Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
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RESPON LIMA AKSESI JAHE PUTIH KECIL (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) TERHADAP PEMUPUKAN
Get PDFABSTRAKPenggunaan varietas jahe yang responsif terhadap pemupukan dosisrendah, diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pemupukan danmenekan pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian dengan tujuan untukmengetahui respon lima aksesi jahe putih kecil terhadap pemupukan dosisrendah telah dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu pada bulanAgustus 2009 sampai Mei 2010. Lima aksesi jahe putih kecil dari daerahmarginal ditanam dalam polibag dan disusun menggunakan rancanganacak kelompok yang diulang 3 kali. Setiap perlakuan terdiri atas 20tanaman. Dua perlakuan yang diuji secara faktorial adalah, faktor I adalah5 aksesi jahe putih kecil, yaitu (1) Ziof 0004, (2) Ziof 0007, (3) Ziof 0008,(4) Ziof 0013, dan (5) Ziof 0014, dan faktor II adalah dosis pupuk, yaitu(a) 50% dosis anjuran (200 kg/ha urea + 150 kg/ha SP-36 + 150 kg/haKCl), (b) 75% dosis anjuran (300 kg/ha urea + 225 kg/ha SP-36 + 225kg/ha KCl), dan (c) dosis anjuran (400 kg/ha urea + 300 kg/ha SP-36 +300 kg/ha KCl). Masing-masing perlakuan diberi pupuk kandang sebagaipupuk dasar dengan dosis 20 t/ha. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadapparameter pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, diameter batang,dan jumlah daun), hasil dan serapan unsur hara N, P, dan K pada umur 4BST dan 9 BST. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masingaksesi memberikan respon yang berbeda terhadap penurunan dosis pupuk,baik pada fase pertumbuhan maupun produksi tanaman jahe. Pengurangandosis pupuk sampai 25% tidak mengurangi produksi jahe, tetapi penurunandosis pupuk sampai 50% dari dosis rekomendasi menyebabkan penurunanproduksi jahe secara nyata. Komposisi unsur hara N, P, dan K yangdiserap berbeda pada setiap fase pertumbuhan tanaman.Kata kunci : Aksesi, Zingiber officinale, pemupukan, pertumbuhan,produksiABSTRACTResponse of five accessions of small white ginger tofertilizersThe use of ginger varieties responsive to low fertilization dosages,is expected to increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce environmentalpollution. Research aimed at observing response of five small white gingeraccessions of low-dosage fertilization has been conducted in the CimangguExperimental Station in from August 2009 through May 2010. Five smallwhite ginger accessions from marginal areas were planted in polybags.The experiment was and arranged using a randomized block design wasrepeated with 3 times replications. Each treatment consisted of 20 plants.Two treatments were tested factorially, where factor I : 5 small whiteginger accessions, namely (1) Ziof 0004, (2) Ziof 0007, (3) Ziof 0008, (4)Ziof 0013, and (5) Ziof 0014, and factor II : 3 fertilization dosages isdosage of fertilizer, namely (a) 50% recommendation dosage (200 kg urea+ 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl per hectare), (b) 75% recommendationdosage (300 kg urea + 225 kg SP-36 + 225 kg KCl per hectare), and (c)recommendation dosage (400 kg Urea + 300 kg SP-36 + 300 kg KCl perhectare). Each treatment was given 20 t/ha of manure as basal fertilizer.The parameters observed were growth parameters (plant height, number oftillers, stem diameter, and number of leaves), yield and nutrient uptake ofN, P, and K at 4 and 9 months after planting (MAP). The results showedthat each of the accessions responded differently to the reduction offertilizer dosages, either in vegetative or generative growth phase of gingerplants. Reduction of fertilizer dosages to 25% did not significantly reducethe yield of ginger, however, fertilizer dosages reduction up to 50% of therecommended dosages led to significant decrease of ginger yield.Compositions of N, P, and K nutrients absorbed by plants were different inevery phase of plant growth.Keywords : Accessions, Zingiber officinale, fertilizer, growth, yiel
EFEKTIFITAS PENAMBAHAN LAHAN USAHATANI METE DALAM PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PETANI
Get PDFABSTRAKLahan usahatani yang sempit merupakan faktor utama penyebabkemiskinan di wilayah pedesaan. Reformasi agraria dengan redistribusilahan sering dianggap sebagai jalan efektif untuk mengatasi kemiskinan.Pengalaman di beberapa negara ternyata tidak selalu demikian. Mengingatbahwa wilayah usahatani mete merupakan wilayah yang memiliki tingkatkemiskinan yang tinggi maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisispola pengaruh penambahan lahan usahatani mete terhadap peningkatanpandapatan petani di dua wilayah dengan kondisi agribisnis yang berbeda.Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2002 di Propinsi SulawesiTenggara sebagai salah satu sentra produksi mete yang dapat dijadikangambaran kondisi Indonesia. Kabupaten Buton mewakili kondisi agribisnisyang belum berkembang dan Kendari mewakili yang berkembang (duakabupaten yang terbesar populasi rumah tangga mete). Pengambilancontoh acak sederhana digunakan untuk menarik contoh responden dengansatuan contoh usahatani mete, masing-masing 156 dan 136 untuk Butondan Kendari. Data dianalisis melalui regresi, dengan variabel independenluas lahan usahatani (L) dan variabel dependen pendapatan usahatani (I),diperoleh fungsi derivatifnya terhadap L untuk Buton ∂I B /∂L B =131.925L B 2 – 502.858L B –510.069 (penambahan pendapatan positif mulai4,6 ha); dan Kendari ∂I K /∂L K = -20.967L K 2 +21.0694L K –113.550 (penam-bahan pendapatan positif mulai 0,6 ha dan cenderung menurun setelah 5ha). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa efektifitas penambahan lahan usahataniterhadap pendapatan petani ternyata berbeda pada wilayah yang kondisiagribisnisnya berbeda. Pada wilayah yang belum berkembang (sepertiButon), penambahan lahan kurang efektif dapat meningkatkan pendapatanuntuk melampaui garis kemiskinan, dan penambahan baru efektif lebihbesar dari 5 ha. Sedangkan pada wilayah yang sudah berkembang (sepertiKendari) penambahan lahan sudah efektif dengan penambahan 1,5 ha.Pengembangan agribisnis tersebut antara lain melalui pengembangan polatanam dan industri hilir (pengolahan sederhana) sangat efektif untukmeningkatkan pendapatan petani yang memiliki lahan sempit, danefektifitas ini akan semakin meningkat bila ditunjang dengan peningkatanakses pasar melalui perbaikan infrastruktur.Kata kunci : Mete, Anacardium occidentale L, lahan usahatani, pendapatanpetani, kemiskinan, agribisnisABSTRACTEffectiveness of farm land addition to additional incomeSmall farm is the main factor that causes poverty incidence in ruralarea. Land reform through land redistribution is often taken for granted asan effective way to alleviate poverty. However, experiences in somecountries do not always prove it. Since cashew farm areas generallycoincide with high poverty incidence, hence this research aimed to analyzeeffectiveness of farm land addition to the additional income in two areaswith different condition of agribusiness. The District of Buton is asrepresentative of underdeveloped agribusiness and Kendari Districtrepresents the developed one, both districts have the largest cashewpopulation in the Province of Southeast Sulawesi, as one of the maincashew area in Indonesia. Data were collected in June-July 2002. Thesimple random sampling was used to determine respondents and cashewfarm as unit of sample, and the sample size was 156 and 136 unitsrespectively for Buton and Kendari. Data were analyzed with regressionanalysis, where cashew farm land size (L) was used as independentvariable and farmer’s income (I) as dependent variable. The derivativefunction to L obtained is ∂I B /∂L B = 131.925L B 2 –502.858L B –510.069(Buton) (additional income will be positive, larger than 4.6 ha); and∂I K /∂L K = -20.967L K 2 +21.0694L K –113.550 (Kendari) (additional incomewill be positive, larger than 0.6 ha). The result showed that theeffectiveness of land addition to increase farmer’s income was proveddifferent in different agribusiness conditions. In underdeveloped area (likeButon), the land addition was less effective to increase income over thepoverty line and it would be effective if the addition was larger than 5 ha.While in developed area (like Kendari), the addition of land was effectiveby adding 1.5 ha. Developing agribusiness condition could be conductedby developing cropping system and forwarding home industry(processing). The development will be more effective if it is supported byimproving market access through improvement of infrastructure.Key words : Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L, farm land, farmer’sincome, poverty, agribusines
PERBAIKAN VARIETAS UNTUK PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN MUTU SERAT KAPAS
Get PDFABSTRAKPersilangan kapas yang dilakukan pada tahun 1999 denganmelibatkan 11 varietas kapas sebagai tetua betina dan lima varietas kapassebagai tetua jantan telah menghasilkan 22 set persilangan kapas. Adapuntujuan persilangan tersebut adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas danmutu serat varietas kapas nasional Indonesia. Program perbaikan varietasini menggunakan pendekatan seleksi pedigree pada F3, dan dilanjutkandengan seleksi galur pada generasi F5 dan selanjutnya. Pada kegiatanseleksi galur tahun 2004-2005 di Kebun Percobaan Asembagus, dari 22genotipe generasi F4 yang diseleksi dengan kriteria seleksi produktivitas >3 ton kapas berbiji/ha telah dihasilkan 23 galur harapan. Pada generasi F6dilakukan uji daya hasil dari 23 galur tersebut. Dari pengujian daya hasilgalur-galur tersebut pada tahun 2006, telah dihasilkan enam galur harapanyang memiliki tingkat produktivitas secara statistika tidak berbeda denganatau lebih tinggi dari Kanesia 8 dengan panjang serat > 1,16 inch, kekuatanserat > 30,77 g/tex, dan kehalusan serat antara 3,5 – 4,5 mic, yaitu99004/5, 99005/9, 99013/5, 99023/5, 99023/7, dan 99023/8. Galur-galurtersebut selanjutnya akan diuji secara multilokasi untuk menilai stabilitasekspresi genetiknya di beberapa wilayah pengembangan kapas.Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, kapas, produktivitas, mutu seratABSTRACTVarietal Improvement for Increase of Productivity andQuality of Cotton Fiber Cotton breeding conducted since 1999 involving 11 varieties asfemale parent, and five varieties as male parents has resulted in 22crossing sets. The aim was to improve productivity level as well as fiberquality of national cotton varieties of Indonesia. The breeding approachwas accomplished by pedigree selection on F3 generation, which was thencontinued with line selection from F5 generation. From the line selectionactivity carried out at Asembagus Experimental Station during 2004-2005,out of 22 genotypes selected at the F4 generation based on productivitylevel of > 3 ton seed cotton/ha as selection criteria, 23 promising lines hadbeen selected which were then tested in a yield potential test. From theyield potential test conducted in 2006, six promising lines had beenselected whose productivity levels were statistically not different from orhigher than Kanesia 8 with fiber length of >1.16 inch, fiber strength>30.77 g/tex, and fiber fineness 3.5-4.5 mic. Those promising lines wouldthen be tested in multilocation trials to evaluate the stability of theirgenetic expression in several cotton development areas.Key words : Gossypium hirsutum, cotton, productivity, fiber propertie
PENYEBAB DAN SERANGGA VEKTOR PENYAKIT KERITING PADA TANAMAN LADA
No full textThe cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease
PENGARUH KERAPATAN BULU DAUN PADA TANAMAN KAPAS TERHADAP KOLONISASI Bemisia tabaci GENNADIUS
Get PDFABSTRACTKetahanan tanaman terhadap serangga hama berdasarkan karaktermorfologi bulu (trichom) pada daun merupakan salah satu cara potensialmengurangi penggunaan insektisida kimia dalam pengendalian hama.Serangga hama pengisap Bemisia tabaci pada tanaman kapas juga dapatdikendalikan dengan menggunakan varietas kapas resisten berdasarkankarakter morfologi bulu daun. Penelitian peranan kerapatan bulu daunpada tanaman kapas terhadap kolonisasi B. tabaci Gennadius dilakukan diKebun Percobaan Pasirian, Kabupaten Lumajang, dan di LaboratoriumEntomologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang, mulaiApril hingga Juli 2005. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahuiperanan kerapatan bulu daun pada beberapa aksesi plasma nutfah kapasterhadap kolonisasi B. tabaci. Perlakuan terdiri atas 11 aksesi plasmanutfah kapas yang dipilih berdasarkan penilaian visual pada karakterkerapatan bulu daun yang mewakili kerapatan bulu rendah hingga tinggi,yaitu: (1) KK-3 (KI 638), (2) Kanesia 1 (KI 436), (3) A/35 Reba P 279 (KI257), (4) Acala 1517 (KI 174), (5) Asembagus 5/A/1 (KI 162), (6) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1 (KI 76), (7) DP Acala 90 (KI 23), (8) TAMCOT SP21 (KI 6)), (9) Kanesia 8 (KI 677), (10) CTX-8 (KI 494), dan (11) CTX-1(KI 487). Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan10 ulangan. Paramater yang diamati adalah jumlah bulu daun, telur dannimfa pada 1 cm2 luas daun, serta jumlah imago B. tabaci pada daunketiga dari atas tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatanbulu daun berkorelasi positif dengan kolonisasi B. tabaci (R=0,9701).Semakin tinggi kerapatan bulu daun, semakin meningkat kolonisasi B.tabaci. Kolonisasi B. tabaci lebih tinggi pada CTX-1, CTX-8, Kanesia 8,dan KK-3 (150-250 individu/cm 2 luas daun) karena tingkat kerapatan buludaun juga lebih tinggi (150-300 helai/cm 2 luas daun) dibanding TAMCOTSP 21, DP Acala 90, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, Asembagus 5/A/1, Acala1517, A/35 Reba P 279, dan Kanesia 1 yang memiliki kerapatan bulu daun(0-100 helai/cm 2 luas daun) dan tingkat kolonisasi B. tabaci (<100individu/cm 2 luas daun) lebih rendah.Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, plasma nutfah, hama, Bemisiatabaci, trichom, kolonisasi, Jawa TimurABSTRACTRole of trichome density of cotton leaf to colonization ofBemisia tabaci GennadiusTrichome-based host plant resistance offers the potential to reducechemical insecticides used in insect pest control. Cotton whitefly, Bemisiatabaci can be controlled by using resistant variety based on trichomedensity as plant morphological characteristics. The study on the role oftrichome density of cotton accessions on the colonization of B. tabaci wascarried out at Pasirian Experimental Station at Lumajang, and atEntomology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (IToFCRI ) in Malang from April to July 2005. Treatmentsincluded 11 cotton accessions, viz. (1) KK-3 (KI 638), (2) Kanesia 1 (KI436), (3) A/35 Reba P 279 (KI 257), (4) Acala 1517 (KI 174), (5)Asembagus 5/A/1 (KI 162), (6) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1 (KI 76), (7) DPAcala 90 (KI 23), (8) TAMCOT SP 21 (KI 6)), (9) Kanesia 8 (KI 677),(10) CTX-8 (KI 494), and (11) CTX-1 (KI 487). The experiment wasarranged in completely randomized design with ten replications.Parameters observed were trichome density, number of eggs and nymphson one cm2 of leaf and adult of B. tabaci on 3rd highest leaf of cottonplant. The result showed that trichome density was positively correlatedwith B. tabaci colonization (R=0,9701) in which higher trichome densityof cotton leaf has resulted in great colonization of B. tabaci. Bemisiatabaci colonisation was higher on CTX-1, CTX-8, Kanesia 8, and KK-3(150-250 individu/cm2 of leaf) due to dense trichome (150-300trichomes/cm2 leaf) as compared with other accessions, viz. TAMCOTSP 21, DP Acala 90, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, Asembagus 5/A/1, Acala1517, A/35 Reba P 279, and Kanesia 1 which showed less density of leaftrichome (0-100 trichomes/cm2 of leaf) and B. tabaci colonization (< 100individu/cm2 of leaf).Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, cotton accession, pest,Bemisia tabaci, trichome, colonizatio
POLLEN VIABILITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) AS A RESULT OF GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION
Get PDFPest and disease attack is a limiting factor in the production of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Efforts to assemble superior sesame varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases can be a solution to increase productivity. To get superior varieties can be done through mutations using gamma-ray irradiation. The problem is the mutations can affect the viability and morphology of pollen. This research aimed to determine the effect of gamma-ray irradiation doses on the viability and morphology of sesame pollen. It was conducted at Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute and Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Garden-LIPI, from January to May 2019. It was arranged in completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was the type of sesame variety (Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1, and Winas 2),, while the second factor was the dose of gamma-ray irradiation (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 600 Gy). The variables to be observed were the viability and morphology of pollen. The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation up to a dose of 600 Gy did not affect the morphology, but did affected the viability of sesame pollen. The viability of pollen Sumberrejo 1 and Winas 1 varieties irradiated at doses of 100-300 Gy did not change and remained high (>50%), but at doses >300 Gy, viability decreased up to <50%. In Winas 2, pollen viability <10%, irradiated or not. The morphology of sesame pollen varieties Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1 and 2 have the character of monad, isopolar, stephanoaperture, with various sizes of pollen units.Keywords: irradiation, gamma ray, pollen, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) AbstrakVIABILITAS DAN MORFOLOGI SERBUK SARI TANAMAN WIJEN (Sesamum indicum L.) HASIL IRADIASI SINAR GAMMASerangan hama penyakit merupakan faktor pembatas dalam produksi wijen (Sesamum indicum L.). Upaya perakitan varietas unggul wijen yang tahan terhadap hama penyakit dapat menjadi solusi agar produktivitasnya meningkat. Untuk mendapatkan varietas unggul, dapat dilakukan melalui mutasi menggunakan iradiasi sinar gamma. Kendalanya adalah mutasi dapat memengaruhi viabilitas dan morfologi serbuk sari. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh dosis iradiasi sinar gamma terhadap viabilitas dan morfologi serbuk sari wijen. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat serta Pusat Penelitian Konservasi Tumbuhan dan Kebun Raya-LIPI, dari bulan Januari hingga Mei 2019. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak kelompok 2 faktor. Faktor pertama adalah jenis varietas wijen (varietas Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1, dan Winas 2), sedangkan faktor kedua adalah dosis iradiasi sinar gamma (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, dan 600 Gy).Variabel yang diamati adalah viabilitas dan morfologi serbuk sari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi sinar gamma sampai dengan dosis 600 Gy tidak memengaruhi morfologi, tetapi memengaruhi viabilitas serbuk sari wijen. Viabilitas serbuk sari varietas Sumberrejo 1 dan Winas 1 hasil iradiasi dengan dosis 100-300 Gy tidak berubah dan tetap tinggi (>50%), tetapi pada dosis >300 Gy, viabilitas menurun hingga <50%. Pada Winas 2, viabilitas serbuk sari <10%, baik diiradiasi maupun tidak. Morfologi serbuk sari wijen varietas Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1 dan 2 memiliki karakter monad, isopolar, stephanoaperture, dengan ukuran unit yang bervariasi.Kata kunci: iradiasi, sinar gamma, serbuk sari, wijen (Sesamum indicum L.
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI CENDAWAN TERBAWA BENIH KAKAO HIBRIDA
Get PDFABSTRAKBenih merupakan komponen dasar dalam menentukan produktivitastanaman kakao. Benih yang sehat dapat merupakan faktor penting dalammenentukan keberhasilan produktivitas kakao. Benih kakao mempunyaikadar air cukup tinggi sehingga berpotensi terinfeksi cendawan, yangdapat menurunkan mutu benih dan produksi kakao. Penelitian bertujuanuntuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi beberapa cendawan terbawa benihpada kakao hibrida. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Induk Benih PusatPenelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia, Jember, Laboratorium Mikro-biologi, Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia, danLaboratorium Pengendalian Hayati IPB Bogor pada bulan Juni sampaiOktober 2008. Penelitian menggunakan benih kakao hibrida dari hasilpersilangan buatan antar TSH 858 dengan Sca 6, dan percobaan disusundengan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Benih ditumbuhkanpada 3 media, yaitu water agar (WA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), dankertas saring (KS). Tingkat infeksi pada benih diamati setiap hari dandianalisis dengan analisis sidik ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji selangberganda Duncan. Cendawan diisolasi, dibiakkan, dimurnikan, dandiidentifikasi dengan menggunakan buku kunci identifikasi. Tingkatinfeksi cendawan terbawa benih kakao hibrida tertinggi terdapat pada harikeempat (35,00%) dan kelima (51,67%) pada media PDA. Sebanyak 13spesies cendawan terbawa benih kakao hibrida berhasil diidentifikasidengan menggunakan media WA dan PDA, serta 8 spesies cendawandengan media KS. Ke-13 cendawan terbawa benih yang ditemukan sangatberpotensi menurunkan mutu fisiologis benih dan produktivitas kakao.Cendawan tersebut perlu diuji lebih lanjut karena masing-masing memilikisifat-sifat patogenik, saprofitik, atau antagonistis terhadap cendawan lainpada benih kakao. Cendawan terbawa benih kakao hibrida paling dominanadalah Aspergillus spp., Penicillium chrysogenium, Coletotrichumacutatum, Curvularia geniculata, dan Fusarium spp. Cendawan-cendawanyang diduga berbahaya adalah Aspergillus spp., Coletotrichum acutatum,Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium spp., Phoma glomerata, danMacrophoma sp., dan yang diduga bersifat patogenik adalah Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium herbanum, Curvulariageniculata, Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma glomerata, dan Macrophoma sp.Kata kunci : Theobroma cacao, benih hibrida, infeksi cendawan, mediatanamIsolation and Identification of Fungi on Hybrid Cacao SeedsABSTRACTSeed is the basic component influencing the productivity of cacaoplantation. Healthy seed is the most important factor in determining thesuccess of cacao productivity. Moisture content of cacao seeds is quitehigh potentially to cause fungi infection, which can further reduce seedquality and cacao production. The research aimed at isolating andidentifying several seedborne fungi on hybrid cacao. The study wasconducted at main nursery of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa ResearchInstitute Jember, Laboratory of Microbiology, Indonesian BiotechnologyResearch Institute for Estate Crops, and the Laboratory for BiologicalControl of IPB Bogor from June to October 2008. Research used hybridcacao seeds derived from crossing between TSH 858 x SCA 6, and theexperiment was arranged using completely randomized design with threereplicates. Cacao seeds were grown on three media, i.e. water agar (WA),potato dextrose agar (PDA), and filter paper (KS). Infection rates on theseedlings were observed every day and analyzed using ANOVA followedby Duncan's multiple regression test (DMRT). Fungi were isolated,cultured, purified, and identified using the identification keys. The highestrate of seedborn fungal infection occured on fourth (35.00%) and fifth(51.67%) days on PDA media. A total of 13 species of seedborn fungi onhybrid cocoa were identified by using WA and PDA media, as well as 8other species by using KS. The 13 seedborne fungi potentially reduce seedphysiological quality and cacao productivity. These fungi need to befurther tested because each has its own pathogenic, saprophytic, orantagonistic properties towards other fungi on cacao seeds. Predominantseedborn fungi on hybrid cacao were Aspergillus spp., Penicilliumchrysogenium, Coletotrichum acutatum, Curvularia geniculata, andFusarium spp. The fungi suspected harmful were Aspergillus spp.,Coletotrichum acutatum, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium spp., Phomaglomerata, and Macrophoma sp., and those suspected pathogenic wereAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium herbanum,Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma glomerata, andMacrophoma sp.Key words : Theobroma cacao, fungi infection, hybrid seed, growingmedi
KAJIAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI POLA TANAM SAMBILOTO DENGAN JAGUNG
Get PDFABSTRAKSambiloto (Andrografis paniculata Nees) secara alami hidup suburdi antara tegakan hutan. Hal ini megindikasikan bahwa tanaman ini toleranterhadap naungan. Kajian pola tanam jagung dan sambiloto diharapkanmendorong efisiensi produksi dan meningkatkan daya saing. Percobaandilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu Bogor pada tanah Latosol,ketinggian 240 m dpl, tipe iklim A. Penanaman pada bulan Nopember2003 dan panen mulai bulan Maret 2004 selama 5 kali panen denganselang setiap 2 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok(RAK) 6 kali ulangan dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu : (1) monokultursambiloto, (2) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, (3)sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 120 cm x 20 cm, (4) sambiloto + jagungjarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm. Bibit sambiloto disemaikan selama 2 bulandan ditanam dengan jarak tanam 30 cm x 40 cm, dipupuk dengan 10 tonpupuk kandang, 150 kg urea, 150 kg SP-36, dan 150 kg KCl per ha.Pupuk kandang, SP-36, dan KCl seluruhnya diberikan pada saat tanam.Urea diberikan masing-masing 1/3 bagian pada umur 0, 1, dan 2 BST(Bulan Sesudah Tanam). Untuk setiap ha tanaman jagung dipupuk dengan5 ton pupuk kandang, 300 kg SP-36, dan 200 kg KCl yang diberikan padasaat tanam, dan 300 kg urea diberikan masing-masing 1/2 bagian padaumur 0, dan 1 BST. Benih jagung (Hibrida lokal R-01) ditanam 2 butir perlubang tanam, ditanam 2 kali selama musim tanam yaitu pertama 2 minggusebelum penanaman sambiloto, dan penanaman kedua 75 hari setelahpenanam jagung yang pertama. Data input-output usahatani dianalis secaradeskriptif dilanjutkan dengan analisis B/C rasio dan sensitivitas. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan mutu simplisia semua pola tanam memenuhistandard Materia Medika Indonesia. Produktivitas sambiloto per m 2 makinmenurun dengan kerapatan pola tanam; pada pola monokultur diperolehhasil 1,1 kg/m 2 sedangkan pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90cm x 20 cm menghasilkan 0,5 kg/m 2 terna basah. Produktivitas jagung perm 2 meningkat dengan makin rapatnya pola tanam yaitu mencapai 13,3tongkol pada jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, dan 22,2 tongkol padajarak tanam jagung 90 cm x 20 cm. Biaya produksi sambiloto sebagianbesar untuk bibit (Rp. 300/tanaman); biaya bibit tertinggi pada pola tanammonokultur yaitu 66,5% dari total biaya usahatani dan terendah pada polatanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm yaitu 36%. Untukmenekan biaya usahatani disarankan petani melakukan penyemaian benihsendiri. Pola tanam sambiloto dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm,paling layak secara finansial dengan pendapatan bersih mencapaiRp1.188.360 dan B/C rasio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 lahan dan memberikansumbangan lebih dari 20% terhadap pendapatan petani sebagai managerusahatani, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup fleksibel terhadapperubahan biaya produksi dan harga produk, serta memberikan tambahanpendapatan bersih (keuntungan sebesar) Rp.51.675/1.000 m 2 lahandibandingkan pola monokultur.Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, jagung, polatanam,usahatani, produksi, Jawa BaratABSTRACTFeasibility study of king bitter and corn cropping patternKing bitter (Andrografis paniculata Nees) is naturally grown wildlyunder forest trees. This indicates that the plant is shade tolerant. Thecropping pattern of the plant with corn was expected to improve itsproduction efficiency and compatibility. The experiment was conducted inthe Cimanggu Experimental Garden Bogor, Latosol soil type, elevation240 m above sea level, climate type A of Schmidt and Fergusson. Plantingwas done November 2003. The experiment was designed in a randomizedblock with 6 replications. Treatments were (1) monoculture of king bittercropping pattern, (2) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20cm) cropping pattern, (3) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 120 cm x20 cm) cropping pattern, (4) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cmx 20 cm) cropping pattern. King bitter was planted at 30 cm x 40 cmspacing, fertilized with 10 tons manure + 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl and150 kg urea fertilizer was applied one of third dosage in 0, 1, and 2 monthsafter planting. Corn was grown twice during the experiment; first wasplanted 2 weeks prior to planting of the king bitter, and second was 75days after the first planting. Corn was fertilized with 5 tons manure + 300kg SP36 + 200 kg KCl per ha, and 300 kg urea fertilizer was applied halfdosage in 0, and 1 months after planting. First harvest of the king bitterwas done in March 2004, followed with 5 harvests every 2 months.Farming efficiency was analyzed using descriptive analysis, B/C ratio andsensitivity analysis. The results showed that quality of dry raw material ofking bitter matched with MMI standard. Productivity of king bitterdecreased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, inmonoculture bitter king productivity was 1.1 kg/m 2 decreased to 0.5 kg/m 2in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm).In opposite, the productivity of corn increased by the increasingpopulation of corn in cropping pattern, that were 13.3 cobs/m 2 in croppingpattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) increasedto 22.2 cobs /m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing90 cm x 20 cm). Most of king bitter production cost (Rp. 300/polybag),isfor seedlings. In monoculture of king bitter, seedling cost of king bitterwas 66,5% of production cost, and in cropping pattern king bitter and corn(in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) the seedling cost was 36% ofproduction cost. To reduce production cost, farmers suggested to producethe seedlings by themselves. The study suggested that the best croppingpattern was king bitter planted with corn at 90 cm x 20 cm planting space.This cropping pattern financially acceptable as it raised income as much asRp.1,188,360, B/C ratio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 and gave more then 20% ofmanagement income which was more adaptable to fluctuation productioncost and price of product, and gave Rp. 51,675/1.000 m 2 net benefitcompared to monoculture of king bitterKey words: Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, corn, croppingpattern, farming, production, West Jav
HASIL DAN STABILITAS HASIL DUA PULUH GENOTIPE JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.) SELAMA SEMBILAN BELAS BULAN BERPRODUKSI
Get PDFABSTRAKPengujian interaksi genotipe dengan lingkungan (GxE) serta analisisstabilitas hasil suatu genotipe merupakan hal yang penting dalam programpemuliaan tanaman. Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis hasil danstabilitas hasil 20 genotipe tanaman jarak pagar telah dilakukan di KebunPercobaan Pakuwon, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat, pada ketinggian tempat 450m dpl dengan jenis tanah Latosol dan tipe iklim B mulai bulan Mei 2008sampai Desember 2009. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak kelom-pok lengkap dengan 20 perlakuan genotipe tanaman dan tiga ulangan.Peubah yang dianalisis adalah jumlah buah panen selama 19 bulanberproduksi. Analisis ragam dilakukan secara gabungan antara 20 genotipedengan 19 lingkungan (umur tanaman) dan analisis stabilitas hasilmengikuti metode Eberhart dan Russel (1966). Hasil penelitian menunjuk-kan bahwa berdasarkan pada hasil jumlah buah panen selama 19 bulanberproduksi terdapat enam genotipe jarak pagar yang dapat diklasifikasi-kan ke dalam genotipe yang berdaya hasil tinggi dan stabil, yaitu PT7,PT13, PT14, PT15, PT33, dan 3189. Sedangkan MT7 dan HS49diklasifikasikan ke dalam genotipe berdaya hasil tinggi tetapi tidak stabil.Kata kunci : Jatropha curcas L., interaksi GxE, hasil, stabilitas hasilABSTRACTYield and yield stability of twenty genotypes of physic nut(Jatropha curcas L.) during nineteen months ofproductionGenotype and environment interaction (GxE) and yield stabilityanalysis of the genotypes is more important in plant breeding program.This experiment was carried out from May 2008 until December 2009 atPakuwon Experimental Station, Sukabumi, West Java with altitude about450 m above sea level, Latosol soil type and B climate type. The objectiveof this experiment was to analyze the yield and yield stability of 20genotypes of physic nut. Randomized complete block design with 20treatments of physic nut genotype and three replications was used in thisstudy, and the variabel observed was number of fruit harvested per month.Data were analyzed by combined analysis of variance and stabilityanalysis using Eberhart and Russel (1966) methods. Result showed thatbased on number of fruit harvested during 19 months production the PT7,PT13, PT14, PT15, PT33 and 3189 were classified as high yielding andstable genotypes. While, MT7 and HS49 were classified as high yieldingand unstable genotypes.Key words : Jatropha curcas L., GxE interaction, yield, yield stability
IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTER MORFO-FISIOLOGI PENENTU PRODUKTIVITAS JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale)
Get PDFABSTRAKProduktivitas jambu mete di Indonesia masih rendah karenabudidayanya yang masih sederhana dan belum menggunakan bahantanaman unggul. Hasil tanaman ditentukan oleh beberapa karakter morfo-fisiologi seperti luas dan tebal daun, jumlah stomata, laju fotosintesis,kandungan klorofil, relative water content (RWC), dan potential osmotikdaun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter morfo-fisiologiyang menentukan hasil jambu mete. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KebunPercobaan Cikampek dan Laboratorium, Balittro, Bogor, Jawa Barat, padabulan Januari-Desember 2012. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah duavarietas jambu mete produksi tinggi (B02 dan GG1) dan tiga varietasproduksi rendah (Laode Gani, Laode Kase, dan Laura). Tanamandibedakan dalam tiga kelompok umur (5, 8, dan 17 tahun). Parameter yangdiamati karakter morfologi seperti ketebalan daun (μm), luas daun (cm 2 ),produksi gelondong (kg/tanaman), berat kering daun (g/daun), anatomi(jumlah stomata), dan parameter fisiologi meliputi kandungan klorofil(a+b) (%), laju fotosintesis (μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ), karbohidrat daun (%),potensial air daun (bar), dan Relative Water Content (RWC) (%). Untukmengetahui parameter morfo-fisiologi yang berpengaruh nyata terhadapproduksi dilakukan uji komponen penentu hasil, yaitu peubah morfo-fisiologi terhadap produksi gelondong mete. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanpeubah klorofil tanaman jambu mete berpengaruh nyata antar aksesi. Hasilanalisis antar peubah morfo-fisiologi dan komponen hasil menunjukkanhanya peubah klorofil yang berkorelasi positif terhadap hasil gelondongaksesi jambu mete yang berproduktivitas tinggi. Fungsi hasil digambarkandalam formula ln hasil gelondong = 2,01 + 11,0 ln klorofil , sedangkan pada aksesiyang produktivitasnya rendah peubah klorofil tidak berpengaruh nyata.Fungsi ini mengindikasikan apabila kandungan klorofil meningkat 1%maka produksi gelondong akan meningkat 11%.Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale, karakter morfo-fisiologi, produksiABSTRACTCashew productivity in Indonesia is still low, due to impropercultivation technique and the use of unimproved varieties. Crop yield isdetermined by several morpho-physiological characters such as leaf area,leaf thickness, the number of stomata, the rate of photosynthesis,chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), and leaf osmoticpotential. This study aimed to obtain morpho-physiological charactersaffecting cashew production. The research was conducted in the CikampekExperimental Station and in the Laboratory, ISMECRI, Bogor, West Java,from January to December 2012. The plant material used were twoselected high-yielding varieties (B02 and GG1) and three low-yieldingvarieties (Laode Gani, Laode Kase, and Laura). The plants were dividedinto three age groups (5, 8, and 17 years). Parameters measured weremorphological characteristics such as leaf thickness (µm), leaf area (cm 2 ),leaf dry weight (g/leaf), and nut yield (kg/tree), as well as anatomicalcharacteristic such as the number of stomata, and physiological parametersconsisted of chlorophyll content (a+b) (%), photosynthetic rate (µmol CO2m -2 s -1 ), leaf carbohydrate content (%), leaf water potential (bar) andrelative water content (RWC) (%). Data were analysed using componenttest to find morpho-physiological characteristics which was affecting nutyield. The result showed chlorophyll content was significantly affected nutyield among varieties as shown in the following function: ln nut yield = 2.01 +11.0 ln chlorophyll . The result indicated that when the chlorophyll contentincreased 1% the nut yield would increase 11%.Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, morpho-physiological characteris-tic, productio