Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
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PEMANFAATAN KOMPOS TANAMAN AIR SEBAGAI PEMBAWA INOKULAN MIKORIZA PADA BUDIDAYA LADA PERDU DI LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG TIMAH
Get PDFABSTRAKLahan bekas tambang yang dapat dijadikan lahan alternatif untukpengembangan budidaya lada di Bangka cukup tersedia. Penggunaan lahanbekas tambang sebagai lahan budidaya memerlukan pembenahan misalnyapenambahan mikroorganisme seperti mikoriza. Selama ini bahan pembawapupuk hayati mikoriza menggunakan zeolit. Padahal tersedia bahan lainseperti bahan organik yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai alternatif bahanpembawa inokulan mikoriza. Penelitian yang bertujuan memperolehformula bahan organik sebagai bahan pembawa bahan mikoriza yangsesuai digunakan pada budidaya lada di lahan bekas tambang timah diBangka. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2010-2011 (2 tahun) dilaboratorium dan rumah paranet di Balai Peneitian Tanaman Rempah danAneka Tanaman Industri serta lahan petani di Desa Kulur, KabupatenBangka Tengah. Untuk formulasi bahan pembawa mikoriza percobaanmenggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan formulasibahan pembawa yaitu, 100% zeolit, 60% kompos enceng gondok+40%zeolit; 80% kompos enceng gondok+20% zeolit; 100% kompos encenggondok; 60% kompos kiambang+40% zeolit; 80% komposkiambang+20% zeolit dan 100% kompos kiambang. Untuk pengujiandosis dan formula bahan pembawa mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan ladaperdu di lahan bekas tambang, percobaan disusun sesuai denganrancangan Split Plot dalam Acak Kelompok dengan petak utama adalahjenis formula yaitu (1). kontrol 100% zeolit; (2). 60% kompos encenggondok + 40% zeolit; (3). 80% kompos enceng gondok + 20% zeolit; (4).100% kompos enceng gondok; (5). 60% kompos kiambang + 40% zeolit;(6). 80% kompos kiambang + 20% zeolit, dan (7). 100% komposkiambang. Sebagai anak petak adalah dosis pemberian yaitu; (1). 20g/tanaman; (2). 40 g/tanaman, dan (3). 60 g/tanaman. Hasil penelitian inimenujukkan bahwa formula dari bahan kompos enceng gondok ataukiambang 80% dengan zeolit dapat dijadikan bahan pembawa mikorizauntuk pupuk hayati lada perdu di lahan bekas tambang, dengan dosis 60g/tanaman.Kata Kunci : lada, tanaman air, mikoriza, lahan bekas tambangABSTRACTAvailable post-tin mining soil can be used as an alternative land forpepper cultivation in Bangka. The use of mined lands as the cultivation,requiring improvements, such as the addition of mycorrhizae. During thesemycorrhizal biofertilizer carriers using zeolite. Though available materialssuch as organic materials that can be developed as an alternative carriermycorrhizal inoculant. The research aims to obtain an alternative formulaof organic materials as a suitable carrier materials used in mycorrhizalpepper plants have been implemented. This study conducted in 2010-2011(2 years) in the laboratory and home paranet of Crops Research Institutefor Industrial Crops Spices and various land and farmers in the village ofKulur, Central Bangka regency. For carrier formulations mycorrhizal,experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) with treatmentformulations carrier ie, 100% zeolite, 60% water hyacinth compost +40%zeolite, 80% water hyacinth compost +20% zeolite; 100% water hyacinthcompost, 60% salvinia + 40% zeolite, 80% salvinia compost +20% zeoliteand 100% salvinia compost. To test the dose and formulation of the carrieron the growth of mycorrhizal pepper shrubs on mined lands, prepared inSplit Plot design, as the main plot is a type of formula that is (1). controls100% zeolite, (2). 60% water hyacinth compost + 40% zeolite, (3). 80%water hyacinth compost + 20% zeolite, (4). 100% water hyacinth compost,(5). 60% + 40% compost kiambang zeolite, (6). 80% + 20% compostkiambang zeolite, and (7). 100% compost kiambang. As a subplot wasadministered dose that is: (1). 20 g / plant, (2). 40 g / plant, and (3). 60 g /plant.The results of this study showed that the formula of water hyacinthcompost or salvinia 80% of the zeolite can be used as a carrier material formycorrhiza biofertilizer bushy pepper on the post-tin mining soil, with adose of 60 g/plant.Keywords: plant water, mycorrhiza, post-tin mining soi
PENGARUH UKURAN DAN PERLAKUAN BIBIT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI ILES-ILES
No full textPengaruh ukuran dan perlakuan bibit terhadap petumbuhan dan produksi umbi iles-ilcs (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) ditcliti di Bogor dan Cikampek tahun 1993 1995, yang dilakukan dalam dua percobaan. Pada percobaan petama dipelajai pengaruh ukuran bibit utuh dan pada percobaan kedua pengaruh ukuran dan pcmbclahan bibit terhadap petumbuhan dan produksi umbi. Bibit utuh berasal dari umbi batang dengan ukuran 200 dan lOOg, seta umbi tetas dengan 5 dan 2.5g, sedangkan pcmbclahan bibit berasal dai umbi batang ukuran 200g, yang dibelah menjadi 2 bagian (a lOOg), 4 bagian (a SOg) dan 8 bagian (a 25g). Bibit dai pcrlakuan-perlakuan tersebut disemai di bak pasir di rumah kaca dan petumbuhannya diamati pada umur 1-2 bulan. Bibit yang bctunas normal ditanam di lapangan. Untuk percobaan percobaan petama (bibit utuh), bibit-bibit yang bctunas normal di tanam di Bogor dan Cikampek, sedang percobaan kedua (bibit dibelah) ditanam hanya di Bogor. Kedua percobaan tersebut dirancang secara acak kelompok dengan 5 ulangan. Parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai pengaruh perlakuan adalah tinggi tanaman dan diameter batang, panjang daun dan produksi umbi pada umur 6 dan 18 bulan setelah tanam, untuk bibit utuh dan 6 bulan untuk bibit yang dibelah. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. Dai percobaan pertama (bibit utuh) temyata ukuran bibit tidak berpengaruh terhadap persentase pertunasan maupun petumbuhan di lapang. Komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil umbi sangat dipengaruhi oleh lokasi penanaman dan ukuran bibit. Komponen pertumbuhan, kecuali diameter batang, seta produksi umbi di Bogor nyata lebih tinggi dari pada di Cikampek. Pada bibit utuh, ukuran bibit 200g menghasilkan komponen petumbuhan dan produksi umbi paling tinggi dan berbeda dengan ukuran- ukuran lainnya, makin kecil ukuran bibit makin kecil nilai komponen petumbuhan dan produksi umbi. Dai percobaan kedua (pembelahan umbi) diperoleh bahwa pembelahan umbi dai 200g sampai 25g tidak mempengaruhi pertunasan di rumah kaca maupun tanaman yang tumbuh di lapangan. Tinggi batang lebih kecil pada bclahan 25g, diameter batang pada belahan 50g dan produksi umbi pada bclahan lOOg dibanding bibit utuh 200g. Berdasarkan data tersebut, untuk memproduksi bibit secara masal, umbi dapat dibelah sampai ukuran 25g dan dalam waktu 6 bulan dapat diperoleh umbi sebcrat + 200g dan umbi ini dapat menghasilkan umbi sekitar 1 kg umbi/batang dalam waktu 6 bulan.Kata kunci: Amorphophallus oncophyllus. ukuran bibit, produksi ABSTRACTEffect of seed size and seed treatment on the growth and yield of Amorphophallus oncophyllusEfect of seed size and seed treatment on the growth and yield of Amorphophallus oncophyllus was studied in Bogor and Cikampek from 1993 to 1995, in two expeiments. The irst experiment studied the efect of the size of sound seed, and the second studied the efect of size and splitting seed on die growth and yield of tuber. In the first experiment the sound seed used were the true tuber with the size of 200 and lOOg and bulbil with the size of 5 and 2.5g. In the second expeiment, the tuber of 200g were splined into 2 parts (a lOOg), 4 parts (a 50g) and 8 parts (a 25g). The seeds were irstly planted in sand boxes in die glass house and evaluated for their sprouting at I -2 month ater planting. For the irst expeiment the normal sprouted seeds were planted in the ield in Bogor and Cikampek, while for the second expeiment, the normal sprouted seeds were planted in Bogor The two experiments were designed as a randomized block in 5 replicates. The parameters used for evaluating the effect of treatments were plant height, stem (pseudo-stem) diameter, leaf length and yield of tuber at 6 and 18 months ater planting for the irst and 6 months for the second expeiment. Results of the studies are summarized as follows. From the irst expeiment (sound seed) it was sevealed that seed size neither afected spronting percentage nor plant stand in the ield. The growth components and tuber yield were afected by planting location and size of seed. The growth components, except stem diameter, and tuber yield in Bogor significantly higher than those in Cikampek. From the second experiment it was shown that splitting seed rom 100 to 25g neither afected the sprouting percentage in the glass house nor plant stand in the ield. Plant height signiicantly decreased at the size of 25g, stem diameter al 50g and tuber yield at lOOg. Based on the data, for mass production of seed tuber, the tuber could be splined into 25g. Within 6 months the seed may produced a tuber of 300g and the tuber could produced 1 kg tuber within 6 months.Key words : Amorphophallus oncophyllus. seed size, tuber yiel
EVALUASI KETAHANAN AKSESI KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) TERHADAP PENYAKIT LAYU Fusarium oxysporum SCHLECT
No full textEvaluation on the resistance of kenaf accessions (Hibis¬ cus cannabinus /..) to Fusarium oxysporum SchlectResistant variety is one of the most important components controlling of fusarium wilt disease on kenaf caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. To ind out resistant variety an evaluation on kenaf accessions was conducted in the laboratory and screen house of Phytopathology, RITFC, Malang in June-December 1997. The results of the selection on 77 accessions showed that 41 accessions were highly resistant, 1 2 accessions were resistant, 7 accessions were moderate, 12 accessions were susceptible, and 5 accessions were highly susceptible Three resistant and highly resistant accessions were namely 85-9-73, DS/005 H, and FJ/004 He could inhibit F. oxysporum growth about 23.40- 32.43 mm and its discolorisation about 0.0-13.4%
POSISI CONTOH DAUN UNTUK ANALISIS STATUS FOSFOR (P) PADA BIBIT JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.) DAN KADAR P TERSEDIA PADA DAERAH PERAKARANNYA
Get PDFABSTRAKStatus P pada tanaman dapat diduga dengan menganalisis kadar Ppada daun, karena daun merupakan suatu bagian tanaman yang sangataktif. Untuk itu, diperlukan informasi posisi daun yang sesuai untukdijadikan contoh daun untuk analisis status P tanaman. Percobaan inibertujuan untuk menentukan posisi daun yang sesuai untuk analisis statusP dan mempelajari perbedaan antara kadar P tersedia di tanah dan dirhizosphere, serta hubungannya dengan kadar P daun bibit jarak pagar.Percobaan dilakukan di rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempahdan Aneka Tanaman Industri (Balittri) Pakuwon, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat,pada September 2006 sampai dengan Juli 2007, disusun dalam rancanganacak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 (tiga) ulangan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiriatas 20 tanaman. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah: (a) daun ke-1 atau daunyang terletak tepat di bawah kuncup daun yang belum mekar sempurna,(b) daun ke-2 atau daun yang terletak setelah/di bawah daun ke-1, (c) daunke-3, dan (d) daun ke-4. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar P daun (%),kadar P tersedia di tanah dan rhizosphere yang diukur dengan metodeBray-1 P. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun ke-2 adalah posisidaun yang sesuai sebagai contoh daun untuk analisis status P pada bibitjarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.). Kadar P di rhizosphere lebih rendahdaripada kadar P di tanah (Bray-1P) yang jauh dari akar jarak pagar. Padadaun ke-2, keeratan hubungan yang ditunjukkan oleh koefisien regresi (R2)antara kadar Bray-1 P di rhizosphere dan kadar P daun jarak pagar (R2 =0.394) lebih tinggi daripada hubungan antara kadar Bray-1 P di tanah dankadar P daun (R2 = 0.371), sehingga untuk keperluan menggambarkanketersediaan P tanah atau untuk melihat hubungan P tanah tersedia dengankadar ataupun serapan P tanaman jarak pagar, akan lebih tepat bila contohtanah yang diambil berasal dari rhizosphere akar tanaman.Kata kunci: Jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.), posisi daun, status P, Ptanah tersediaABSTRACTDetermination of leaf sample position for analysis of Pstatus in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seedlings andthe available P in the root zoneStatus of P in plants can be quantified by analyzing concentrationsof the nutrient in leaf as the leaf is the most active plant part. For this,information on appropriate leaf position as samples for analysis of P statusin the plants is needed. A research was conducted with aims to determinean appropriate leaf position of physic nut seedlings and to studydifferences between the concentrations of available P (Bray-1 P) in thebulk soil and the rhizosphere, along with their relationships with theconcentrations of leaf P. The experiment was carried out in a glasshouse ofIndonesian Spices and Other Industrial Crops Research Institute,Sukabumi, West Java, from September 2006 to July 2007. The experimentwas arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications.Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants. The treatments were: (a) 1stleaf or a leaf located exactly below the shoot, (b) 2nd leaf or a leaf locatedbelow the 1st leaf, (c) 3rd leaf, and (d) 4th leaf. All the leaves were takenfrom the primary branch of the plants. Parameters measured were Pconcentrations in the leaf, P concentrations in the bulk soil and therhizosphere (Bray-1 P). The results showed that the 2nd leaf position wasthe appropriate leaf position to be taken as samples for the leaf analysis ofP status in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seedlings. The concentrationsof Bray-1 P in the rhizosphere were lower than that in the bulk soil, whichis further away from the roots. The R2 values for the relationships betweenthe Bray-1 P concentrations in the rhizosphere and the the 2nd leaf Pconcentrations were higher than that between the Bray-1 P concentrationsin the bulk soil and the 2nd leaf P concentrations, hence, for the objectivesto show the soil P availability or to show the relationships between theavailable soil P and the concentrations or the P uptake by the physic nut, itwill be more accurate if the soil samples are taken from the rhizosphere.Key words: Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), leaf position, P status,available soil
USE OF ANTIOXIDANT TO INHIBIT BROWNING ON WHITE PEPPER DECORTICATING PROCESS
Get PDFABSTRACTWhite pepper is an important export commodity for Indonesia, until2003 about 70 percent of word demand of white pepper was supplied byIndonesia, but it dropped to about 40 percent in 2004. White pepperprocessing is still done at farm level using a very modest method. Theprocess consists of soaking the berries for seven to twelve days, followedby pepper skin separation and drying the pepper corn for three to five days.The product is often contaminated by undesirable microorganism, and alsounpleasant odor which is caused by improper method and limited cleanwater for soaking process. Researh Institute for Spice and Medicinal Cropsunder Agriculture Department has designed and constructed the pepperthresher and decorticating machine to improve the product quality andprocess efficiency. Those machines could produce the hygienic whitepepper with high essential oil content, however it has brownish white colorcaused by browning process during decorticating process. The consumerused to white pepper with creamy white in color. The antioxidants, malicand tartaric acids were applied to prevent the browning process. Thetreatment consisted of three factors, i.e.: kind of antioxidant (malic andtartaric acid), antioxidant consentration (1.5, 2,0 and 2,5 percent) andsoaking period (1, 2 and 3 hrs). The experiment was arranged inCompletely Randomized Design with two replications. The result showedthat both acids could be used as antioxidant to inhibit browning in peppermechanical decorticating process. The colour of white pepper produce wascreamy white similar to the one produced by traditional method. Theoptimum treatment was malic acid with 2.5 percent concentration and 2hours soaking period.Key words : Pepper, Piper nigrum L., processing, traditional, mechanical,antioxidan, white pepperABSTRAKPenggunaan antioksidan untuk mencegah proses pen-cokelatan pada proses pengupasan kulit ladaLada putih adalah salah satu komoditas ekspor penting bagiIndonesia, dimana sampai tahun 2003 kurang lebih 70 persen kebutuhandunia dipenuhi oleh Indonesia. Namun pada tahun 2004 jumlah tersebutturun drastis menjadi kurang lebih 40 persen. Pengolahan lada putih masihdilakukan di tingkat petani dengan peralatan yang sangat sederhana yangprosesnya terdiri dari perendaman selama tujuh sampai duabelas hari,diikuti dengan pemisahan kulit dan pengeringan biji lada selama tigasampai lima hari. Lada putih yang dihasilkan sering terkontaminasi olehmikroorganisme yang tidak diinginkan dan juga mempunyai bau busukakibat dari metode yang kurang baik dan keterbatasan air bersih. BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat telah berhasil merancang bangunalat perontok dan pengupas lada untuk meningkatkan mutu lada danefisiensi prosesnya. Dengan mesin tersebut dapat diproduksi lada putihhigienis dengan kadar minyak atsiri yang tinggi, namun warnanyakecokelatan yang disebabkan karena proses pencokelatan yang terjadiselama proses pengupasan kulit. Sedangkan konsumen biasa dengan warnayang putih kekuningan. Penggunaan antioksidan (asam malat dan tartrat)untuk mencegah proses pencokelatan tersebut telah dicobakan. Perlakuanterdiri dari : jenis antioksidan (asam malat dan tartrat), konsentrasiantioksidan ( 1,5; 2,0 dan 2,5 persen) serta lama perendaman (1, 2 dan 3jam). Percobaan dirancang secara acak lengkap dengan ulangan dua kali.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa asam malat dan asam tartrat dapatdigunakan untuk mencegah proses pencokelatan pada proses pengupasankulit lada dengan mesin. Warna dari lada putih yang dihasilkan putihkekuningan sama dengan yang dihasilkan dengan cara tradisional(perendaman). Perlakuan terbaik adalah penggunaan asam malat padakonsentrasi 2,5 persen dengan waktu perendaman dua jam.Kata kunci : Lada, Piper nigrum L., prosesing, tradisional, mekanik,antioksidan, lada puti
GALUR-GALUR HARAPAN KAPAS DI LAHAN TADAH HUJAN
Get PDFABSTRAKAreal pertanaman kapas di Indonesia tersebar di enam propinsi yaituJawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa TenggaraTimur, dan Sulawesi Selatan. Pengembangan kapas 70% berada di lahantadah hujan dan 30% di lahan sawah sesudah tanaman padi. Di lahan tadahhujan biasanya kapas ditanam setelah jagung, kedelai atau kacang hijaudan selalu mengalami kendala kekurangan air selama pertumbuhannya.Karena kendala tersebut, produksi kapas berbiji ditingkat petani umumnyahanya mencapai 200 – 500 kg per hektar. Penelitian uji multilokasidilaksanakan di Asembagus dan Wongsorejo (Jawa Timur), Bayan (NusaTenggara Barat), dan Bantaeng serta Bulukumba (Sulawesi Selatan), dilahan tadah hujan pada tahun 2004 – 2006. Sebanyak 9 galur dan varietasKanesia 8 disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok yang diulang 4 kali(tiga ulangan tidak mendapatkan tambahan pengairan setelah tanamanberumur 42 hari atau setelah pemupukan kedua), satu ulangan diberipengairan optimal sampai panen, yang digunakan untuk menghitungIndeks Kepekaan Terhadap Kekeringan. Kapas ditanam secara monokulturpada petak percobaan berukuran 50m 2 dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 25cm, satu tanaman per lubang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan adalah : hasilkapas berbiji pada kondisi keterbatasan air, hasil kapas berbiji padakondisi pengairan optimal, indeks kerentanan terhadap kekeringan, skorkerusakan daun akibat serangan Amrasca biguttula, dan mutu serat. Padakondisi tidak mendapatkan tambahan pengairan, rata-rata potensi hasilgalur-galur yang diuji tidak berbeda nyata dengan varietas Kanesia 8 sertatoleran terhadap A biguttula dan mutu seratnya memenuhi syarat untukindustri tekstil di Indonesia. Galur-galur yang produktivitasnya mencapailebih dari 1.500 kg kapas berbiji/ha adalah (135x182)(351x268)9,(135x182)(351x268)10, dan (135x182)10. Dilihat dari produktivitas, keta-hanan terhadap A. biguttula, ketahanan terhadap kekeringan dan mutuserat, terdapat dua galur harapan yang dapat dilepas sebagai varietas baruyang sesuai untuk dikembangkan di lahan tadah hujan pada kondisi keter-batasan air yaitu galur {(135x182)(351x268)}9 dan galur (339x448)2.Keunggulan galur {(135x182)(351x268)}9 adalah lebih toleran terhadapkondisi dengan ketersediaan air terbatas dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 8,sedangkan produktivitas, ketahanannya terhadap A biguttula, serta mutuseratnya tidak berbeda. Keunggulan galur (339x448)2 dibandingkandengan Kanesia 8 adalah mutu seratnya lebih tinggi, sedangkan produk-tivitas serta ketahanannya terhadap keterbatasan air dan A. biguttula tidakberbeda.Kata kunci : Kapas, produktivitas, mutu serat, tahan terhadap kekeringanABSTRACTNew cotton lines adaptive to rain-fedCotton growing area in Indonesia extended in six provinces i.e.East Java, Middle Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggaraand South Sulawesi. Cotton area in Indonesia is mostly (70%) in rain-fed, and the rest is on rice-field after paddy (30%). On rain-fed areas,cotton is commonly grown after maize, soybean, or greenbean, that itsuffers from drought. This condition has resulted low yield ranging 200 –500 kg seed cotton per hectare. As a result, farmers income and farmersinterest in cotton cultivation are low . Multilocations trial were conductedin Asembagus and Wongsorejo (East Java), Bayan (West Nusa Tenggara),and Bantaeng as well as Bulukumba (South Sulawesi), on rain-fed area in2004 to 2006. 9 lines of cotton and Kanesia 8 were arranged in randomizedblock design with four replications three replications without irrigation 42days after planting and one replication with optimal irrigation for theestimation of drought susceptibility index. Monoculture cotton was grownin plots sized 50 m 2 with 100 cm x 25 cm plant spacing, one plant perhole. Parameters observed were seed cotton yield on water limitedcondition, seed cotton yield on full irrigation, drought susceptibility index,score of leaf damage caused by Amrasca biguttula, and fibre quality.Means of productivity level of the cotton lines on water limited conditionwere not significantly different to Kanesia 8, all of them were tolerant toA biguttula with fiber quality was suitable for textile industries inIndonesia. There were three lines reached productivity more than 1,500kg/ha i.e. (135x182)(351x268)9, (135x182) (351x268)10, and (135x182)10. From the trials, there were two promising lines i.e. lines(135x182) (351x268) 9 and (339x448) 2 which can be released as newvarieties tolerant to water limited condition. Lines (135x182)(351x268) 9was more tolerant to water limited condition than Kanesia 8, and it was notsignificantly different in productivity, tolerancy to A biguttula, and fibrequality. Lines (339x448)2 was superior on its fiber quality than Kanesia 8and its productivity as well as its tolerancy to water limited condition andA biguttula were not significantly different
KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN FISIOLOGI TAPAK DARA (Vinca rosea L.) PADA BEBERAPA CEKAMAN AIR
No full textMorphological and physiological characteristics of Vinca at di fferent water stress levelsVinca (Vinca rosea L.) is one of the important medicinal crops as the sources of raw materials for traditional medicines. Its alkaloid is believed can reduce the risk of cancer, blood tension and diabetes diseases. Recently, vinca is only grown as ornamental plant in the garden, therefore, its cultivation methods is limited, especially its water stress tolerance, lite purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of water stess on the morphological and physiological characteristics of vinca. A pot experiment was conducted in the plastics house of the Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops from November 1997 to March 1998. Factorial experiment consisted two factors and three replications was arranged in a randomized block design. Ihe irst factor consisted of two vinca varieties, those wee white flowers (WFV) and red flowers of vinca (RFV). While 4 different levels of water stress i.e., (I) 100% ield capacity (FC), (2) 80% FC, (3) 60% FC, and (4) 40% FC were used as the second factor. Parameters used for evaluating the effect of teatment consisted of morphological characteristics such as (I) plant height, (2) number of primary branches, (3) number of leaves, (4) leaf area (5) dry weight of stem, (6) dry weight of leaf, (7) dry weight of flowers and (8) dry weight of roots, and physiological characteristics observed including: (I) percentages of opened stomata and (2) free proline content of leaf. Results showed that interaction between varieties and water stress did not significantly affect the morphological nor physiological characteristics. Varieties significantly affected the morphological characteristics (except plant height), however they did not signiicantly affect physiological characteristics. Water stress significantly affected the morphological (except dry weight of roots) and free proline contents. Under 80% FC, vinca produced the highest growth and dry weight of plant however, the plant growth and dry weight wee inhibited under 60 and 40% FC. Under 40% FC, percentages of opened stomata deceased signiicantly. Moeover, proline content in the leaves signiicantly increased by water stess treatments
EVALUASI KERAGAMAN GENETIK PLASMA NUTFAH KELAPA GENJAH DI KEBUN PERCOBAAN MAPANGET BERDASARKAN PENANDA DNA SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats)
Get PDFABSTRAKKeragaman genetik sangat penting dalam program pemuliaankelapa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman genetikplasma nutfah kelapa Genjah yang ditanam secara ex situ di kebun koleksiMapanget, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kelapa dan Palma Lain, Manado.Delapan aksesi kelapa Genjah dianalisis keragamannya berdasarkanpenanda DNA SSRs menggunakan 3 primer atau lokus. Hasil analisismenunjukkan bahwa 3 primer SSRs yang digunakan semuanya polimorfikdan menghasilkan 4 - 5 alel per lokus. Kelapa Genjah Salak (GSK)menunjukkan heterozigous pada ke tiga lokus, sedangkan Genjah HijauJombang (GHJ) pada lokus CNZ 51. Dua pohon sampel dari masing-masing aksesi yang dianalisis memiliki kemiripan genetik sebesar 100%kecuali aksesi (GHJ) yang hanya memiliki kemiripan 93 %. Aksesi GSKyang sangat berbeda dengan aksesi lainnya dengan kemiripan hanya 45%.Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aksesi kelapa GSK dan GHJ memilikibeberapa karakter yang berbeda dan spesifik dibandingkan dengan aksesilainnya, sehingga diperlukan seleksi yang ketat sebelum digunakansebagai materi pemuliaanKata kunci : Kelapa,Cocos nucifera L.,plasma nutfah, keragaman genetik,kelapa Genjah, penanda DNA SSRs, Sulawesi UtaraABSTRACTGenetic diversity evaluation of dwarf coconut germplasmat Mapanget Experimental Garden based on SSRs(Simple Sequence Repeats) markerGenetic diversity is very important in coconut breeding program.The aim of this research was to study genetic diversity of Dwarf Coconutthat have been planted on Mapanget Experimental Garden, IndonesianCoconut and Palmae Research Institute Manado. Eight Dwarf accessionswere analyzed their to find out genetic diversity based on SSRs markerusing three primers or locus. The results showed that three primers SSRswere polymophic and gave 4 -5 allels per locus. Salak Green Dwarf (SGD)showed heterozygous in three loci, while Jombang Green Dwarf (JGD) inlocus CNZ 51. Two sample plants of each accession had genetic similarity100% except JGD only had similarity of 93%. SGD was different withother accessions and only had genetic similarity of 45%. SGD and JGDhad several and specific characters that were different compared to theother accessions and have to be selected before they are used as breedingmaterials.Key words : Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., germplasm, genetic diversitydwarf coconut, marker SSR
PEMBENTUKAN KALUS DAN EMBRIO SOMATIK KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN THIDIAZURON MELALUI SATU TAHAP INDUKSI KALUS
Get PDFABSTRAKEmbriogenesis somatik kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) telah banyakdilaporkan dengan penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) yangbervariasi. Penggunaan thidiazuron untuk menginduksi embriogenesissomatik kakao telah dilaporkan melalui dua tahap induksi kalus. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas thidiazuron menginduksiembriogenesis somatik kakao melalui satu tahap induksi kalus. Penelitiandilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Unit Pengembangan BenihUnggul, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Bogor. Empat taraf thidiazuron (0; 2,5;5,0; dan 10 µg/l) dikombinasikan dengan 2,4-D 2 mg/ldigunakan untukmenginduksi kalus dan embrio somatik 3 klon kakao (TSH858, Sca6, danICS13) menggunakan eksplan mahkota bunga dan staminoid. Media dasarDKW tanpa ZPT digunakan sebagai kontrol. Penelitian disusun dalamrancangan lingkungan acak lengkap dengan lima ulangan. Setiap unitpercobaan terdiri dari sepuluh eksplan. Peubah yang diamati meliputipersentase pembentukan kalus umur 2 dan 4 minggu, penampakan visualkalus, persentase eksplan membentuk embrio somatik, dan jumlah embriosomatik per eksplan umur 10 dan 14 minggu. Kalus terbentuk pada mediadengan penambahan hanya 2,4-D atau 2,4-D + thidiazuron, namun embriosomatik hanya terbentuk pada media dengan penambahan 2,4-D +thidiazuron. Pembentukan kalus dan embrio somatik sangat dipengaruhioleh tipe eksplan dan genotipe. Klon Sca6 lebih responsif dibandingkanTSH858 dan ICS13 dan eksplan staminoid lebih responsif dibandingkanmahkota bunga. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh interaksiyang kuat antara ZPT, genotipe, dan tipe eksplan terhadap pembentukankalus dan embrio somatik kakao serta tidak terdapat perbedaan hasil yangnyata antara pembentukan embrio somatik melalui satu dan dua tahapinduksi kalus.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., genotipe, eksplan, zat pengatur tumbuhABSTRACTSomatic embryogenesis of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) has beenwidely reported with varied of plant growth regulators (PGR) used. Theuse of thidiazuron in inducing somatic embryogenesis of cacao has beenreported through a two-step callus induction. The study aimed to evaluatethe effectiveness of thidiazuron in inducing somatic embryogenesis ofcacao through a one-step of callus induction. The study was conducted atthe tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Seed Development Unit,Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Bogor.Four levels of thidiazuron (0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10 µg/l) in combination with 2mg/l 2,4-D were used for inducing callogenesis and somaticembryogenesis of three cacao clones (TSH858, Sca6, and ICS13) usingpetals and staminoids explants. DKW basal medium without PGR wasused as a control. The result showed that callus were formed on mediumcontaining only 2,4-D or 2,4-D + thidiazuron, while embryos were onlyformed on medium containing 2,4-D + thidiazuron. The formation ofcallus and somatic embryos were highly affected by explant types andgenotypes. Sca6 clone was more responsive than TSH858 and ICS13 andstaminoids were more responsive than petals. The results of this studyrevealed that there was a strong interaction between the PGRs, genotypes,and explant types on the formation of cacao callus and somatic embryos.Results of this study also showed no significant difference between theformation of somatic embryos through one and two steps of callusinduction.Keywords: Theobroma cacao L., genotypes, explants, plant growthregulator
PENAMPILAN MORFOLOGI, VARIABILITAS FENOTIPIK PRODUKSI DAN UKURAN GELONDONG TANAMAN JAMBU METE HASIL PERSILANGAN
Get PDFABSTRAKPenelitian telah dilakukan di KP Muktiharjo, Pati, Jawa Tengahdengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pewarisan sifat morfologi dan keragamanfenotipik produksi dan ukuran gelondong nomor-nomor persilangan CF,CM, CA, CS, FM, FA, FS, MA, MS, AS. Tanaman hasil persilanganditanam tahun 1997 dengan jarak tanam 6 m x 6 m. Pengamatan karaktermorfologi tanaman (habitus, warna daun pucuk, warna buah semu) danukuran gelondong dilakukan pada umur tanaman 5 tahun, sedangkantingkat produksi tanaman per pohon diamati selama 4 tahun produksi(2000 - 2003). Karakter tanaman yang diamati dikelompokkan ke dalam 3group yaitu (1) karakter tanaman dan daun, (2) karakter buah, dan (3)karakter gelondong. Terhadap data kualitatif dilakukan penggolongan yangmengacu pada descriptor list tanaman jambu mete (IPBGR). Analisisdeskriptif dan proporsi tanaman (%) dihitung sesuai pembagian karakteryang diamati. Terhadap data kuantitatif (produksi dan ukuran gelondong)dilakukan analisis variabilitas fenotipik. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkantanaman hasil persilangan mempunyai karakter tanaman dan daun beragam,sebagian mirip tetua betina, sebagian mirip tetua jantan, sebagian lagimerupakan karakter antara kedua tetuanya, dengan proporsi setiapkombinasi persilangan berbeda. Penurunan sifat bentuk buah padatanaman jambu mete beragam, tetua dengan bentuk buah yang sama(kerucut) dapat menghasilkan keturunan dengan bentuk buah bervariasi(kerucut, silinder, membulat). Demikian pula dengan karakter warna buahsemu. Persilangan antar tetua dengan warna buah merah menghasilkanketurunan dengan warna buah merah, orange, dan kuning. Kultivar Ssebagai tetua jantan dapat meningkatkan ukuran gelondong keturunannya,tetapi tidak pada semua keturunan dan tidak sebesar ukuran gelondongtetua jantan S tersebut. Variabilitas fenotipik produksi dan ukurangelondong tanaman hasil persilangan tergolong luas, sehingga dengantetua yang sama keturunannya tidak memiliki tingkat produksi dan ukurangelondong yang relatif seragam. Oleh karena itu tanaman hasil persilanganyang terseleksi sebaiknya diperbanyak dengan penyambungan agardiperoleh tanaman dengan karakter yang lebih seragam.Kata kunci : Anacardium occidentale, jambu mete, persilangan,variabilitas fenotipikABSTRACTMorphology performance, yield and nut size phenotypicvariability of cashew progenyProgenies from five parents crossing combination of promisingcashew were planted at Muktiharjo experimental station, Pati, Central Javain 1997 to observe its variability. The progenies were the crossingcombinations of CF, CM, CA, CS, FM, FA, FS, MA, MS, and AS.Seedlings were planted in 6 m x 6 m space-row. Observation formorphological characters, such as habitus, shoot colour, apple colour, andnut size, were done at 5 years plant age. Moreover, for nut yield, theobservations were conducted for 4 times harvest period (2000-2003). Allof characters observed were divided into 3 groups : (1) habitus and leafcharacters, (2) fruit characters, and (3) nut characters. The qualitative datawere grouped based on cashew descriptor list (IPBGR). Qualitative datawere analyzed and the proportion of progeny performance in eachcharacter observed were counted. Yield and nut size phenotypicvariabilities were analized. Result indicated that the progeny showedvariation in plant habitus, trunk shape, and leaf. Some of progenyperformances alike a male parent, some likes female parents and someothers in between of their parents and differ in proportion of each crossingcombination. Fruit characters progeny are also showed variation. Parentwith the same apple shape (pyramid), having progeny with pyramid,silinder and rounded apple shape type. Crossing parent which has the samered apple colour, the progeny has red, orange and yellow apple colour. Fornut size characters, S as a male parent could increasing nut size of progenybut the nut size are not as big as the size of the male parent. Both parentand their progeny have the great variation of nut shape and colour.Phenotypic variability of yield and nut size of progeny are very broad, itimplies that progeny of the same parent has un-uniform yield and nut size.For further plant development, selected progeny of hybridization can bedeveloped by grafting to get more uniform plant.Key words : Anacardium occidentale, cashew, hybridization, phenotypicvariabilit