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Potential Analysis of Rubber Smallholding Development in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province
Get PDFDevelopment of preminent commodity of rubber is one of Mandailing Natal Regency Government’s strategy to improve society prosperity. To support the mentioned things, this research was conducted with purpose of determining location suitability for the development of rubber plantation based on land evaluation, analysing of financial and marketing feasibilities of rubber smallholding, and analysing the directive of rubber smallholding potential development in Mandailing Natal Regency by using mapping and descriptive analysis. The research result shows that acreage of potential area for the development of rubber plantation in Mandailing Natal Regency is 460 849 ha (70.41%). Financially, the enterprise of rubber smallholding in every land suitability class is feasible. The market chain of rubber in Mandailing Natal Regency is not efficient enough. The location which is able to be recommended for the development of rubber plantation in Mandailing Natal Regency based on potential location, financially and relevant government regulations is 201 875 ha (30.84%). The performance of rubber smallholding plantation in Mandailing Natal Regency is influenced by agricultural extension service officer, the availability of farmer group, rubber productivity and availability of agricultural infrastructure. Nowdays, rubber processing factory should be built in Mandailing Natal, considering that raw materials are widely available and added value will contribute for regional development
Open University (UT) is the first university used distance learning systems. Therefore, some important aspects that must be possessed by students in this learning system is the desire and ability to learn independently, and then motivation to progress and develop. Distance teaching and learning process is basically addressed to the readiness and motivation of students to study independently. This study uses two-factor theory of motivation namely intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Therefore, in facing the problem of student motivation, UT needs to provide excellent service to support and motivate the student. To achieve an excellent service UT must have certain skills in human resources. Based on the existing problems, the purpose of this study were to analyze the affect of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and excellent service toward the satisfaction of a student graduate at Management Study Program, Economic Faculty of Open University. This study used crosstabs and multiple regression analysis. From the analysis showed that significantly the affect between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, excellent service, and dummy variable of graduation period, and education level. Key words: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, excellent service, student graduate satisfaction
No full textOpen University (UT) is the first university used distance learning systems. Therefore, some important aspects that must be possessed by students in this learning system is the desire and ability to learn independently, and then motivation to progress and develop. Distance teaching and learning process is basically addressed to the readiness and motivation of students to study independently. This study uses two-factor theory of motivation namely intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Therefore, in facing the problem of student motivation, UT needs to provide excellent service to support and motivate the student. To achieve an excellent service UT must have certain skills in human resources. Based on the existing problems, the purpose of this study were to analyze the affect of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and excellent service toward the satisfaction of a student graduate at Management Study Program, Economic Faculty of Open University. This study used crosstabs and multiple regression analysis. From the analysis showed that significantly the affect between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, excellent service, and dummy variable of graduation period, and education level. Key words: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, excellent service, student graduate satisfactio
The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is believed to be the initiating factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Curcuminoid, the metabolite of Zingiberaceae family such as temu mangga (Curcuma mangga), has been shown to reduce the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. In this study, we examined the effect of curcuminoid extracted from temu mangga on copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in mice’s macrophages and Macaca nemestrina’s monocytes. Analyses were done by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as malonaldehyde (MDA). LDL were harvested and isolated from 5 adult female Macaca fascicularis fed aterogenic diet for 3 months. LDL oxidation by mice macrophage incubated for 4 hours were inhibited by curcuminoid at concentration of 8 ppm. There was decreased 17% (P<0.01) in the concentration of MDA compared to control without curcuminoid (31.99B±0. vs 36.77A±0.9 nmol/mg protein LDL, respectively). Inhibiton of LDL oxidation in M. nemestrina macrophage were highest by curcuminoid at 8 ppm for 4 hours and 6 hours incubation. There was 14.8% and 23% inhibiton (P<0.01) (23.768 ± 0.095A vs 27.111B±0.972 and 23.37B±0.12 vs 30.87A±2.49 nmol/mg LDL protein, respectively). These data suggest that curcuminoid of temu mangga were able to inhibit LDL oxidation in the cellular level, therefore offer protection against oxidation of LDL. Key words: LDL, atherosclerosis, curcuminoid, Curcuma mangga
No full textThe oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is believed to be the initiating factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Curcuminoid, the metabolite of Zingiberaceae family such as temu mangga (Curcuma mangga), has been shown to reduce the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. In this study, we examined the effect of curcuminoid extracted from temu mangga on copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in mice’s macrophages and Macaca nemestrina’s monocytes. Analyses were done by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as malonaldehyde (MDA). LDL were harvested and isolated from 5 adult female Macaca fascicularis fed aterogenic diet for 3 months. LDL oxidation by mice macrophage incubated for 4 hours were inhibited by curcuminoid at concentration of 8 ppm. There was decreased 17% (P<0.01) in the concentration of MDA compared to control without curcuminoid (31.99B±0. vs 36.77A±0.9 nmol/mg protein LDL, respectively). Inhibiton of LDL oxidation in M. nemestrina macrophage were highest by curcuminoid at 8 ppm for 4 hours and 6 hours incubation. There was 14.8% and 23% inhibiton (P<0.01) (23.768 ± 0.095A vs 27.111B±0.972 and 23.37B±0.12 vs 30.87A±2.49 nmol/mg LDL protein, respectively). These data suggest that curcuminoid of temu mangga were able to inhibit LDL oxidation in the cellular level, therefore offer protection against oxidation of LDL. Key words: LDL, atherosclerosis, curcuminoid, Curcuma mangg
This research has been held since February to November 2008 in the Research Laboratory and Teaching Farm of KPBI (Koperasi Peternak Babi Indonesia), Cisarua District, Bandung Regency and Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Padjadjaran University. The purpose of this research is to know the effective dosage of curcumin to give equivalent influence with virginiamycin as growth promotor in pig. This research use completely randomized design consisting of five treatments (Rvm: 50 ppm virginiamicin, R0: tanpa virginiamicin dan curcumin, R1: 120 ppm curcumin, R2: 160 ppm curcumin, and R3: 200 ppm curcumin), with five treatment. This research used 25 starter period pigs, age 2 months with weight rate of 18 kg and variation coefficient of 6.33%. The result shows that giving curcuminoid as feed additive 160 ppm in pig ration significant by influenced to digestible energy, the rate of passage of feed, body weight gain, feed efficiency and time to slaugter weight. It is concluded that curcumin with dose of 160 ppm in pig ration will be able to replace virginiamycin as growth promotor. Key words: curcumin, virginiamicin, pig
No full textThis research has been held since February to November 2008 in the Research Laboratory and Teaching Farm of KPBI (Koperasi Peternak Babi Indonesia), Cisarua District, Bandung Regency and Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Padjadjaran University. The purpose of this research is to know the effective dosage of curcumin to give equivalent influence with virginiamycin as growth promotor in pig. This research use completely randomized design consisting of five treatments (Rvm: 50 ppm virginiamicin, R0: tanpa virginiamicin dan curcumin, R1: 120 ppm curcumin, R2: 160 ppm curcumin, and R3: 200 ppm curcumin), with five treatment. This research used 25 starter period pigs, age 2 months with weight rate of 18 kg and variation coefficient of 6.33%. The result shows that giving curcuminoid as feed additive 160 ppm in pig ration significant by influenced to digestible energy, the rate of passage of feed, body weight gain, feed efficiency and time to slaugter weight. It is concluded that curcumin with dose of 160 ppm in pig ration will be able to replace virginiamycin as growth promotor. Key words: curcumin, virginiamicin, pi
Fermented was reported to have different physicochemical and functional properties to those of non fermented flour. The objective of this research was to study the effect of spontaneous fermentation to chemical and rheological properties of corn flour and to identifying correlation among parameters. Flour was prepared by spontaneous fermentation with variation of fermentation time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours). The result indicated that the increasing of corn grits fermentation time was decrease of protein, crude fiber, lipid, ash, starch and amylase content of corn flour. The increasing of protein content, reduction sugar, crude fiber, ash, bulk density and gelatinization time were decrease of gel strength. Gel strength will be promote with increasing of angle of repose and peak viscosity. Gel stickeness will decrease with increasing of amylosa: amylopecyin ratio and breakdown viscosity. Key words: white corn, flour,fermentation, chemical, rheological
No full textFermented was reported to have different physicochemical and functional properties to those of non fermented flour. The objective of this research was to study the effect of spontaneous fermentation to chemical and rheological properties of corn flour and to identifying correlation among parameters. Flour was prepared by spontaneous fermentation with variation of fermentation time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours). The result indicated that the increasing of corn grits fermentation time was decrease of protein, crude fiber, lipid, ash, starch and amylase content of corn flour. The increasing of protein content, reduction sugar, crude fiber, ash, bulk density and gelatinization time were decrease of gel strength. Gel strength will be promote with increasing of angle of repose and peak viscosity. Gel stickeness will decrease with increasing of amylosa: amylopecyin ratio and breakdown viscosity. Key words: white corn, flour,fermentation, chemical, rheologica
Household farmers have allocated the family labour resources to their cattle farming that contribute to farmers’ income generation and distributed to their household expenditures. Household farmers face the transaction cost during the production process. The highest transaction cost, the least income allocation. The objectives of the study were (1) to develop household economy model in the corn-cattle farming system include transaction cost and (2) to analyze factors influencing the input use, output, income generation and expenditures of household farmers. A survey was used to gather and collect information of 194 household farmers that sampling by simple random. Simultaneous equations model with to SLS method was used to estimate the parameter. The result showed that household economy model could describe promptly the impact of transaction cost. The transaction cost significantly affected the farmers behavior on production decision, the use of production input and family labor as well as consumption expenditures. A change on the policy of increasing output price, transaction costs of the cattle intermediaries and corn transport cost have affected the farmer’s household economic performances. Key words: transaction cost, household economics, corn-cattle farming systems
No full textHousehold farmers have allocated the family labour resources to their cattle farming that contribute to farmers’ income generation and distributed to their household expenditures. Household farmers face the transaction cost during the production process. The highest transaction cost, the least income allocation. The objectives of the study were (1) to develop household economy model in the corn-cattle farming system include transaction cost and (2) to analyze factors influencing the input use, output, income generation and expenditures of household farmers. A survey was used to gather and collect information of 194 household farmers that sampling by simple random. Simultaneous equations model with to SLS method was used to estimate the parameter. The result showed that household economy model could describe promptly the impact of transaction cost. The transaction cost significantly affected the farmers behavior on production decision, the use of production input and family labor as well as consumption expenditures. A change on the policy of increasing output price, transaction costs of the cattle intermediaries and corn transport cost have affected the farmer’s household economic performances. Key words: transaction cost, household economics, corn-cattle farming system
The paper describes about rainfall zoning and rainfall prediction modeling and its use for rice availability and vulnerability analysis. The study used rainfall data from Station Baros (Banten region), Station Karawang and Station Kasomalang Subang (Northern Coastal of West-Java), and Station Tarogong (Garut). Fuzzy clustering methods, that was applied for rainfall zoning, used the representative data for El-Nino, La-Nina and normal means condition during 1980-2006 periods. Neural network analysis technique was applied for rainfall prediction modeling. Training set of the model based on the rainfall data of 1990-2002 periods, and validation model based on data of 2003-2006 periods. The model were used to predict the rainfall of 2007-2008 periods. The distibution of equivalence value between rainfall stations was very variative under El-Nino, La-Nina and Normal condition. On the certain of equivalence level it could be derivated some different rainfall zone under El-Nino, La-Nina and normal condition. Model training set could explain 88% of Baros rainfall variability, 89% of Karawang rainfall variability, and 72% of Kasomalang rainfall variability. At Baros, Karawang and Subang, rainfall was predicted to be increased on November 2007-February 2008 period, and to be decreased on the March-June 2008, and to be increased on July-November 2008. The rainfall decreasing on the March-June would carry a losses of rice production up to 25%. But, applying the well irrigation management and suitable growing periods could decrease and mitigate the decreasing of paddy production. Key words: rainfall prediction model, fuzzy clustering, neural network analysis, rice vulnerability
No full textThe paper describes about rainfall zoning and rainfall prediction modeling and its use for rice availability and vulnerability analysis. The study used rainfall data from Station Baros (Banten region), Station Karawang and Station Kasomalang Subang (Northern Coastal of West-Java), and Station Tarogong (Garut). Fuzzy clustering methods, that was applied for rainfall zoning, used the representative data for El-Nino, La-Nina and normal means condition during 1980-2006 periods. Neural network analysis technique was applied for rainfall prediction modeling. Training set of the model based on the rainfall data of 1990-2002 periods, and validation model based on data of 2003-2006 periods. The model were used to predict the rainfall of 2007-2008 periods. The distibution of equivalence value between rainfall stations was very variative under El-Nino, La-Nina and Normal condition. On the certain of equivalence level it could be derivated some different rainfall zone under El-Nino, La-Nina and normal condition. Model training set could explain 88% of Baros rainfall variability, 89% of Karawang rainfall variability, and 72% of Kasomalang rainfall variability. At Baros, Karawang and Subang, rainfall was predicted to be increased on November 2007-February 2008 period, and to be decreased on the March-June 2008, and to be increased on July-November 2008. The rainfall decreasing on the March-June would carry a losses of rice production up to 25%. But, applying the well irrigation management and suitable growing periods could decrease and mitigate the decreasing of paddy production. Key words: rainfall prediction model, fuzzy clustering, neural network analysis, rice vulnerabilit
Sustainable agriculture development requires a high quality and proper land management in order to promote high farmer’s income and to prevent natural resources degradation. This research was conducted in Nopu sub-watershed, a sub sub Gumbasa watershed, Central Sulawesi Province. The erosion and surface run off were observed by placing erosion plots on various ages of cocoa land uses (monoculture and agroforestry), whiles the soil quality indicators were observed by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of soil samples, which were collected from various ages of cocoa land use. The soil profile permeability and soil surface coverage were directly observed on the field. Production and farmer’s income of various cocoa land use systems in Nopu watershed were collected by using questioners. Sustainable management of cocoa (monoculture and agroforestry) was formulated by using various scenarios. Results of the study showed that 1) forest conversion into cocoa land use decreased soil quality degradation, tended to increase soil erosion and run off; 2) to establish a sustainable cocoa farming system in Nopu watershed, there should be practiced a proper and equilibrium fertilization, application of adequate soil and water conservation techniques such as mulching and construction of ditches closed (rorak) and ridges (sengkedan). Key words: cocoa, erosion, farmer’s income, forest conversion, soil quality
No full textSustainable agriculture development requires a high quality and proper land management in order to promote high farmer’s income and to prevent natural resources degradation. This research was conducted in Nopu sub-watershed, a sub sub Gumbasa watershed, Central Sulawesi Province. The erosion and surface run off were observed by placing erosion plots on various ages of cocoa land uses (monoculture and agroforestry), whiles the soil quality indicators were observed by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of soil samples, which were collected from various ages of cocoa land use. The soil profile permeability and soil surface coverage were directly observed on the field. Production and farmer’s income of various cocoa land use systems in Nopu watershed were collected by using questioners. Sustainable management of cocoa (monoculture and agroforestry) was formulated by using various scenarios. Results of the study showed that 1) forest conversion into cocoa land use decreased soil quality degradation, tended to increase soil erosion and run off; 2) to establish a sustainable cocoa farming system in Nopu watershed, there should be practiced a proper and equilibrium fertilization, application of adequate soil and water conservation techniques such as mulching and construction of ditches closed (rorak) and ridges (sengkedan). Key words: cocoa, erosion, farmer’s income, forest conversion, soil qualit