Jurnal POETIKA
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Haunted Memory, Trauma, and Recovery in Louise Erdrich’s The Stone
Full text linkWhile the ghost is almost always connected with the source of terror, psychological disorder, traumatic memory, unfinished task, or dormant desire, could it also be a guide to collective memory and recovery, especially for Native American society? This study aimed to read the haunting phenomenon in Louise Erdrich’s The Stone as literary work that could give a deeper understanding of the relation among haunting, collective memory, trauma, and recovery. It answered two questions: 1) How the haunting narrated past collective memory and system of power to the living, and 2) How the relationship between the memory and the present living might establish recovery. To analyze the text, this study used the haunting theory by Avery Gordon. The main data was collected from Louise Erdrich’s The Stone. The result revealed that 1) the haunting in this work was related to the demand of Ojibwe memory in the reservation era, that was the demand to be remembered; 2) the traumatic event was not over and continues to occur in the present, and 3) this text developed new mode of practicing testimony through the act of remembrance of the past collective memory
THERE IS NO POSSIBILITY OF ANOTHER SUBJECT ON THE PERSONA “WE” FROM REAGAN’S POEM LIFE
Full text linkWritten by young Reagan, Life is a poem with a distinctive discourse as a literary work in the beginning of American modernism. The study of Life in the present article focuses on the interpretation of “we” and is contextualized within the historical narratives of the Puritans and the spirit of American Dream in the 20s. The analysis of the poem’s representations of the symbolic, the imaginary, and the Truth presented here is a Žižekian reading of the subjects “we” in the poem’s text who appear to get themselves into a pseudo activity in relation to the narratives of the Founding Fathers as the chosen ones in the holy journey of establishing America. The speaker of the poem, which is part of “we,” reflects the spirit of American Dream and reminds his fellow Americans to keep going amidst the feeling of alienation caused by the modern capitalism that is expressed by words “suffer”, “struggle”, “weep”, “drench”, “break”, “jade”, “sorrow”, “warp” and “pain” 15 times in only 8 stanzas/32 lines. The speaker’s sense of Americanism becomes the only Truth for the “we” until they grow their own Cynical Awareness
DIVINE VALUES IN THIBBIL QULUB AS A MEANS OF SPIRITUAL RECREATION FOR MUSLIMS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PANDEMIC
Full text linkSyair (Islamic hymn) is one form of oral literature which, in general, has a certain place in the cultural pattern of society. The current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on various aspects of human life. This pandemic has a global and personal impact, one of which is the impact on human psychology. Salawat Thibbil Qulub is a salawat that contains a prayer addressed to Allah SWT. Several interviews with mosque congregation reciting Islamic hymns in Surakarta have revealed that Thibbil Qulub is one of the most frequently recited types of Islamic hymns. On the basis of this phenomenon, we look into a number of underlying assumptions about the verses in Thibbil Qulub whose role are providing peace of mind for muslims in the midst of a pandemic situation. This study uses descriptive qualitative method to investigate and describe the meaning of the verses of “Thibbil Qulub”. This study employs Riffaterre's semiotic approach for the textual analysis of the verses. The findings lead to the conclusion that the verses of Thibbil Qulub are indeed full of divine values and a relevant means of restoring or maintaining inner peace for muslims in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic
Existentialism as Portrayed in Stoner
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to analyze a novel titled Stoner (1965) written by an American academic and author, John Williams. Stoner follows the life of William Stoner, a professor of English Literature. Stoner comes from an impoverished farming family with a unique existential ethics. He works his way to become a university instructor and learns the magnitude of passion in the success of life. This study uses Lucien Goldmann’s Genetic Structuralist theory. The goals of this research are: 1) to analyze the structure of the literary work; 2) to understand the historical background that influences the novel; and 3) to reveal the author’s world view. The study shows that John Williams captures an existential tradition belonging to American lower-class famers who lived around the late 19th century. Stoner also captures the transformation of the existential tradition following a social, economic, and political transition. Camus’s The Myth of Sisyphus is used as a reference to explain the manifestation of the existential idea
NON-AMERICAN BLACK WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: A FOURTH-WAVE FEMINISM STUDY ON CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S AMERICANAH
Full text linkRacial issues have been a big problem in the United States of America since the slavery era. Although racism still exists in its society, many people are still migrating to America. For example, non-American Black women go there to try their luck to get a better education, a better job, and a better standard of living. However, some of them experience racism and gender inequality at work, as well as everywhere else in American society. Nevertheless, these experiences of racism and inequality may well be what motivates them to gain empowerment and gender equality. The qualitative method is used in this research. The primary source is a novel by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie titled Americanah (2013). The secondary sources to support this analysis are books, journals, articles, videos, and current news related to the issues. Post-nationalist studies by John Rowe, transnationalism studies by Steven Vertovec, fourth-wave feminism ideas from Nikola Rivers and Prudence Chamberlain, and Black women’s empowerment studies by Sheila Radford-Hill and Patricia Hill Collins are used to analyze the data. The results of this research are: first, there are measures taken by non-American Black women to gain empowerment in the US, which begin with their aspirations to obtain acceptance in society. Second, the redefinition of gender equality through education, employment, and social changes leads to the acceptance of non-American Black women in society. The acceptance and empowerment become evidence of gender equality in education, employment, and social life. Isu rasisme menjadi salah satu masalah besar di Amerika Serikat sejak masa perbudakan. Meskipun rasisme masih terjadi, tetapi tidak sedikit imigran yang datang dan menetap. Wanita kulit hitam dari luar Amerika datang untuk mendapat pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan hidup layak. Tetapi, tidak sedikit mendapatkan rasisme dan ketidaksetaraan gender di dalam dan masyarakat. Dengan demikian, rasisme dan ketidaksetaraan memotivasi wanita kulit hitam non-Amerika untuk memperoleh pemberdayaan dan kesetaraan gender. Metode kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sumber pertama, novel karya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie berjudul Americanah (2013). Sumber kedua untuk mendukung analisis diambil dari beberapa buku, jurnal, artikel, video, dan berita yang berhubungan dengan isu yang dibahas. Beberapa teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis, yakni teori pos-nasionalis dari John Rowe, transnasionalisme dari Steven Vertovec, feminisme gelombang keempat dari Nikola Rivers dan Prudence Chamberlain, dan pemberdayaan perempuan berkulit hitam dari Sheila Radford-Hill dan Patricia Hill Collins. Berdasarkan hasil analisa, pertama, pemberdayaan wanita kulit hitam non-Amerika dimulai dari perjuangan mereka untuk mendapatkan pemberdayaan dari masyarakat. Proses perjuangan dan keberanian yang menuntun mereka untuk bisa beradaptasi dengan situasi di Amerika. Kedua, mendefinisikan kesetaraan gender dalam dunia pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan perubahan sosial. Beberapa dampak pemberdayaan menjadi bukti pencapaian kesetaraan gender dalam dunia pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan perubahan kehidupan sosial
AN ECOFEMINIST READING OF TERE LIYE’S SI ANAK PEMBERANI
Full text linkThis study is motivated by several reasons, and one of them is the lack of ecofeminist studies of Indonesian novels. The previous studies focus on novels written by women. Ecofeminist studies of Indonesian novels written by men have not been available so far. The analysis in this study is descriptive with hermeneutic technique of interpretation. This is part of a collective research project in this area. The study leads to a conclusion that Tere Liye’s novel, Si Anak Pemberani, contains some ecofeminist values. The most represented ones in the text are the natural ecofeminist values because there is essential relationship between women and nature. The least represented ones are the spiritualist ecofeminist values because the relationship between spirituality and nature is considered a mystical belief that is no longer relevant in modern society. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh beberapa hal; salah satunya adalah belum adanya kajian ekofeminisme terhadap novel-novel Indonesia. Penelitian-penelitian yang sudah pernah dilakukan selalu dilakukan terhadap novel-novel yang ditulis oleh pengarang perempuan sementara penelitian ekofeminisme terhadap novel-novel Indonesia yang ditulis oleh laki-laki belum ada. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, masalah yang dideskripsikan dalam penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimanakah perspektif ekofeminis tercermin dalam novel Si Anak Pemberani karya Tere Liye?”. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori ekofeminisme yang meliputi (1) ekofeminisme alam, (2) ekofeminisme spriritualis, dan (3) ekofeminisme sosialis. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan merupakan penelitian kepustakaan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif yang didukung oleh teknik hermeneutik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perspektif ekofeminis dalam novel Si Anak Pemberani karya Tere Liye. Aliran ekofeminisme yang dominan adalah aliran ekofeminisme alam karena pada dasarnya perempuan memiliki kedekatan dengan alam. Aliran yang paling sedikit ditampilkan adalah aliran ekofeminisme spiritualis karena pada zaman sekarang kedekatan secara spiritualis dengan alam dianggap hal mistis yang tidak lagi dipercayai oleh masyarakat
JATISABA (2015) AND ELEVEN MINUTES (2003) FROM A PSYCHOANALYTIC FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Full text linkThis study analyzes Jatisaba, a novel by Ramayda Akmal and Eleven Minutes, a novel by Paulo Coelho, within a comparative literature framework. It aims to compare the transformation of the main female characters and their struggle to survive in both novels. By means of a descriptive qualitative method, the research was conducted from a psychoanalytic feminist perspective. This perspective believes that women are not born inferior, but some factors in her life have been placing them in an inferior position to men. The study resulted in the following findings. First, the main characters of both novels, Mae and Maria, underwent a psychological transformation throughout their life journeys of surviving human trafficking, sexual harassment and prostitution and navigating their love lives Both of them were brought up by a mother with a strong character that could protect them from castration and gender inferiority as a woman. Second, Mae and Maria’s struggle to survive became the cause of their resistance against patriarchal values with the power of their femininity. Third, the difference between the endings of the two novels reflects the different social and cultural values in the respective stories that greatly influence the female characters’ lives. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa novel Jatisaba karya Ramayda Akmal dari Indonesia dan Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho dari Brazil menggunakan pendekatan sastra banding. Penelitian ini mengungkap transformasi karakter dari tokoh utama perempuan dalam kedua novel dan cara mereka bertahan hidup dalam dunia yang didominasi oleh budaya patriarki. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan perspektif feminis psikoanalisis. Perspektif ini berpandangan bahwa perempuan tidak dilahirkan sebagai makhluk inferior, tetapi ada beberapa faktor dalam hidup mereka yang dapat menyebabkan mereka berada pada posisi inferior. Hasil penelitian mengungkap tiga hal berikut ini. Pertama, transformasi psikologis dari tokoh utama perempuan dalam kedua novel, Mae dan Maria, merupakan hasil dari perjalanan hidup mereka melalui pengalaman-pengalaman seperti perdagangan manusia, kekerasan seksual dan prostitusi serta kehidupan percintaan. Keduanya dibesarkan oleh sosok ibu yang tangguh yang melindungi mereka dari kastrasi dan inferioritas sebagai perempuan. Kedua, perjuangan untuk bertahan hidup yang ditunjukkan Maria dan Mae menggambarkan perlawanan terhadap nilai-nilai patriarki menggunakan femininitas mereka Ketiga, pengaruh faktor-faktor sosial dan budaya terhadap pembentukan karakter kedua tokoh utama tersebut tercermin dalam akhir cerita yang berbeda antara novel Jatisaba dan Eleven Minutes
WOMEN’S LIBERTY IN RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE (NAWĀL AL-SA’DĀWĪ’S FANTASY IN ZĪNAH)
Full text linkThe objective of this research is to reveal Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī’s fantasy and to find out why she builds a fantasy of women’s autonomy in religious discourse as depicted in her latest novel, Zīnah. This study focuses on the concept of fantasy in Žižek's theory of subjectivity, which sees fantasy as a screen covering the lacks and inconsistencies of the shackling Symbolic. Fantasy is also an estuary of meaning that confirms the existence of a divided and dialectical subject that continues to move in search of self-fulfillment. The research method is hermeneutic, namely by interpreting the actions and fantasies of al-Sa’dāwī' as a subject. The analysis shows that al-Sa’dāwī’s fantasy is her realization of a transcendental humanist religious discourse which gives women full autonomy, internally and externally. Zīnah, the main character in the novel, is a symbol of this autonomy. Internally, Zīnah has been set free from the patriarchal shackles of religious discourses. Externally, Zīnah is able to change the structure and create a new humanist, transcendental, and progressive structure in religious discourse to liberate human beings. Zīnah is al-Sa’dāwī’s fantasy to cover up the lacks of The Symbolic, the estuary of meaning, and confirmation of her existence as a divided and dialectical subject. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan fantasi Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī dan mengapa Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī membangun fantasi otonomi perempuan dalam wacana agama yang tergambar dalam novel terakhirnya, Zīnah. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada Fantasi yang ada dalam teori subjektivitas Žižek. Fantasi adalah layar yang menutupi kekurangan dan inkonsistensi dalam the symbolic yang membelenggu. Fantasi juga muara makna yang mengukuhkan eksistensi subjek yang terbelah dan berdialektik yang terus bergerak untuk mencari pemenuhan diri. Metode penelitian adalah hermeneutik dengan cara menafsirkan tindakan dan fantasi Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī sebagai subjek. Hasil analisisnya, fantasi Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī adalah terwujudnya wacana agama humanis transendental yang memberikan otonomi penuh perempuan, internal dan eksternal. Tokoh Zīnah adalah simbolisasi otonomi tersebut. Secara internal, Zīnah telah terbebas dari belenggu patriarki wacana agama. Secara eksternal, Zīnah mampu mengubah struktur dan membuat struktur baru yang humanis, transendental, dan progresif dalam wacana agama untuk membebaskan manusia. Zīnah adalah fantasi Nawāl al-Sa’dāwī untuk menutupi kekurangan the symbolic, muara makna, dan pengukuhan eksistensinya sebagai subjek yang terbelah dan berdialektika
BUILDING IDENTITY IN GLOBAL REALITY: A POSTCOLONIAL STUDY ON RAJAA ALSANEA'S BANAT AR-RIYADH
No full textThis study aims to examine the novel Banaat ar-Riyadh (Girls of Riyadh) from the perspective of globalization using a postcolonial approach. This novel was written by Rajaa Alsanea, a Riyadhi girl who moved to the United States of America and then published her novel in Lebanon. The novel was written in the form of a series of electronic mails sent by four young Riyadhi girls who discuss the contestation between traditional Saudi Arabian norms and American norms. Fittingly, this study uses postcolonial theory, with the theoretical framework of globalization as a basis for investigating the aspects identified in the theory, such as mimicry, inferiority, and hybridity, and applies deductive qualitative method from a globalization perspective. The results of this study indicate the influence of American culture on the lives of Saudi Arabians. The influence of American culture is obtained through Saudi people, both men and women, who study and work in the United States. It is the relationship between Arab culture and American culture that influences the Arab way of thinking, which leads to certain behavioral changes. Some Arabs, previously compliant to their traditional values, display behavorial changes that are inspired by Americans, especially American women. Arab women who are supposed to constantly obey state rules, want changes which they adopt from American culture. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti novel Banaat ar-Riyadh dari perspektif globalisasi dengan mengambil pendekatan poskolonial. Novel ini ditulis oleh Rajaa Alsanea, seorang gadis Riyadh yang pindah ke Amerika Serikat lalu menerbitkan novelnya di Lebanon. Novel ini berbentuk rangkaian surat elektronik yang dikirimkan oleh empat sekawan gadis-gadis Riyadh yang membicarakan kontestasi antara norma-norma tradisional Arab Saudi dengan norma-norma Amerika Serikat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan teori poskolonial, serta globalisasi sebagai landasan untuk melihat aspek-aspek yang dikemukakan dalam teori tersebut, yaitu mimikri, inferioritas, dan hibriditas, dengan metode deduktif kualitatif yang ditempatkan dalam perspektif globalisasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh budaya Amerika pada tata kehidupan sebagian orang Arab Saudi. Pengaruh budaya Amerika itu diperoleh melalui orang-orang Arab Saudi, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, yang menempuh studi dan bekerja di Amerika. Keterhubungan antara budaya Arab dengan budaya Amerika inilah yang memengaruhi pemikiran orang Arab, yang kemudian berdampak pada perubahan perilaku. Orang Arab yang semula berpegang teguh pada aturan-aturan tradisi kemudian menginginkan perubahan-perubahan yang mengarah pada pada perilaku orang Amerika yang mereka lihat, terutama pada perempuan. Perempuan Arab, yang diharuskan patuh pada aturan-aturan yang dibuat oleh negara, menginginkan perubahan-perubahan dengan mengadopsi budaya Amerika
POWER RELATIONS ON FEMALE BODY IN SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA’S SHORT STORY
No full textThis study explored the practice of power relations and the panopticon as a disciplinary mechanism in Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Istana Tembok Bolong short story. ‘Istana tembok bolong’ in this literary work refers to a place near a train station that is separated from the outside area by a perforated wall, which turns to be a palace for the lower class of society occupying the space. By using Foucauldian analysis, this study examined the case of ‘selling matches’ as the central issue of the story being discussed. This phenomenon that occurred in Yogyakarta in the 1970s became the media of the manifestation of power over street prostitutes. The results showed that power relations operate as a means to control the body, particularly female bodies. This is because female bodies become commodities as a result of capitalism. However, in a certain situation, these street prostitutes can also hold power in a way how their bodies are enjoyed. Besides, social norms outside the palace function as a panopticon that makes the inhabitants have self-awareness as they feel constantly monitored. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi praktik relasi kuasa dan panoptikon sebagai mekanisme pendisiplinan dalam cerita pendek Istana Tembok Bolong karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma. ‘Istana tembok bolong’ dalam karya sastra ini merujuk pada sebuah tempat di dekat stasiun kereta api yang terpisahkan dari area luarnya oleh dinding yang berlubang, yang dianggap sebagai istana oleh masyarakat kelas bawah yang menempati ruang tersebut. Dengan menggunakan analisis Foucauldian, penelitian ini melihat fenomena ‘jual korek api’, yang merupakan isu utama dari cerita yang dibahas di sini. Fenomena yang terjadi di Yogyakarta pada tahun 1970-an tersebut menjadi media perwujudan kuasa terhadap pekerja seks jalanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa relasi kuasa beroperasi sebagai alat untuk mengendalikan tubuh, terutama tubuh perempuan. Hal ini karena tubuh perempuan menjadi komoditas sebagai akibat dari kapitalisme. Namun, dalam situasi tertentu, pekerja seks jalanan tersebut juga dapat memegang kekuasaan terkait bagaimana tubuh mereka dinikmati. Selain itu, norma-norma sosial di luar istana berfungsi sebagai panoptikon yang membuat penghuninya memiliki kesadaran diri karena mereka merasa terus-menerus diawasi