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Municipal solid waste or MSW has potency to be decomposed by microorganisms and trasformed into compost. The waste contains 60%-75% of organic materials C, H, O, and N. The aim of this research was to develop a simulation model based on mathematical equations describing the phenomenon of the composting. The population of microorganisms , the rate of O2 consumption , the rate of CO2 production , the rate of H2O production, the rate of carbon nitrogen ratio or C/N, and temperature were the variables tested in this research. Validation was carried out by comparing datum of simulation model with datum of composting. Simulation model was declared valid if the values of each parameter were r2 > 0.75, the total value of Err was closed to zero, and the distribution of Err was independent to time. The sensitivity test was analyzed by comparing the value changes of variable tied with the value changes of free variable. Correction from the simulation model in predicting the microorganism population, CO2, O2, and temperature could be expressed respectively as y’ = 1.06(y-1.003), y’ = 1.07(y+ 0.07), y’ = 1.02(y+ 0.05), and y’ = 1.02(y - 1.05). The temperature, the C/N and the rate of O2 consumption were sensitive to the changes of microorganism population and the radius of the bioreactor. Key words: composting, organic materials, simulation, bioreactor
No full textMunicipal solid waste or MSW has potency to be decomposed by microorganisms and trasformed into compost. The waste contains 60%-75% of organic materials C, H, O, and N. The aim of this research was to develop a simulation model based on mathematical equations describing the phenomenon of the composting. The population of microorganisms , the rate of O2 consumption , the rate of CO2 production , the rate of H2O production, the rate of carbon nitrogen ratio or C/N, and temperature were the variables tested in this research. Validation was carried out by comparing datum of simulation model with datum of composting. Simulation model was declared valid if the values of each parameter were r2 > 0.75, the total value of Err was closed to zero, and the distribution of Err was independent to time. The sensitivity test was analyzed by comparing the value changes of variable tied with the value changes of free variable. Correction from the simulation model in predicting the microorganism population, CO2, O2, and temperature could be expressed respectively as y’ = 1.06(y-1.003), y’ = 1.07(y+ 0.07), y’ = 1.02(y+ 0.05), and y’ = 1.02(y - 1.05). The temperature, the C/N and the rate of O2 consumption were sensitive to the changes of microorganism population and the radius of the bioreactor. Key words: composting, organic materials, simulation, bioreacto
Urban pests like cockroaches, mosquitoes, and flies can transmit human diseases that cause health problems in the society. Currently, mosquito is main insect that transmit very deadly diseases, such as dengue fever, cikungunya, and malaria. Prevention of those diseases is generally focused on controlling the vectors in various ways, such as fogging, the use home pesticides, sanitation, use of mosquito repellents, electric rackets, and other traditional ways developed by the community (mosquito net, gauze, water). The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between characteristics of peoples live in Jakarta (based on age, sex, education, and income level) to their behavior in using home pesticides and to know the impact of those pesticides to peoples and pets live in their houses. Research sites were purposively directed to the areas that were appropriate with the substances and purposes of this study. Interviewed was conducted to the respondents (housewives) and inspection of their houses were also conducted to classify their houses as clean, moderately clean, and dirty or slum. Based on a survey to 155 respondents, it was revealed that respondent characteristics as well as their house conditions influenced the behavior of those respondents in choosing home pesticides. Majority of housewives (28.21%) use liquid pesticides which were contains the active ingredient of cypermethrin 0.4 g/l, imiprotrin 0.32 g/l, and transflutrin 0.2 g/l. In addition, 47.26% of them ignored the instruction written on the label in using those pesticides. Awareness of those respondents was still low in terms of dumping the package of pesticides; 96.64% of respondents dumped pesticides to the dumpster near their houses. Commercial advertencies from electronic media, especially TV, influence half of the respondents (52.74%) in choosing home pesticides used. In general, it can be summarized that the awareness of respondents in using home pesticides were still low. Most housewives did not know the danger of those chemicals and how to use it properly. Only 38.46% of them used non-chemical methods, such as insect net. Key words: home pesticides, active ingredient, urban pest, housewife, the environment
No full textUrban pests like cockroaches, mosquitoes, and flies can transmit human diseases that cause health problems in the society. Currently, mosquito is main insect that transmit very deadly diseases, such as dengue fever, cikungunya, and malaria. Prevention of those diseases is generally focused on controlling the vectors in various ways, such as fogging, the use home pesticides, sanitation, use of mosquito repellents, electric rackets, and other traditional ways developed by the community (mosquito net, gauze, water). The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between characteristics of peoples live in Jakarta (based on age, sex, education, and income level) to their behavior in using home pesticides and to know the impact of those pesticides to peoples and pets live in their houses. Research sites were purposively directed to the areas that were appropriate with the substances and purposes of this study. Interviewed was conducted to the respondents (housewives) and inspection of their houses were also conducted to classify their houses as clean, moderately clean, and dirty or slum. Based on a survey to 155 respondents, it was revealed that respondent characteristics as well as their house conditions influenced the behavior of those respondents in choosing home pesticides. Majority of housewives (28.21%) use liquid pesticides which were contains the active ingredient of cypermethrin 0.4 g/l, imiprotrin 0.32 g/l, and transflutrin 0.2 g/l. In addition, 47.26% of them ignored the instruction written on the label in using those pesticides. Awareness of those respondents was still low in terms of dumping the package of pesticides; 96.64% of respondents dumped pesticides to the dumpster near their houses. Commercial advertencies from electronic media, especially TV, influence half of the respondents (52.74%) in choosing home pesticides used. In general, it can be summarized that the awareness of respondents in using home pesticides were still low. Most housewives did not know the danger of those chemicals and how to use it properly. Only 38.46% of them used non-chemical methods, such as insect net. Key words: home pesticides, active ingredient, urban pest, housewife, the environmen
The objectives of this research are identifying factors that influence the farmer’s decision to develop human resources and analyzing the role of human resources development to the income of farmer household. Theoretical framework based on the analysis of farmer household economic using descriptive analysis and econometric using single equation. The research location at province of Yogyakarta Province that are Bantul District represent coastal area and Kulon Progo District represents mountainous area. The result of economic analysis shows factors that influence the farmer’s decision to make activity in human resources investment are farmer’s motivation, farmer’s education, amount of family members, farmer’s savings, perceptions toward human resources development and relation with organization. Investment for human resources development at coastal area is higher than at mountainous area. The income of farmers at coastal area influenced by education investment and health investment, while the income of farmers at mountainous area influenced by farmers education and family member education. The implication of this research are the government facilitate better education and health services for farmers household, in order to access finance and market organization easier, optimizing all institution at rural area. Key words: model of farmers household economic, human resources development and income of farmer household
No full textThe objectives of this research are identifying factors that influence the farmer’s decision to develop human resources and analyzing the role of human resources development to the income of farmer household. Theoretical framework based on the analysis of farmer household economic using descriptive analysis and econometric using single equation. The research location at province of Yogyakarta Province that are Bantul District represent coastal area and Kulon Progo District represents mountainous area. The result of economic analysis shows factors that influence the farmer’s decision to make activity in human resources investment are farmer’s motivation, farmer’s education, amount of family members, farmer’s savings, perceptions toward human resources development and relation with organization. Investment for human resources development at coastal area is higher than at mountainous area. The income of farmers at coastal area influenced by education investment and health investment, while the income of farmers at mountainous area influenced by farmers education and family member education. The implication of this research are the government facilitate better education and health services for farmers household, in order to access finance and market organization easier, optimizing all institution at rural area. Key words: model of farmers household economic, human resources development and income of farmer househol
Mangrove forest ecosystem is an important ecosystem in a coastal area in order to improve the welfare of coastal villages as well as to improve the productivity of coastal ecosystem. The purposes of this research were (1) to identify indicators of sustainable mangrove forest ecosystem; (2) to analyze the ecological, economic and social conditions of mangrove forest ecosystem; (3) to analyze index sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystem and (4) to formulate strategies for sustainable mangrove forest ecosystem in Western Part of Seram, Maluku. This research applied multidimensional scaling (MDS), leverage analysis, Monte Carlo analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to analyze data. Research showed that dimension of ecology, economy, and social was high sustainable, low sustainable and unsustainable respectively. Among 22 indicators analyzed there were 6 sensitive indicators which affected local sustainability index. These sensitive indicators should be improved to increase local sustainability index in the future. Key words: mangrove sustainability indicators, mangrove sustainability index
No full textMangrove forest ecosystem is an important ecosystem in a coastal area in order to improve the welfare of coastal villages as well as to improve the productivity of coastal ecosystem. The purposes of this research were (1) to identify indicators of sustainable mangrove forest ecosystem; (2) to analyze the ecological, economic and social conditions of mangrove forest ecosystem; (3) to analyze index sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystem and (4) to formulate strategies for sustainable mangrove forest ecosystem in Western Part of Seram, Maluku. This research applied multidimensional scaling (MDS), leverage analysis, Monte Carlo analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to analyze data. Research showed that dimension of ecology, economy, and social was high sustainable, low sustainable and unsustainable respectively. Among 22 indicators analyzed there were 6 sensitive indicators which affected local sustainability index. These sensitive indicators should be improved to increase local sustainability index in the future. Key words: mangrove sustainability indicators, mangrove sustainability inde
The economic crisis in 1997 has caused the rupiah exchange rate to depreciate from about Rp 2,500/US dollar to Rp 15,000/US dollar in the time of crisis and to around Rp 9,300/US dollar recently. This condition caused the authority to focus their policy in stabilizing rupiah and reducing inflation rate. The objectives of this research are firstly, to analyze the response of the variables of industrial production index (IPI), money supply and interest rate when the shocks to exchange rate and inflation take place; secondly, to analyze the contributions of IPI, inflation rate, money supply and interest rate differentiation in explaining the variation of exchange rate and inflation rate of Indonesia; and thirdly, to formulate the monetary policy of implication stabilizing the rupiah and inflation rate. The results show that the shock to the rupiah exchange rate has resulted in a very high depreciation responded by an increase in money supply and price but IPI decreases. To reduce depreciation, authority can increase the interest rate. Meanwhile the shock to inflation are responded directly by increases in Bank Indonesia certificate rate so that the money supply decreases, exchange rate appreciates, and IPI decreases. To stabilize the rupiah exchange rate and the inflation rate, monetary authority should carry out the tight money policy through a relatively high interest rate, so capital inflow will take place. Key words: monetary policy, rupiah exchange rate, inflation rate, industrial production index, vector autoregressive
No full textThe economic crisis in 1997 has caused the rupiah exchange rate to depreciate from about Rp 2,500/US dollar to Rp 15,000/US dollar in the time of crisis and to around Rp 9,300/US dollar recently. This condition caused the authority to focus their policy in stabilizing rupiah and reducing inflation rate. The objectives of this research are firstly, to analyze the response of the variables of industrial production index (IPI), money supply and interest rate when the shocks to exchange rate and inflation take place; secondly, to analyze the contributions of IPI, inflation rate, money supply and interest rate differentiation in explaining the variation of exchange rate and inflation rate of Indonesia; and thirdly, to formulate the monetary policy of implication stabilizing the rupiah and inflation rate. The results show that the shock to the rupiah exchange rate has resulted in a very high depreciation responded by an increase in money supply and price but IPI decreases. To reduce depreciation, authority can increase the interest rate. Meanwhile the shock to inflation are responded directly by increases in Bank Indonesia certificate rate so that the money supply decreases, exchange rate appreciates, and IPI decreases. To stabilize the rupiah exchange rate and the inflation rate, monetary authority should carry out the tight money policy through a relatively high interest rate, so capital inflow will take place. Key words: monetary policy, rupiah exchange rate, inflation rate, industrial production index, vector autoregressiv
The development of agro-industry in Kerinci Regency requires thoroughly understanding of its environment as it located in conservation area and many established agricultural crops area. This study aims to give a guide for agro-industry development zone in Kerinci Regency based on the regional potency, characteristic and regional development strategy. This research applied some approaches of analysis, namely (1) location quotient analysis, which was used to identify prime commodity of the region; (2) land suitability evaluation and land availability analysis to observe carrying capacity of land; (3) analytical hierarchy process method to determine agro-industry type to be developed; (4) GIS facility to determine agro-industry location. Furthermore, the determination of agro-industrial development guidances were done by descriptive analysis. The results of the researches were as follows: (1) prime commodity being raw material for agro-industry development in Kerinci Regency is cinnamon; (2) agro-industry which given highest priority to develop is cinnamon powder; ( 3) development of agro-industry in Kerinci Regency is pointed as according to development indication zone. Key words: agro-industry, prime commodity, Kerinci Regency
No full textThe development of agro-industry in Kerinci Regency requires thoroughly understanding of its environment as it located in conservation area and many established agricultural crops area. This study aims to give a guide for agro-industry development zone in Kerinci Regency based on the regional potency, characteristic and regional development strategy. This research applied some approaches of analysis, namely (1) location quotient analysis, which was used to identify prime commodity of the region; (2) land suitability evaluation and land availability analysis to observe carrying capacity of land; (3) analytical hierarchy process method to determine agro-industry type to be developed; (4) GIS facility to determine agro-industry location. Furthermore, the determination of agro-industrial development guidances were done by descriptive analysis. The results of the researches were as follows: (1) prime commodity being raw material for agro-industry development in Kerinci Regency is cinnamon; (2) agro-industry which given highest priority to develop is cinnamon powder; ( 3) development of agro-industry in Kerinci Regency is pointed as according to development indication zone. Key words: agro-industry, prime commodity, Kerinci Regenc
Migration is a natural process to distribute labor surplus in origin regions to destination regions having a high level of labor demand, but in recent years migration causes labor surplus and unemployment in the destination region. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of migration on labor market behavior and to evaluate the impact of internal migration policy on labor market behavior in Indonesia. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equation model containing 15 structural equations and 5 identities equations are constructed. The analysis use time series 1985-2006 data. Model was estimated by 2SLS method and simulation was used the Newton method. The results of this research indicated that migration influence labor supply in Jawa, Kalimantan and other island. Factors that influence labor demand in Java are amount of industry and government development expenditure, but in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and other island influenced by total investment, government development expenditure and lag labor demand. The impact of internal migration policy on labor market by way of increasing minimum wage can not solve labor market problem because the policy cause increase unemployment in each island. The impact of increasing minimum wage and government development expenditure can solve labor market problem through decreasing unemployment, although average wage in each island is increasing. The policy can also solve distribution of population by way of decreasing migration to Jawa. Key words: internal migration, labor market
No full textMigration is a natural process to distribute labor surplus in origin regions to destination regions having a high level of labor demand, but in recent years migration causes labor surplus and unemployment in the destination region. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of migration on labor market behavior and to evaluate the impact of internal migration policy on labor market behavior in Indonesia. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equation model containing 15 structural equations and 5 identities equations are constructed. The analysis use time series 1985-2006 data. Model was estimated by 2SLS method and simulation was used the Newton method. The results of this research indicated that migration influence labor supply in Jawa, Kalimantan and other island. Factors that influence labor demand in Java are amount of industry and government development expenditure, but in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and other island influenced by total investment, government development expenditure and lag labor demand. The impact of internal migration policy on labor market by way of increasing minimum wage can not solve labor market problem because the policy cause increase unemployment in each island. The impact of increasing minimum wage and government development expenditure can solve labor market problem through decreasing unemployment, although average wage in each island is increasing. The policy can also solve distribution of population by way of decreasing migration to Jawa. Key words: internal migration, labor marke
One major river flowing through Bekasi City is Bekasi river. Total extent of the Bekasi watershed is about 39.045 ha, in 2002 with rainfall of 250 mm for 8 hours caused about 138 ha flooded in residents area for 2-3 days in Bekasi City, more extremely in 2005 with rainfall only 127 mm for 6 hours caused about 164 ha flooded in residents area for 3 days. This evidence showed that flood problem in Bekasi City is become worse, and seem to be more horrifying in the future. Therefore, the flood problem needs an extremely great attention. The objectives of the research is (1) analysis watershed condition; (2) analysis of the causes of flood over Bekasi City from the perpective of hydrology and hydraulic; (3) plan of Bekasi watershed management to reduce flood risk in Bekasi City. To obtain the purposes of this research, the method of analysis is devided into four main subjects: (1) analysis of watershed condition using SCS method; (2) hydrology analysis using hydrology modeling HEC-HMS; (3) river flow capacity using hydraulic modeling HEC-RAS and (4) plan of scenarios to reduce flood risk. There are four scenarios to overcome the flood problems: (1) similarly with government plan 2010;(2) managing Bekasi watershed area with conservation tillage; (3) build water retarded structure entire of watershed and;(4) combination of second and third scenarios. The research results shown that river flow capacity only 462 m3/s is not enough to flow the discharges, otherwise the land use is change and increasing the run off in upstream. Based on the problems, it is expected to overcome the flood problem by managing Bekasi watershed area with conservation tillage and build water retarded structure. It will reduce 28.58% of the discharge run off in 2020. Key words: flood, land use changing, watershed management
No full textOne major river flowing through Bekasi City is Bekasi river. Total extent of the Bekasi watershed is about 39.045 ha, in 2002 with rainfall of 250 mm for 8 hours caused about 138 ha flooded in residents area for 2-3 days in Bekasi City, more extremely in 2005 with rainfall only 127 mm for 6 hours caused about 164 ha flooded in residents area for 3 days. This evidence showed that flood problem in Bekasi City is become worse, and seem to be more horrifying in the future. Therefore, the flood problem needs an extremely great attention. The objectives of the research is (1) analysis watershed condition; (2) analysis of the causes of flood over Bekasi City from the perpective of hydrology and hydraulic; (3) plan of Bekasi watershed management to reduce flood risk in Bekasi City. To obtain the purposes of this research, the method of analysis is devided into four main subjects: (1) analysis of watershed condition using SCS method; (2) hydrology analysis using hydrology modeling HEC-HMS; (3) river flow capacity using hydraulic modeling HEC-RAS and (4) plan of scenarios to reduce flood risk. There are four scenarios to overcome the flood problems: (1) similarly with government plan 2010;(2) managing Bekasi watershed area with conservation tillage; (3) build water retarded structure entire of watershed and;(4) combination of second and third scenarios. The research results shown that river flow capacity only 462 m3/s is not enough to flow the discharges, otherwise the land use is change and increasing the run off in upstream. Based on the problems, it is expected to overcome the flood problem by managing Bekasi watershed area with conservation tillage and build water retarded structure. It will reduce 28.58% of the discharge run off in 2020. Key words: flood, land use changing, watershed managemen