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Narodi, nacije i društvena heterogenost: od Hegela do Laklaua i nazad
No full textErnesto Laclau’s work, On Populist Reason, is a crucial landmark in the attempts of post-modern political philosophy to grasp the logic of contingency at work in the production of political subjects. However, in recent years, this post-foundationalist approach seems to have reached an impasse when confronted with the persistence, success and efficacy of certain poles of identification that seem to resist the idea of a radical contingency of collective engagements. I argue that a new dialogue between the Hegelian philosophy of history and Laclau’s post-foundationalism can be fruitful in overcoming this stalemate. Rather than reigniting the debate surrounding historicism, Laclau’s evocation of the notion of peoples without history allows for an exploration of the radical heterogeneity implied in the situational, somatic, and affective rootedness of the formation of historical identities. I ground this hypothesis in a detailed examining of Hegel’s own take on the a-historical spiritual formations and on the difference he makes between the “people”, as institutionalized collective consciousness and the “nation” as its situated genesis. I claim that this Hegelian dialectic approach to nationhood far from does not limit the political horizons to the “nationalist” or “nativist” rhetoric. Instead, it offers a new light on the challenges of post-foundationalist approaches when it comes to understanding the concreteness of political subjectivation.Apstrakt
Rad Ernesta Laklaua O populističkom razumu predstavlja ključni orijentir u pokušajima post-mo derne političke filozofije da shvati logiku kontingentnosti na delu u proizvodnji političkih su bjekata. Međutim, čini se da je poslednjih godina ovaj post-fundacionalistički pristup zapao
u ćorsokak kada se suočio sa istrajnošću, uspehom i efikasnošću određenih polova identifi kacije koji se, čini se, odupiru ideji o radikalnoj kontingentnosti kolektivnih angažmana. Tvrd nja koju branim jeste da novi dijalog između hegelijanske filozofije istorije i Laklauovog
post-fundacionalizma može biti plodonosan u prevazilaženju ovog zastoja. Umesto da po novo podstakne debatu oko istorizma, Laklauovo evociranje pojma naroda bez istorije omo gućava istraživanje radikalne heterogenosti koja se podrazumeva u situacionoj, somatskoj i
afektivnoj ukorenjenosti formiranja istorijskih identiteta. Ovu hipotezu zasnivam na detalj nom ispitivanju Hegelovog sopstvenog shvatanja a-istorijskih duhovnih formacija i na razlici
koju pravi između „naroda“ kao institucionalizovane kolektivne svesti i „nacije“ kao njene
situirane geneze. Pokazujem da ovaj hegelijanski dijalektički pristup nacionalnosti daleko od
toga da ne ograničava političke horizonte na „nacionalističku“ ili „nativističku“ retoriku. Ume sto toga, on nudi novo svetlo na izazove post-fundacionalističkih pristupa kada je reč o ra zumevanju konkretnosti političke subjektivacije
From Resistance to Collaboration: The Evolution of the Chetnik Movement in Serbia in 1941.
No full textThe paper focuses on the initial months of the Chetnik movement’s history in occupied Serbia. Formed as an anti-occupation movement in May 1941, Draža Mihailović’s Chetniks played a role in liberating a significant portion of western Serbia from German occupation during the first year of the war. In the free area, later known as the ‘Republic of Užice,’ there was intense cooperation between the Chetniks and the partisan, anti-fascist movement operating under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. However, as the partisan movement gained strength and actively fought against the occupation forces, the Chetnik leadership’s enthusiasm for liberation waned. The anti-communist faction of Chetnik ideology prevailed, emphasizing nationalist royalism. In the summer of 1941, Mihailović sent emissaries to the German occupiers, and by October, he ordered a general attack on partisan positions in the free territory of western Serbia. On November 11, direct negotiations between the Chetnik leadership and Wehrmacht forces occurred. During the meeting in Divci, the Chetniks offered the Germans military cooperation to dismantle the partisan movement. By the end of the first war year, Draža Mihailović’s Chetnik movement had effectively shifted from anti-occupation to collaborationist
Pojam informacije i mentalne reprezentacije u kognitivnoj nauci i veštačkoj inteligenciji: informaciona teleosemantika, problem misreprezentovanja i stvaralačko znanje
No full textThe Concept of Death in Levinas’s Philosophy
No full textImajući u vidu da je pitanje smrti prisutno u čitavom Levinasovom
opusu, Levinasova filozofija smrti zahteva specifične i slojevite interpretativne strategije koje posebnu pažnju posvećuju kako uvidima koji su kontinuirano prisutni kod
njega, tako i ambivalentnim aspektima i napetostima. Članak polazi od toga da Levinas nudi alternativnu fenomenologiju smrti kao para-fenomena. Takođe, ukazuje se
na način na koji Levinas odstupa od Hajdegerove tanatologije, naglašavajući da naš
odnos prema smrti nije (samo) bitak ka smrti, odnosno da Drugi igra ključnu ulogu
kada je reč o našoj smrtnosti. Članak analizira i Levinasovo shvatanje odnosa vremenitosti i smrti. Uzima se u obzir i nasilnost smrti koja, prema Levinasu, onemogućuje
da se smrt tumači pomoću apstraktnih ontoloških kategorija. Posebna pažnja je posvećena i pitanju sopstvene smrti, sa posebnom pažnjom na problem usamljenosti. Na
kraju članka se interpretiraju institucije i ljubav pomoću kojih je, prema Levinasu,
moguće prevazilaženje smrtiBearing in mind that the issue of death is present in Lévinas’s entire oeuvre, Lévinas’s philosophy of death requires specific and layered interpretative strategies that pay special attention both to the insights that are continuously present in his texts, as well as to ambivalent aspects and tensions. This article starts from the fact that Lévinas offers an alternative phenomenology of death as a paraphenomenon and „mystery”. It also points out the way in which Lévinas deviates from Heidegger’s thanatology, emphasizing, among other things, that our relationship to death is not (only) beingtowards-death, that is, that the Other plays a key role when it comes to our mortality. The article also analyzes Lévinas’ understanding of the relationship between temporality and death. The violence of death is also taken into account, which, according to Lévinas, makes it impossible to interpret death using abstract ontological categories. Special attention is paid to the question of one’s own death, with particular attention to the problem of loneliness. At the end of the article, institutions and love are interpreted with which, according to Lévinas, it is possible to overcome death
Bilingualism: An Instrument Beyond Nationalism – A Case Study of the Albanian Community in North Macedonia
No full textReforma i preporod: transformacija islamskih pokreta u 21. veku
No full textThis paper studies the development in the thought and praxis of Islamic movements that aim to revive a political system governed by Islamic law. Post-Caliphate Islamic movements – the subject of the current study – have undergone recent reforms in thought, approach, and even branding since the Arab Spring. Notwithstanding the movements’ legal and theological diversity, the author argues that they share common features of reform characterized by (a) appeal to public opinion and grassroots work; and (b) willingness to work with groups outside their movement. These reforms were shaped in tandem with and in reaction to the War on Terror, the Arab Spring, and the Taliban’s victory in Afghanistan. The author argues that these changes gave rise to dynamic reform in the latest generation of Islamic movements, leading to substantive revisions in their approach (manhaj) to achieving Islamic change. Despite tightening proscription and censorship, the author argues that the fruit of these reforms has been a resurgence in the form of highly efficient and creative collaboration between movements. Examples studied include collaboration between the Muslim Brothers (MB) and Hizb ut Tahrir in the West, and between former-al-Qaeda and MB affiliates in Syria. The author estimates these strategies – following a period of political failure and internal skepticism – have precipitated a resurgence that makes the future of Islamic movements highly potent, despite resulting in a dilution of each group’s identity and possible decline in membership. As a result of this trajectory, this study argues for the need to theorize contemporary Islamic movements beyond historical categories that have fossilized in Western academia, and often do not capture the dynamic, fluidity and comprehensiveness of Islamic struggle. This study utilizes a mixed methodology, including archival analysis and intellectual genealogy.Ovaj rad proučava razvoj misli i prakse islamskih pokreta koji imaju za cilj da ožive politički
sistem vođen islamskim pravom. Islamski pokreti nakon kalifate – predmet ove studije – prošli
su nedavne reforme u razmišljanju, pristupu, pa čak i brendiranju od Arapskog proleća. Bez
obzira na njihovu pravnu i teološku raznolikost pokreta, pokazujem da oni dele zajedničke
karakteristike reformi: (a) pozivanje na javno mnjenje i rad na bazi, kao i (b) spremnost za rad
sa grupama van njihovog pokreta. Ove reforme oblikovane su u tandemu i kao reakcija na
Rat protiv terorizma, Arapsko proleće i pobedu Talibana u Avganistanu. U radu pokazujem
da su ove promene dovele do dinamičke reforme u najnovijoj generaciji islamskih pokreta,
što je dovelo do suštinskih revizija njihovog pristupa (manhadža) postizanju islamskih promena. Uprkos pooštravanju zabrane i cenzure, tvrdim da je plod ovih reformi bio oživljavanje
u vidu veoma efikasne i kreativne saradnje između pokreta. Proučeni primeri uključuju saradnju između Muslimanske braće (MB) i Hizb ut Tahrira na Zapadu, kao i između bivših članova Al Kaide i MB u Siriji. Procenjujem da su ove strategije – nakon perioda političkog neuspeha i unutrašnjeg skepticizma – ubrzale oživljavanje koje čini budućnost islamskih pokreta
veoma snažnom uprkos tome što su dovele do razvodnjavanja identiteta svake grupe i mogućeg opadanja članstva. Kao rezultat ove putanje, ovaj rad pokazuje da je potrebno da se
teoretizuju savremeni islamski pokreti izvan istorijskih kategorija koje su se fosilizirale u zapadnim akademskim krugovima i koje često ne obuhvataju dinamičnost, fluidnost i sveobuhvatnost islamske borbe. Ovaj rad koristi mešovitu metodologiju uključujući arhivsku analizu
i intelektualnu genealogiju
Rod i nasilje na Balkanu
No full textPred vama se nalazi zbornik tekstova „Rod i nasilje na Balkanu“, koji predstavlja sveobuhvatnu analizu rodno zasnovanog nasilja i šireg uticaja rodnih problematika u društvu Balkana. Zbornik je plod rada i razmišljanja učesnica i učesnika Zimske škole „Rod i nasilje“, koji su svoje tekstove razvijali uz mentorsku podršku svojih profesora i profesorki. Ovaj zbornik ne samo da dokumentuje ključne uvide koji su oblikovali program Zimske škole, već obuhvata i diskusije tokom iste, a i produbljuje razumevanje složenih veza između roda, rodnih identiteta i različitih oblika nasilja koje društvo reproducira i toleriše. Kroz različite pristupe i perspektive, autorke i autori istražuju kako se rod manifestuje u različitim sferama društvenog života - od javnih sfera kao što su pravo i politika, preko obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i umetnosti, do duboko ličnih i intimnih aspekata života. Radovi u ovom zborniku pokušavaju da osvetle kako rod, kao konstrukt, utiče na različite aspekte života i kako nasilje, posebno usmereno prema ženama, oblikuje socio-političku i kulturološku realnost regiona Balkana
AI and Energy Consumption: Social Aspects
No full textIn this position paper, we reviewed the social aspects of AI increased use from the perspective of energy consumption and possible ways to estimate the AI use impact. We proposed the approach to estimating the energy consumption and predictive analysis approaches using the following models: linear regression model, exponential growth model, agent-based modelling, network flow models and Markov chain models. We estimate the energy consumption for 10 years 73.891 TWh, 5 years 27.183 TWh and 12.214 TWh
Simulation of an online social network: The impact of the recommendation system on attitude change and polarization of AI agents
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI)-based recommendation systems offer personalized content but also
create significant risks, such as reinforcing extreme views, discrimination, and technology
dependence. Taking this into account, we have created a simulation of social networks on which
AI agents based on large language models autonomously interact with different types of content
and each other. We test various types of recommendation systems, particularly those that
amplify content that matches the existing views of these AI agents, as well as those that offer
slightly or significantly different content. The goal is to see how the views of these AI agents
change during the simulation, with whom they choose to communicate on the simulated social
network, and whether this simulated society will become increasingly polarized. For this
purpose, we have developed a specialized web application that can create a certain number of
unique AI agents. Their contextual descriptions, so-called prompts, are continuously updated
throughout the simulation, as they represent the history of interactions and changes in attitudes
of each AI agent. The results of the conducted simulation can be useful as pre-research
intended for regulating this area, designing policies, designing social networks, and can
potentially contribute to more balanced online communication and the choice of an adequate
recommendation system that is used. However, further studies and testing are needed to
confirm the effectiveness and scalability of our proposed model in the real world. The ultimate
goal is to create a digital environment that encourages healthy dialogue and reduces polarization
in society