detected MAP in the dairy products and showed the relationship among MAP, CD, and JD. Meanwhile Indonesia imported milk and milk products from those countries to cover national demand. In the future it will be a potential problem to national dairy herd and human health. The aim of this study is to detect MAP in the growing up milk formula. Fifty samples from five established distributors were taken in Bogor. Some diagnostic methods were used parallel in this study, namely Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT), Herrold’s Egg Yolk enrichment with mycobactine-J (HEYM) and polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) with insertion sequence IS 900 and F 57 as primer. Neither MAP grew up in MGIT and HEYM after 20 weeks of incubation period. No positive samples were found by conventional PCR using IS 900 and F57 either but 5 samples were detected positive by nested PCR F57. Although there was no evidence of MAP grew from the samples in this study, the comprehensive and sustainable studies on MAP still should be carried out with more and varied samples, as well as in human to provide data on MAP and to anticipate it in Indonesia. Key words: mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, growing up milk formula, PC
This research to study relation between environment parameter, plankton abundance and primary productivity with abundance of tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry, calculates plankton predating rate speed by tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry and other larva and studies plankton population dynamics, tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry before, at the time and after peak season. Result of research indicates that some environment parameters significant differs according to observation period and season. Highest abundance of tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva reaches to 29067, 7733 and 54400 ind/1000 m3. Highest grazing rate to population of phytoplankton and plankton (phytoplankton + zooplankton) found when predator consisted of tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva with grazing rate up to 125 cells/liter/hour and 129 plankter /liter/hour respectively. Highest predating rate to zooplankton population when predator consist of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry and there is phytoplankton as their prey up to 12 individual/liter/hour. The certain plankton species significant correlation and estimated as natural food of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry that is some types of diatom and crustaceae from zooplankton. Plankton population dynamics especially controlled by predator by tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva, while influence of environment parameter is small relative. Abundance of each phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 583-28563 cells/liter and 22-3413 ind/liter. Average abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton significant differs higher at peak season compare before and after tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry season. Predator-prey relation between phytoplankton and zooplankton shows phase change which succession between phytoplankton controls to zooplankton phases with zooplankton control to phytoplankton. Abundance of plankton influences abundance of population of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry especially after peak season. There is concordance of time between peak abundance of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry and other larva with peak abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Key words : population dynamics, predating, predating rate, predator, prey, phytoplankton, zooplankton, tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry, other larva, Pinrang
No full textThis research to study relation between environment parameter, plankton abundance and primary productivity with abundance of tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry, calculates plankton predating rate speed by tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry and other larva and studies plankton population dynamics, tiger prawn post larvae and milk fish fry before, at the time and after peak season. Result of research indicates that some environment parameters significant differs according to observation period and season. Highest abundance of tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva reaches to 29067, 7733 and 54400 ind/1000 m3. Highest grazing rate to population of phytoplankton and plankton (phytoplankton + zooplankton) found when predator consisted of tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva with grazing rate up to 125 cells/liter/hour and 129 plankter /liter/hour respectively. Highest predating rate to zooplankton population when predator consist of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry and there is phytoplankton as their prey up to 12 individual/liter/hour. The certain plankton species significant correlation and estimated as natural food of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry that is some types of diatom and crustaceae from zooplankton. Plankton population dynamics especially controlled by predator by tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry and other larva, while influence of environment parameter is small relative. Abundance of each phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 583-28563 cells/liter and 22-3413 ind/liter. Average abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton significant differs higher at peak season compare before and after tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry season. Predator-prey relation between phytoplankton and zooplankton shows phase change which succession between phytoplankton controls to zooplankton phases with zooplankton control to phytoplankton. Abundance of plankton influences abundance of population of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry especially after peak season. There is concordance of time between peak abundance of tiger prawn post larva and milk fish fry and other larva with peak abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Key words : population dynamics, predating, predating rate, predator, prey, phytoplankton, zooplankton, tiger prawn post larva, milk fish fry, other larva, Pinran
Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB, Gedung Rektorat Lantai I Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680 Telp. 0251-629060, 622642 ext. 161 Fax. 0251-622986 e-mail: [email protected]
No full textSekolah Pascasarjana IPB, Gedung Rektorat Lantai I Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680 Telp. 0251-629060, 622642 ext. 161 Fax. 0251-622986 e-mail: [email protected]
Transmigration program has been done for many years. However, many transmigration sites are identified as underdeveloped, especially in upland farm transmigration site laboured with food crops. The main constraint for such development relates with the limit of upland resource in supporting plant growth. The upland resources is generally marginal in physical properties (undulating, wavy and hilly topography); the poor quality in land clearing which cause removal upper layer and loss of organic matter; relatively high rainfall intensity which causes the high erosivity. Such degradation has caused accumulation of problem for farmer. This research in erosion is done in order to know the strategy needed to be done. This research is done in Rantau Pandan SP 1 as case study. Several methods have been applied to determine 1) the amount of erosions 2) the permissible erosion, 3) the spatial pattern of erosion,and 4) the soil conservation action. Key words: upland farming system, erosion, conservation
No full textTransmigration program has been done for many years. However, many transmigration sites are identified as underdeveloped, especially in upland farm transmigration site laboured with food crops. The main constraint for such development relates with the limit of upland resource in supporting plant growth. The upland resources is generally marginal in physical properties (undulating, wavy and hilly topography); the poor quality in land clearing which cause removal upper layer and loss of organic matter; relatively high rainfall intensity which causes the high erosivity. Such degradation has caused accumulation of problem for farmer. This research in erosion is done in order to know the strategy needed to be done. This research is done in Rantau Pandan SP 1 as case study. Several methods have been applied to determine 1) the amount of erosions 2) the permissible erosion, 3) the spatial pattern of erosion,and 4) the soil conservation action. Key words: upland farming system, erosion, conservatio
The aims of this research is to study various vegetation associations on Mount Salak. Sampling was done by using systematic sampling with random start. Cluster analysis was used to determine the vegetation association. The relationship between abiotic factors and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square statistic. There are 5 vegetation associations at alliance 1, 6 associations at alliance 2, and 7 associations at alliance 3. Calcium, phosphorus content of soil, soil’s texture and slope direction are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 1. Calcium and phosphorus content of soil, and minimum altitude of plot are abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 2. Phosphorus content of soil and minimum altitude plot are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 3. Key words: Mount Salak, vegetation association, cluster analysis, chi-square statistic
No full textThe aims of this research is to study various vegetation associations on Mount Salak. Sampling was done by using systematic sampling with random start. Cluster analysis was used to determine the vegetation association. The relationship between abiotic factors and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square statistic. There are 5 vegetation associations at alliance 1, 6 associations at alliance 2, and 7 associations at alliance 3. Calcium, phosphorus content of soil, soil’s texture and slope direction are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 1. Calcium and phosphorus content of soil, and minimum altitude of plot are abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 2. Phosphorus content of soil and minimum altitude plot are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 3. Key words: Mount Salak, vegetation association, cluster analysis, chi-square statisti
Rural banks (BPRs) have some roles to small industries especially in rural area. The roles of BPRs are very important to develop the small industries because their capitals still limited. But BPRs have some problems to conduct their roles. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify small industries that being client of BPRs in West Sumatra and (2) to analyze the impact of credit to the increasing of small industries performance. Those objectives can be analyzed using descriptive approaches and econometrics in form of small industries model as simultaneous equation. The result showed that amount of credit that received by small industries was only significant to value small industries but not significant to using labor. There was no difference between the performance of constructed rural bank’s credit clients and non-constructed rural bank’s credit clients. Key words: credit, rural banks, financial performance, small industries
No full textRural banks (BPRs) have some roles to small industries especially in rural area. The roles of BPRs are very important to develop the small industries because their capitals still limited. But BPRs have some problems to conduct their roles. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify small industries that being client of BPRs in West Sumatra and (2) to analyze the impact of credit to the increasing of small industries performance. Those objectives can be analyzed using descriptive approaches and econometrics in form of small industries model as simultaneous equation. The result showed that amount of credit that received by small industries was only significant to value small industries but not significant to using labor. There was no difference between the performance of constructed rural bank’s credit clients and non-constructed rural bank’s credit clients. Key words: credit, rural banks, financial performance, small industrie
Groundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr. The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells. The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable. A research was conducted with the objectives to study the aquifer characteristics and to develop environmentally friendly groundwater management. Mathematical models were developed by combining equations of conservation of fluid mass (continuity equations) and Darcy’s law, whereas models of groundwater management were based on crop water requirement and aquifer characteristics. Test of the model resulted in coefficient of determination equal to 0.848 for the prediction of the drawdown groundwater head. The result of the model optimization indicated the optimum discharge of each of the wells was different. One of the wells had a the biggest discharge of 1,268.33 m3/day irrigating 27.58 ha and one other of the wells had a the smallest discharge of 279.54 m3/day irrigating 6.08 ha of paddy fields based on the irrigation water requirement of 45.99 m3/ha.day. The reasonable minimum area (ha) determined with equation of power function in x, where x are irrigated hours per season. For one of planting season/yr, the coefficients of the power (α) equal to 0.0123 and the power functions (β) equal to 0.7247, while for two of planting season/yr with α equal to 0.0047 and β equal to 0.8413. Key words: sustainable groundwater utilization, paddy field irrigation, groundwater management model
No full textGroundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr. The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells. The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable. A research was conducted with the objectives to study the aquifer characteristics and to develop environmentally friendly groundwater management. Mathematical models were developed by combining equations of conservation of fluid mass (continuity equations) and Darcy’s law, whereas models of groundwater management were based on crop water requirement and aquifer characteristics. Test of the model resulted in coefficient of determination equal to 0.848 for the prediction of the drawdown groundwater head. The result of the model optimization indicated the optimum discharge of each of the wells was different. One of the wells had a the biggest discharge of 1,268.33 m3/day irrigating 27.58 ha and one other of the wells had a the smallest discharge of 279.54 m3/day irrigating 6.08 ha of paddy fields based on the irrigation water requirement of 45.99 m3/ha.day. The reasonable minimum area (ha) determined with equation of power function in x, where x are irrigated hours per season. For one of planting season/yr, the coefficients of the power (α) equal to 0.0123 and the power functions (β) equal to 0.7247, while for two of planting season/yr with α equal to 0.0047 and β equal to 0.8413. Key words: sustainable groundwater utilization, paddy field irrigation, groundwater management mode
Silica, a polimerized silicon dioxide, is widely used as raw materials for food industries, such as food packaging, filter agent, biomarkers and biosensor for various analysis. In biological sistem such as sponge, the formation of silica structure was directed by protein known as silicatein. The aims of this research were to extract silicatein-like protein isolated from sponge live surrounding the Nias and Lombok seacost Indonesia and to study their activity to polymerize tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) in-vitro. Protein in silica spicule was isolated by collecting silica spicule, soaked in HF/NH4F buffer (pH5.0) for dissolving silica and releasing this protein. The protein was analysed by electrophoresis SDS-PAGE to estimate the molecular weight and the concentration was analyzed by Bradford method. The highest yield of silica spicula was 58.5% of dry weight sponge that was isolated from sponge MT37. By SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of protein from N6 showed three bands of 32, 27, 23 kDa, while MT5 protein was 15.5 kDa, and MT37 protein was 18 kDa. The highest polymerization activity was 144 µmol/ml TEOS occurs at 12 hours, showed by protein isolated from sponge MT37 of Lombok Marine. Key words: sponge, silicatein like-protein, tetraethoxyorthosilicate
No full textSilica, a polimerized silicon dioxide, is widely used as raw materials for food industries, such as food packaging, filter agent, biomarkers and biosensor for various analysis. In biological sistem such as sponge, the formation of silica structure was directed by protein known as silicatein. The aims of this research were to extract silicatein-like protein isolated from sponge live surrounding the Nias and Lombok seacost Indonesia and to study their activity to polymerize tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) in-vitro. Protein in silica spicule was isolated by collecting silica spicule, soaked in HF/NH4F buffer (pH5.0) for dissolving silica and releasing this protein. The protein was analysed by electrophoresis SDS-PAGE to estimate the molecular weight and the concentration was analyzed by Bradford method. The highest yield of silica spicula was 58.5% of dry weight sponge that was isolated from sponge MT37. By SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of protein from N6 showed three bands of 32, 27, 23 kDa, while MT5 protein was 15.5 kDa, and MT37 protein was 18 kDa. The highest polymerization activity was 144 µmol/ml TEOS occurs at 12 hours, showed by protein isolated from sponge MT37 of Lombok Marine. Key words: sponge, silicatein like-protein, tetraethoxyorthosilicat