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Quality Improvement of Refuse-Derived Fuel from Landfilled Waste Using Solar Greenhouse Biodrying System
Get PDFFinal Disposal Sites (landfills) serve as the endpoint in the municipal solid waste management system, functioning as the final destination for our daily waste. Currently, Indonesia is experiencing a waste crisis due to the continuously increasing volume of waste generation, which leads to the rapid overfilling of landfill sites. One of the potential solutions for utilizing landfill waste is the production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF), an alternative fuel derived from solid waste. However, waste that has been buried in landfills generally contains high moisture content, rendering it unsuitable for immediate RDF application. The calorific value of RDF depends greatly on its moisture content, with higher moisture levels resulting in lower energy output. Therefore, a pre-treatment process in the form of drying is necessary to reduce moisture content and optimize the fuel quality of RDF. This study applies the Solar Greenhouse Biodrying (SGB) method as a waste drying technology that combines heat from solar radiation with biological heat generated during aerobic degradation. This method was selected due to its suitability to Indonesia’s tropical climate and its potential for large-scale application without requiring high external energy input. The waste material used in this study was obtained from landfill waste excavated at a depth of 3 meters, with an estimated age of approximately 9 years. In this study, a mixture of fresh waste and excavated landfill waste was dried using various composition ratios: 1:0 (control), 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The results show that the SGB method effectively reduced moisture content by 27–62.2% and increased the calorific value to a range of 7.5–14 MJ/kg. The waste composition ratio significantly influenced moisture reduction, with the most optimal result found at a 1:2 ratio, which provided the best balance between drying efficiency and energy enhancement. These findings indicate that the SGB method is an effective alternative for waste drying prior to further utilization as RDF.
Keyword: landfill mining, solar greenhouse biodrying, refuse-derived fuel, municipal solid waste, moisture conten
Characterization of Wastewater in The University Campus: A Case Study in Universitas Andalas, Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze wastewater characteristics at Universitas Andalas Campus Limau Manis Padang encompassing physical, chemical, and biological attributes, while comparing them to established quality standards and estimating mass loading. Wastewater samples were collected from various sources, including domestic and specific wastewater. Sampling locations and times were chosen based on peak activity. Physical analysis revealed temperature ranging from 27.32 to 31.5°C and TSS concentrations from 130.00 to 580.00 mg/L. Chemical parameters displayed significant variation, with pH values between 2.27 and 9.70, BOD5 concentrations spanning 108.46 to 506.59 mg/L, COD levels from 162.70 to 1,428.00 mg/L, and oil and grease content from 0.20 to 84.31 mg/L. N-total ranged from 47.07 to 309.16 mg/L, sulfate from 72.70 to 1,480.00 mg/L, and phosphate from 1.14 to 98.15 mg/L. Biological attributes showed total coliform counts exceeding 10,000 colonies per 1,000 mL, all surpassing quality standards. Notably, the BOD5/COD ratio indicated low biodegradable quality (values <0.5) for certain wastewater sources. Greywater emerged as the primary pollutant, with substantial mass loadings. Eventually, this study underscores the vital need for wastewater treatment before environmental discharge.Keywords: Characteristics, Domestic Wastewater, Campus, Quality Standards, Hazardous WastewateÂ
Application of Batch Electrocoagulation for Pollutant Removal in Tapioca Wastewater: An Environmental Engineering Approach for Sustainable Water Treatment Solutions
Get PDFTapioca wastewater is rich in organic compounds, leading to high levels of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids). When these concentrations exceed regulatory standards, they can cause significant water pollution, which may indirectly affect human health. Therefore, it is essential to treat tapioca wastewater before discharging it into water bodies. Electrocoagulation is a promising treatment method for this purpose, as it can effectively remove contaminants through coagulation, separation, and sedimentation of fine particles using electrical energy. This study evaluated the efficiency of COD and TSS removal from tapioca wastewater using an aluminium electrode with voltage variations of 10, 20, and 30 volts. Initial concentrations of COD and TSS in the untreated wastewater were measured at 641 mg/L and 382 mg/L, respectively. Optimal removal rates were achieved at 20 volts, with reduction efficiencies of 79.5% for COD and 82.7% for TSS. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated a significant impact of voltage variations on COD and TSS removal efficiency, with a p-value < 0.05 and an F-value greater than the critical F-value. These findings demonstrate that electrocoagulation, particularly at an optimal voltage of 20 volts, effectively reduces the COD and TSS levels in tapioca wastewater, suggesting its potential application as an environmentally friendly solution for industrial wastewater treatment.Tapioca wastewater is rich in organic compounds, leading to high levels of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids). When these concentrations exceed regulatory standards, they can cause significant water pollution, which may indirectly affect human health. Therefore, it is essential to treat tapioca wastewater before discharging it into water bodies. Electrocoagulation is a promising treatment method for this purpose, as it can effectively remove contaminants through coagulation, separation, and sedimentation of fine particles using electrical energy. This study evaluated the efficiency of COD and TSS removal from tapioca wastewater using an aluminium electrode with voltage variations of 10, 20, and 30 volts. Initial concentrations of COD and TSS in the untreated wastewater were measured at 641 mg/L and 382 mg/L, respectively. Optimal removal rates were achieved at 20 volts, with reduction efficiencies of 79.5% for COD and 82.7% for TSS. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated a significant impact of voltage variations on COD and TSS removal efficiency, with a p-value < 0.05 and an F-value greater than the critical F-value. These findings demonstrate that electrocoagulation, particularly at an optimal voltage of 20 volts, effectively reduces the COD and TSS levels in tapioca wastewater, suggesting its potential application as an environmentally friendly solution for industrial wastewater treatment
Efektivitas Kombinasi Zeolit dan Batu Apung dalam Menurunkan Konsentrasi Besi (Fe) pada Air Tanah: Studi Kasus di Pidada, Kecamatan Panjang, Bandar Lampung
Get PDFWater is a very important component for all life on earth. Iron is a heavy metal, and levels can be dangerous if they exceed threshold levels. Preliminary tests show that Fe in well water is 1.66 mg/l. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of removal of iron (Fe) contained in well water using a combination of zeolite – pumice adsorbent media. One method that can be used to set aside iron (Fe) parameters in well water is the adsorption method. The adsorption process was carried out continuously with downflow for 150 minutes with sampling every 30 minutes for analysis with a Hach DR 1900 series spectrophotometer. Based on the results of the FTIR characterization analysis of zeolite adsorbents it was indicated that the functional groups were O–H hydroxy stretching vibrations, O-H bending vibrations, stretching vibrations. asymmetric Si-O-Si or Al-O-Al and symmetrical stretching vibration Si-O-Si or Al-O-Al. While the pumice adsorbent before and after being activated, there was a shift in wave numbers with the same functional groups, namely the O-H, C=O, Si-O and Al/Si-O bond groups. Of the five treatments, it is known that treatment V (ZEO30-AP70) is the most effective treatment in reducing Fe levels in well water with a removal efficiency of 98% in the 90th minute and the suitable isotherm model is the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0, 000739809 mg/g.
Keywords: Well water, adsorption, zeolite, pumic
KUALITAS AIR BAKU UNTUK DEPOT AIR MINUM AIR ISI ULANG (STUDI KASUS DI DEPOT AIR MINUM ISI ULANG ANGKE TAMBORA)
Get PDFWater for consumption purposes must be standardized, in terms of quality, physical, chemical and biological parameters, therefore will not cause side effects to health. Water quality standards indicate the recommended and permitted concentration value for all parameters. This research aims to examine the quality of water sourced from the Salak mountain springs. The location of clean water sampling was carried out on Ciapus Mount Salak raw water. Water quality test results from physical parameters of clean water including turbidity, color, total dissolved solid, temperature and odor have. Chemical parameters int the clean water standard are pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, Manganese, Nitrate, nitrite, cyanide, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, selenium, zinc, sulfate, lead and organic. Biological parameters of clean water including MPN coliform and Escherichia coli have standardized quality standards. Based on research results that all parameter of clean water including physical, chemical and biological have standardized quality can used to treatment drinking water.Keywords: clean water, drinking water, water quality standard, chemical parameter, biological parameterABSTRAKAir yang dikonsumsi harus memenuhi standar kualitas fisika, kimia dan biologi agar tidak menimbulkan efek samping bagi kesehatan. Baku mutu kualitas air mengidikasikan batas kadar tertinggi yang disarankan untuk semua parameter. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kualitas air yang bersumber dari mata air Gunung Salak. Parameter uji kualitas air fisika meliputi kekeruhan, warna, padatan terlarut, suhu dan bau. Parameter uji kualitas air kimia meliputi pH, besi, fluorida, kesadahan, mangan, nitrat, nitrit, sianida, merkuri, arsen, kadmium, khromium, selenium, seng, sulfat, timbal dan zat organik. Parameter uji kualitas air fisika meliputi MPN coliform and Escherichia coli. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua parameter kualitas air bersih yang meliputi fisika, kimia dan biologi memenuhi baku mutu yang dapat digunakan bahan baku pengolahan air minum.Kata Kunci: air bersih, air minum, standar kualitas air, pamateter kimia, parameter fisik
Potensi Jasa Lingkungan Penyerap Karbon dan Penyedia Oksigen Hutan Lindung Mangunan, Yogyakarta
Get PDFForests have multifunction ecology, one of which is environmental services as a CO2 absorber and and O2 producer. The fact is that until now the magnitude of the potential for environmental services as carbon sinks and oxygen producers in the Mangunan Protection Forest is not known, so it is important to research it. The focus of this research is to determine the potential for environmental services in the form of biomass potential, carbon potential, carbon sinks, oxygen providers and their economic value. Carbon data collection in the field by measuring DBH and height of woody vegetation. Calculations using the 2011 BSNI standard and analyzed descriptively. The biomass potential of the Mangunan Protected Forest is 52.83 tons/ha and has threats in the form of trees and fires, so it needs to be preserved. Mangunan Protected Forest Environmental Services in the form of CO2 absorbers of 193.87 tons/ha/year and O2 producers of 141.53 tons/ha/year. The environmental services, if translated properly, are worth Rp. 2,122,640,368. Keywords: environment, sustainability, climate, biomass, vegetation  ABSTRAK Hutan memiliki multifungsi ekologi, salah satunya adalah jasa lingkungan sebagai penyerap CO2 dan penghasil O2. Faktanya sampai saat ini belum diketahui besarnya potensi jasa lingkungan sebagai penyerap karbon dan penghasil oksigen di Hutan Lindung Mangunan, sehingga penting untuk diteliti. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi jasa lingkungan berupa potensi biomassa, potensi karbon, penyerap karbon, penyedia oksigen dan nilai ekonominya. Pengumpulan data karbon di lapangan dengan mengukur DBH dan tinggi vegetasi berkayu. Perhitungan menggunakan standar BSNI 2011 dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Potensi biomassa Hutan Lindung Mangunan sebesar 52,83 ton/ha dan memiliki ancaman berupa pohon dan kebakaran sehingga perlu dilestarikan. Jasa Lingkungan Hutan Lindung Mangunan berupa penyerap CO2 sebesar 193,87 ton/ha/tahun dan penghasil O2 sebesar 141,53 ton/ha/tahun. Jasa lingkungan tersebut, jika diterjemahkan dengan baik, bernilai Rp. 2.122.640.368. Kata kunci: lingkungan, kelestarian, iklim, biomassa, vegetasi     Â
Pengendalian Air Limpasan dengan Ecodrainage untuk Kawasan Perumahan Podo Asih
Get PDFPodo Asih Housing is a residential area located in Beji District, Pasuruan Regency, located at 7°34'23.21†S and 112°44'00.39†E housing area of 50,000 m2 or 5 hectares, this relatively densely populated housing is still frequent. There is a flood that can disrupt the activities of residential residents. One alternative to overcome this is by applying the concept of eco-drainage in residential areas. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach to the Podo Asih Housing area, hydrological analysis is carried out to determine runoff discharge and hydraulic analysis to determine the capacity of the existing channel in the Podo Asih Housing area, the analysis is carried out to determine how much runoff discharge occurs, that is the basis In eco-drainage planning, it is necessary to take into account how many rainwater reservoirs, infiltration wells, and biopore infiltration holes are needed to control the runoff water. In collecting data, researchers conducted observations and measurements directly in the field, carried out laboratory tests, and collected rain data from the Department of Irrigation and Mining of Pasuruan Regency. HEC-RAS software for hydraulic analysis calibration. The results showed that there were 39 out of 118 channels that could not accommodate runoff water discharge, planned as many as 378 rainwater collectors, 68 infiltration wells, and 289 biopore infiltration holes that could reduce runoff discharge by 1,253 m3/s with a reduction percentage of 95.59% for a 2 year return period, 77.06% for a 5 year return period, and 68.19% for a 10 year return period. Keywords: housing, runoff, ecodrainage  ABSTRAK Perumahan Podo Asih merupakan kawasan perumahan yang terletak di Kecamatan Beji Kabupaten Pasuruan, terletak pada 7°34'23.21†LS dan 112°44'00.39†BT dengan luas perumahan 50.000 m2 atau 5 hektar, perumahan yang relatif padat penduduk ini masih sering dijumpai. Adanya banjir yang dapat mengganggu aktivitas warga pemukiman. Salah satu alternatif untuk mengatasi hal tersebut adalah dengan menerapkan konsep ecodrainage pada kawasan pemukiman. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif pada kawasan Perumahan Podo Asih, analisis hidrologi dilakukan untuk menentukan debit limpasan dan analisis hidrolik untuk mengetahui kapasitas saluran yang ada di kawasan Perumahan Podo Asih, analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar terjadi debit limpasan, yang menjadi dasar Dalam perencanaan ekodrainase, perlu diperhitungkan berapa jumlah penampungan air hujan, sumur resapan, dan lubang resapan biopori yang dibutuhkan untuk mengendalikan air limpasan. Dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti melakukan observasi dan pengukuran langsung di lapangan, melakukan uji laboratorium, dan mengumpulkan data hujan dari Dinas Pengairan dan Pertambangan Kabupaten Pasuruan. Perangkat lunak HEC-RAS untuk kalibrasi analisis hidrolik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 39 dari 118 saluran yang tidak dapat menampung debit air limpasan, direncanakan sebanyak 378 penampung air hujan, 68 sumur resapan, dan 289 lubang resapan biopori yang dapat mereduksi debit limpasan sebesar 1.253 m3/s dengan persentase penurunan. sebesar 95,59% untuk periode ulang 2 tahun, 77,06% untuk periode ulang 5 tahun, dan 68,19% untuk periode ulang 10 tahun. Kata kunci: perumahan, limpasan, ekodrainase     Â
Pemanfaatan Limbah Fly Ash dan Spent Bleaching Earth sebagai Substitusi Semen pada Beton Mutu Normal Skala Produksi
Get PDFIn the era of industry and technology in Indonesia, environmental problems due to waste are problems that require wise handling. Fly Ash (FA) waste from PLTU activities and Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) waste resulting from the palm oil production process are very abundant, thus polluting the environment. Indonesia is currently prioritizing physical infrastructure development, which aims to improve connectivity and encourage economic growth in every sector. The development process that occurs increases the use of concrete. Concrete has a tremendous impact on the environment because most of its composition is cement. The use of cement in the manufacture of concrete results in the emission of large amounts of CO2 gas into the atmosphere, which causes an increase in global warming. The use of concrete can have a lower environmental impact if the use of cement is reduced as much as possible by adding a mixture of FA and SBE wastes. This research will utilize FA and SBE waste in the manufacture of normal concrete production weights and aim to determine the optimal composition of FA and SBE waste that is economically and environmentally feasible. The results of the research by applying FA and SBE substitutions show that FA is better than bleaching earth in the resulting compressive strength. The optimal composition of FA as a substitute for cement to achieve the quality of the planned concrete is 15%, while the composition of SBE as a substitute for cement is 10%. Keywords: concrete, Fly Ash (FA), Spent bleaching earth (SBE), concrete compressive strength  ABSTRAK In the era of industry and technology in Indonesia, environmental problems due to waste are problems that require wise handling. Fly Ash (FA) waste from PLTU activities and Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) waste resulting from the palm oil production process are very abundant, thus polluting the environment. Indonesia is currently prioritizing physical infrastructure development, which aims to improve connectivity and encourage economic growth in every sector. The development process that occurs increases the use of concrete. Concrete has a tremendous impact on the environment because most of its composition is cement. The use of cement in the manufacture of concrete results in the emission of large amounts of CO2 gas into the atmosphere, which causes an increase in global warming. The use of concrete can have a lower environmental impact if the use of cement is reduced as much as possible by adding a mixture of FA and SBE wastes. This research will utilize FA and SBE waste in the manufacture of normal concrete production weights and aim to determine the optimal composition of FA and SBE waste that is economically and environmentally feasible. The results of the research by applying FA and SBE substitutions show that FA is better than bleaching earth in the resulting compressive strength. The optimal composition of FA as a substitute for cement to achieve the quality of the planned concrete is 15%, while the composition of SBE as a substitute for cement is 10%. Kata kunci: beton, Fly Ash (FA), Spent bleaching earth (SBE), kuat tekan beton     Â
Dosis Koagulan Optimum pada Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi Menggunakan Koagulan Serbuk Biji Hanjeli dalam Menurunkan Kekeruhan
Get PDFOne of the methods in post-disaster water treatment is coagulation-flocculation. Hanjeli seeds are a natural coagulant material that can be used. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the dose of hanjeli seed powder coagulants and pH in reducing turbidity in the coagulation-flocculation process in water. Initial turbidity (50 and 75 NTU) and pH of artificial raw water (8,9), the number of water samples is 200 ml, the coagulation speed is 50 rpm for 90 seconds, and the flocculation is 50 rpm for 25 minutes, and the deposition is 60 minutes. Influence analysis is using R Studio software. The method in the process of making natural coagulants from Hanjeli seeds is Sun Drying, and it is sifted with 80 mesh. The coagulant of hanjeli seed powder can reduce turbidity in water with the highest elimination efficiency value of 96%, whose final turbidity value is 3.74 NTU. The optimum dose is obtained at 300 ppm, while the optimum pH is 4. Keywords: coagulation, dose, flocculation, hanjeli, turbidity  ABSTRAK Salah satu metode dalam pengolahan air pascabencana adalah koagulasi flokulasi. Biji Hanjeli merupakan bahan koagulan alami yang dapat digunakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis koagulan serbuk biji hanjeli dan pH dalam menurunkan kekeruhan pada proses koagulasi-flokulasi dalam air. Kekeruhan awal (50 dan 75 NTU) dan pH air baku buatan (8,9), jumlah sampel air 200 ml, kecepatan koagulasi 50 rpm selama 90 detik, dan flokulasi 50 rpm selama 25 menit, dan pengendapan adalah 60 menit. Analisis pengaruh menggunakan software R Studio. Metode dalam proses pembuatan koagulan alami dari biji Hanjeli ini adalah Sun Drying, dan diayak dengan ukuran 80 mesh. Koagulan bubuk biji hanjeli dapat menurunkan kekeruhan pada air dengan nilai efisiensi penyisihan tertinggi sebesar 96%, dengan nilai kekeruhan akhir sebesar 3,74 NTU. Dosis optimum diperoleh pada 300 ppm, sedangkan pH optimum adalah 4. Kata kunci: koagulasi, dosis, flokulasi, hanjeli, kekeruhan     Â
Analisis Hubungan Jumlah Kendaraan Dan Konsentrasi Karbon Monoksida (CO) Di Kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo
Get PDFThe major source of air pollution in Indonesia comes from the transportation sector, particularly from motor vehicle emission pollution. One of the pollutants is carbon monoxide (CO) gas, which is highly hazardous if surpassing the ambient air quality standard. Gorontalo City is a place with a yearly increase of number of motor vehicles. Meanwhile, motorcycle contributes to 72,42% of affecting air quality. The research objective was to analyze the relationship of CO concentration and number of vehicles in Gorontalo City. This study included correlational research type discussing the number of motor vehicles and concentration of CO in Gorontalo City. The research samples were retrieved 3 times a week, on Monday, Friday, and Sunday in location with high, medium, and no vegetation in the roadside. The calculation of number of motor vehicles was carried out with the assistance of traffic survey from, while the measurement of CO concentration was done by using impinger. The research finding showed that the highest number of vehicles was on Prof. H.B Jassin Street, and the lowest was on Manggis Street. The highest concentration of CO was on Jend. Sudirman street and the lowest was on Mayor Dullah Street. The relation of number of motor vehicles and concentration of CO had value of interpretation of r= 0,416 with regression equation of y= 0,0271x + 104,17. The result indicated a positive relation pattern. The determinant factor was vegetation factor in the roadside, weather, and research time. Keywords: Number of Motor Vehicle, Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Gorontalo City ABSTRAKSumber utama pencemaran udara di Indonesia berasal dari sektor transportasi, khususnya dari pencemaran emisi kendaraan bermotor. Salah satu pencemar tersebut adalah gas karbon monoksida (CO) yang sangat berbahaya jika melebihi baku mutu udara ambien. Kota Gorontalo merupakan kota dengan peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor dari tahun ke tahun. Sedangkan sepeda motor memberikan kontribusi 72,42% terhadap kualitas udara. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis hubungan konsentrasi CO dengan jumlah kendaraan di Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian korelasional yang membahas tentang jumlah kendaraan bermotor dan konsentrasi CO di Kota Gorontalo. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan 3 kali dalam seminggu, yaitu pada hari Senin, Jumat, dan Minggu di lokasi dengan tinggi, sedang, dan tidak ada vegetasi di pinggir jalan. Perhitungan jumlah kendaraan bermotor dilakukan dengan bantuan survey lalu lintas, sedangkan pengukuran konsentrasi CO dilakukan dengan menggunakan impinger. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kendaraan terbanyak berada di Jalan Prof. H.B Jassin dan terendah di Jalan Manggis. Konsentrasi CO tertinggi terdapat pada Jend. Jalan Sudirman dan terendah berada di Jalan Walikota Dullah. Hubungan jumlah kendaraan bermotor dan konsentrasi CO memiliki nilai interpretasi r= 0,416 dengan persamaan regresi y= 0,0271x + 104,17. Hasilnya menunjukkan pola hubungan yang positif. Faktor penentunya adalah faktor vegetasi tepi jalan, cuaca, dan waktu penelitian.Â