International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences
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Comparative personality traits of temperament and character, psychopathology, and onset age of smoking in predicting opiate dependence
Get PDFIntroduction: According to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarette, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use. The present study deals with comparison of nicotine addicts and opiate addicts in order to identify that what differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking exist in these two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to other substances after starting to use cigarette. Methods: Two groups of opiate addicts and nicotine addicts were randomly selected. Revised version of Cloninger’s Temperament Inventory Questionnaire, Fagrastrom’s Nicotine Dependence and Maudsley’s Addiction Profile were used. The study length was 10 month. ANOVA and logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Results: Opiate addicts had higher scores in novelty seeking dimension and lower scores in cooperativeness (P= 0/001), compared to nicotine addicts. The onset age of smoking cigarette in opiate addicts was lower than nicotine addicts. Conclusion: Low onset age of smoking cigarette, high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness in opiate dependents are among the important personality traits in future use of drugs that can predict the subsequent start of using opiate drugs. Declaration of Interest: None
Predicting Pain on Temperament and Character Dimensions, Personality Features, in Patients with Chronic Pain
No full textIntroduction: Chronic Pain is a common and debilitating condition that little effort has been made to understand, diagnose and treat it. Previous studies have shown the role of psychological and personality disorders in maintaining chronic pain. The aim of the present study is prediction of pain based on trait and state dimensions, personality characteristics among patients suffering from chronic pain. Methods: This study is a correlation study. 230 patients suffering from chronic pain were selected by convenience sampling among pain clinics of Shiraz city. Data were gathered by Demographic Questionnaire, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI, Cloninger) and NEO Brief Questionnaire (60 questions) and were analyzed using multiple regression (stepwise regression), Pierson`s Correlation Coefficient and SPSS18 software.Results: The results indicated that components of harm-avoidance and self-transcendence in pain severity, components of harm-avoidance, reward-dependant and self-transcendence in pain interference in daily routines were able to predict chronic pain positively. Also, from Big Five factors of personality, neuroticism was a positive predictor of pain.Conclusion: The results show that mood features and personality characteristics influence on pain maintaining and severity in patients suffering from chronic pain
Methamphetamine abuse in former opiates addicts currently in
Get PDF Background: To measure suspected abuse of the methamphetamine (MA) among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients in Tehran, we studied all 206 patients who were admitted to MMT program from 2009 to 2015 to Andishe-No addiction treatment clinic. Methods: MA presence was screened in one of the random urine samples routinely taken for tests of other drugs. Results: 70 (34.3%) patients were positive for MA. A logistic regression (multivariate analyses) demonstrated that the MA abusers were more likely to be opiate abusers and less likely to be married. Conclusion: The high prevalence of MA abuse found in our patients which was rather higher than the rate of MA abuse before treatment entrance. The high rate of MA abuse in Iran needs future study Declaration Interest: None
The effect of positive psychology intervention on psychological well-being of drugs inmates
Get PDFIntroduction: Positive psychology is a new branch of psychology. The focus of this field is on personal growth; and rather than treating illness, it utilizes scientific methods to aid the achievement of a satisfactory life. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology intervention on psychological well-being of drugs inmates. Methods: The subjects were 30 male drugs inmates in Semnan prison. They were selected through random sampling and randomly assigned to experimental 15 and control groups 15. All participants answered to psychological well-being scale before and after intervention. Experimental group received positive psychology intervention during 12 sessions while control group received no therapy. Data was analyzed using multiple analysis of variance. Results: The statistical analysis showed the mean psychological well-being of the experimental group was meaningfully higher than the mean of psychological well-being of the control group. Conclusion: positive psychology intervention by focusing on personal growth, rather than treating mental illness can improve psychological wellbeing of drug inmates. Declaration Interest: Non
Prayer and pain catastrophizing coping strategies on headache intensity prediction in patients with headache
No full textIntroduction: Headaches are the most common cause of absence from work and school and one of the most common reasons of referring to neurologist. The present study aimed to investigate the role of prayer and pain catastrophizing as coping strategies in prediction of headache intensity. Methods: In this research we selected 124 patients (89 female and 35 male) with headache as comparison group via available sampling method and 53 individual (30 female and 23 male) as control group. The patients were chosen after the diagnosis of headache by a neurologist in a neurology clinic. The patients completed demographic questionnaire, visual analogues scale (VAS), prayer subscale of coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS). Results: The analysis of regression showed that rumination as one of the subscale of pain catastrophizing and prayer could account for 9% of variation for headache intensity. Conclusion: The results show that prayer and rumination, which is one of catastrophic components, are effective in prediction of pain. In other words, prayer can predict low intensity of headache, and rumination can predict high intensity of headache and this result which prayer predicted low intensity of pain, can explain the role of spirituality in mental health, especially in our country with religious background. Declaration of Interest: None
Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Focused Therapy on reducing of function of self-harm behaviors in Juvenile offenders of Tehran Juvenile Correction and Rehabilitation Center
No full textObjective: This research aims to determine the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy (CFT) on reducing self-harming behaviors in juvenile delinquents of Tehran Correction and Rehabilitation Center. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study having pretest-posttest-follow-up (PPF) designs with control group. Statistical society of this research included all juvenile delinquents with self-harming behaviors resided in Tehran Correction and Rehabilitation Center in 2016. The studied sample of this research was constituted of the studied society by targeted sampling (with screening) and was randomly substituted in experiment and control groups; totally, 44 self-harming juveniles (24 in experimental group and 20 in control group) constituted the studied sample. The Inventory of statements about Self-Injury, Klonsky and Glenn, 2009, was used for data collection in pretest, posttest and follow-up stage. After the pretest, the experimental group was treated using compassion focused therapy (CFT); this treatment program was held in eight 90-mintue sessions twice per week. After about 3 months of holding posttest, the questionnaire was further implemented on the subjects of the two groups in follow-up stage (because of the drop in subjects, 13 of the experimental group and 9 of the control group completed the questionnaire in this stage). In order to analyze the data, covariance analysis was used in addition to descriptive statistical methods.Results: The results of this research showed that compassion focused therapy (CFT) has been effective on reducing self-harming behaviors of delinquent juveniles in follow-up stage, while the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy on reducing self-harming behaviors is not confirmed in posttest stage.
The role of personality traits and perceived parenting styles in predicting cognitive developmen
Get PDFIntroduction: Cognitive development continues into adulthood in which the way of thinking in a person changes from an absolute state to a relativistic state and then a dialectical state. This growth and the stages expected to be achieved can be influenced by the individual characteristics or environment is his/her life. The aim of this study was to describe the associations between personality factors and perceived parenting styles with the stages of cognitive development. Methods: 381 students (192 females, 189 males) from Hakim Sabzevari University in Khorasan Razavi province of Iran were selected by a categorical cluster random sampling. The participants of the study filled out 3 questionnaires: Parenting style inventory 2 (PSI-II), a short form of NEO personality inventory (NEO -FFI) and social paradigm belief inventory (SPBI). The research was of a descriptive and correlational type. Results: The results of multiple regression indicated that personality traits and perceived parenting styles could significantly predict 10% of the variance of dialectical thinking. Openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness could positively predict dialectical thinking but neuroticism, responsiveness, and neglect predicted dialectical thinking negatively. Conclusion: Overall the results showed that personality traits and perceived parenting styles can predict the current stage of cognitive development of a person. Declaration of Interest: None.
The efficacy of mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and externalizing problems on reducing mother–adolescent conflict
Get PDFIntroduction: Employing mindfulness-based intervention in diverse areas of children, adolescents and families’ mental health is growing increasingly. This method, it seems, could be a unique option in controlling parent-child/adolescent conflicts in the families of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and externalizing problems, regarding its effect on the capacity of empathy and emotion regulation, as well as executive functions. Here we examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and externalizing problem on reducing mother-adolescent conflict.Methods: Child behavior checklist (CBCL), Youth self-report (YSR) of Achenbach system of empirically-based assessment (ASEBA) and parent-adolescent conflict questionnaire (PACQ-A) was administered to a sample of 253 adolescent-mother dyads who accepted the project invitation. 24 adolescents who scored borderline in attention problem subscale, high in externalizing problems scale of CBCL and PACQ-A, and their scores had been confirmed in youth self-report, were chosen and randomly assigned to two experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The experimental group received 8 weekly mindfulness-based intervention sessions, each taking 2 hours. The adolescents of the control group did not received any intervention for the same duration. Quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).Results: The experimental group showed a significant reduction in frequency and intensity of conflict, as compared to control group. The multivariate Ƞ2 based on Wilks's Λ was strong, 0.44.Conclusion: The results provided additional and promising evidence for the efficacy of the mindfulness-based intervention in reducing the mother-adolescent conflict in the family of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and externalizing problems, and may be of p
The effect of parent-child relationship styles on the social adjustment of the adolescent girls.
Get PDFIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the social adjustment in balanced and non-balanced patterns of the parent-child relationship. Methods: The research population was all female gifted students in the Farzanegan high school in the first educational district of Tehran in 2013-14. The sample research included 96 female gifted students who answered the parent-child relationship model questionnaire and the social adjustment subscale of the Bell adjustment inventory. After scoring their responses and removing uncompleted ones, Sample population was divided into three groups of: the balanced, the non-balances liberal based, and the non-balanced secure-based patterns of parent-child relationship. Data were analyzed by the SPSS using one-way ANOVA. Results:The results showed that the mother-child pattern of the relationship influenced on the child’s social adjustment, while there was no significant influence for the father-child pattern of the relationship. Conclusion: It should be taken into account that the results of this study shows the social adjustment in young ages and before being independent from the family, but the secure-based pattern essentially does not train individuals with high social adjustment
The prevalence, intensity of DSM-V feeding and eating disorders and its sub-thresholds among women
Get PDFIntroduction: Eating disorders are serious psychiatric illness, defined by abnormal eating behaviors, shape and weight regulation difficulties and weight over concern. Objectives: this study sought to explore the prevalence and intensity of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating and their sub-thresholds in women who referred to wellness and fitness centers. Materials and Methods: 946 women with a mean age of 24.64 were selected via simple random sampling. All participants were asked to complete Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. . Analyzing data was done using descriptive statistics; Chi-square test, and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: the prevalence rate of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating in whole sample is 6.02%, 4.01% and 13.0% respectively. Discussion: DSM-5-defined eating disorders and its sub thresholds are common in women, binge eating with 16% prevalence rate is more common than other disorders. Further studies with assessing DSM-5 eating disorders in clinical and non-clinical population are greatly needed