Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
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KETAHANAN DELAPAN KULTIVAR TEMBAKAU LOKAL BONDOWOSO TERHADAP TIGA PATOGEN PENTING (Ralstonia solanacearum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, DAN Phytophthora nicotianae)
Get PDFABSTRAKTembakau bondowoso merupakan tembakau lokal rajangan yangberkembang di Kabupaten Bondowoso, Jawa Timur. Saat ini ada delapankultivar dengan karakter produksi, mutu, dan ketahanannya terhadappenyakit yang berbeda. Layu bakteri (Ralstonia solanacearum), busukbatang berlubang (Pectobacterium carotovorum), dan lanas (Phytophthoranicotianae) merupakan penyakit yang sering menyebabkan turunnyaproduksi tembakau bondowoso. Evaluasi ketahanan delapan kultivartembakau bondowoso (Samporis, Serumpung, Marakot, Samporis Lokal,Samporis AH, Samporis CH, Samporis B. Disbun, dan Deli) terhadapketiga patogen tersebut dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kasa BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat (Balittas) mulai bulan April sampaidengan Oktober 2011. Penelitian terhadap ketiga patogen tersebutdilakukan secara terpisah. Masing-masing kultivar ditanam sebanyak 10tanaman, 1 tanaman/polibag. Setiap perlakuan (kultivar) diulang 3 kali dandisusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Inokulasi R.solanacearum dan P. carotovorum dilakukan secara terpisah 24 jamsebelum transplanting. Inokulasi P. nicotianae dilakukan dengan dua cara,yaitu melalui akar dan pangkal batang. Inokulasi akar sama dengan carainokulasi bakteri. Inokulasi pangkal batang dilakukan pada tanamanberumur 2 minggu setelah transplanting. Pengamatan intensitas penyakitdilakukan setiap minggu selama 11 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa kultivar Samporis CH, Samporis, dan Deli tahan terhadap P.carotovorum, R. solanacearum, dan P. nicotianae. Kultivar Samporis CH.,Samporis, dan Deli ketahanannya lebih tinggi terhadap ketiga patogen,dengan intensitas penyakit berkisar antara 3,3%-6,7%. Kultivar Marakotsangat rentan terhadap ketiga patogen tersebut dengan tingkat keparahan ≥50%. Demikian pula kultivar Samporis AH yang rentan terhadap R.solanacearum, P. nicotianae dan P. carotovorum dengan intensitaspenyakit 23,3-53,3%. Oleh karena itu, kultivar Samporis CH, Samporis,dan Deli cocok dikembangkan pada lahan endemik penyakit tular tanah diKabupaten Bondowoso.Kata kunci: tembakau bondowoso, Pectobacterium carotovorumPhytophthora nicotianae, Ralstonia solanacearum,ketahananABSTRACTBondowoso tobacco is a local type of sliced tobacco which isrestrictedly cultivated in Bondowoso Regency, East Java. There are eightcultivars known, ie. Samporis, Serumpung, Marakot, Samporis Lokal,Samporis AH, Samporis CH, Samporis B. Disbun, and Deli with their owndistinctive characters on their production, quality, and resistance todiseases. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), hollow stalk rot(Pectobacterium carotovorum), and blackshank (Phytophthora nicotianaeare the main cause of bondowoso tobacco production loss. Evaluation onthe resistance level of the cultivars to the three pathogens above has beenconducted at a laboratory and screen house scale in Indonesian Sweetenerand Fibre Crops Research Institute from April to October 2011. Theevaluation of each pathogen was conducted separately. Each evaluation ofthe pathogen per cultivar used 10 plants planted individually in a polybag.The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 3replicates. R. solanacearum and P. carotovorum were separatelyinoculated on the test plants 24 h before transplanting. The inoculation ofP. nicotianae was done twice via the root and stem. Disease intensity wasobserved weekly for 11 weeks. The results showed that Samporis CH,Samporis, and Deli cultivars were resistant to P. carotovorum, R.solanacearum and P. nicotianae, whereas Samporis and Deli cultivarswere more resistant to the pathogens (disease intensity ranged 3.3-6.7%).Marakot cultivar was very susceptible to all of the three pathogens (diseaseintensity ≥ 50%). Similarly, Samporis AH cultivar was also susceptible tothe pathogens with disease intensity ranged 23.3-53.3%. The studyindicated that Samporis CH, Samporis, and Deli cultivars are suitable to becultivated in the endemic soil born pathogen areas of BondowosoRegency.Key words: bondowoso tobacco, Pectobacterium carotovorum,Phytophthora nicotianae, Ralstonia solanacearum,resistanc
PENGARUH MINYAK JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas LINN.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS, BERAT PUPA, DAN PENELURAN HAMA JARAK KEPYAR
Get PDFABSTRAKPenelitian pengaruh minyak jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.)terhadap mortalitas, berat pupa dan peneluran larva Achaea janata belumpernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukansebelumnya minyak jarak pagar mengandung phorbol ester yang dapatdigunakan sebagai biopestisida dan Achaea janata merupakan hama utamapada tanaman jarak kepyar. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan diLaboratorium Entomologi, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan SeratMalang pada bulan April - Juli 2009, menggunakan rancangan acakkelompok dengan 4 perlakuan konsentrasi minyak jarak pagar, satupembanding, satu kontrol air dan kontrol detergen, diulang tiga kali.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui efek phorbol ester dalamminyak biji jarak pagar (MJP) untuk membunuh larva A. janata. Duaaksesi minyak biji jarak pagar yang diuji adalah: SP 67 asal SulawesiSelatan dan Jatim 45 asal Jawa Timur. Pengamatan meliputi jumlahmortalitas larva, berat prepupa, pupa, jumlah telur, dan telur tetas. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksesi SP 67 yang memiliki kandunganphorbol ester 9,49 µg/ml dengan konsentrasi 5 ml minyak biji jarak pagar(J. curcas) + 1 g detergen/liter air cukup efektif dan mengakibatkanmortalitas larva A. janata 85,34%, LC 50 =2,33 ml/L, 72 jam setelahpenyemprotan. Jumlah telur 362 butir dan telur tetas 34,27%. Aksesi Jatim45 yang memiliki kandungan phorbol ester 4,39 µg/ml dengan konsentrasi10 ml minyak biji jarak pagar (J. curcas) + 1 g detergen/liter air cukupefektif dan mengakibatkan mortalitas larva A. janata 85,34%, LC 50 = 9,35ml/liter pada 72 jam setelah penyemprotan. Jumlah telur 487 butir dantelur tetas 34,75%. Kedua aksesi tersebut mengakibatkan mortalitas larvaA. janata dan efek lanjutan mengakibatkan cacat larva, prepupa, dan pupa,penurunan jumlah telur dan presentase telur tetas.Kata kunci: Jatropha curcas L, phorbol ester, aksesi, minyak biji jarakpagar, mortalitas, larva, Achaea janata L.ABSTRACTEffects of Jatropha curcas Crude Oil (JCO) on Mortality,Weight of Pupae, and Fertility of Achaea janataStudy on the effects of JCO on mortality, weight of pupae, andfertility of Achaea janata has never been done in Indonesia. Based onanalysis, JCO contains phorbol ester which can be used as biopesticide.A. janata is a main pest on castor oil plants. This study was carried out atEntomology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (ITOFCRI) in Malang from April through July 2009. Theexperiment was arranged using randomized block design with 7 treatmentsand 3 replicates. The objective of the research was to find out the ability ofJCO to kill larvae of A. janata and its effect on pupae weight and fertility.This experiment tested two physic nut accessions : SP 67 (originated fromSouth Sulawesi) and Jatim 45 (from East Java). Observations included thenumber of larvae mortality, weights of prepupae and pupae, number ofeggs, and percentage of hatches. Results showed that SP 67 accessioncontaining 9.49 µg phorbol ester/ml oil with concentration of 5 ml JCO +1 g detergent/l was fairly effective to kill larvae of A. janata (LC 50 = 2.33ml/l) after 72 hours of spraying. Pupae laid 362 eggs and only 34.27% ofthe eggs hatched. Jatim 45 accession containing 4.3 g/µg phorbol ester perml oil with concentration of 10 ml JCO + 1 g detergen/l was fairlyeffective to kill larvae of A. janata (LC 50 = 9.35 ml/l) after 72 hours ofspraying. Only 34.75 % of the 487 eggs hatched.Key words: Jatropha curcas L., phorbol ester, accessions, JCO,mortalily, larvae, Achaea janata L
DETECTION OF PHYTOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH KALIMANTAN WILT DISEASE OF COCONUT BY THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Get PDFABSTRACTCoconut is the second Indonesia’s most important social commodityafter rice. There are more than 3.6 million hectares of coconut plantationsin Indonesia equivalent to one third of the total world coconut area.However, the production and productivity of the coconut are very low andunstable for various reasons, including pests and diseases. Kalimantan wilt(KW) disease causes extensive damage to coconut plantation. In previousinvestigations, bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids and soil-borne pathogenssuch as nematodes were tested, but none of them were consistentlyassociated with the disease. The objective of this research was to detectand diagnose the phytoplasma associating with KW. Two DNA extractionmethods, namely a modification of CTAB method involving grindingcoconut trunk tissue in pre-warmed CTAB instead of liquid nitrogen, and asmall scale DNA extraction method, were used to prepare DNA fromcoconut trunk tissues. Research results showed that both methods werefound equally suitable for preparing DNA from coconut trunk tissues forPCR analysis. The phytoplasmas aetiology of KW has been proved by thenested PCR approach using P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 primercombinations. The study has further demonstrated that the nested PCRapproach can be employed to effectively detect the presence ofphytoplasma both in infected and in symptomless coconut trunk tissues.Phytoplasma DNA was amplified from 95 out of 116 samples (81.9%).Based on source of samples, phytoplasma DNA was amplified from KWinfected and symptomless samples, 95.1% and 67.3% respectively. Thisstudy confirmed that KW is caused by phytoplasma.Key words : Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., plant disease, Kalimantan wiltdisease, phytoplasma, polymerase chain reaction, CentralKalimantanABSTRAKDeteksi phytoplasma yang berasosiasi dengan penyakitlayu Kalimantan pada kelapa dengan reaksi rantaipolymeraseKelapa merupakan komoditi sosial kedua setelah padi di Indonesiadengan luasan areal lebih dari 3.6 juta ha pertanaman, ekuivalen dengansepertiga luas kelapa dunia, hal ini menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negaraprodusen kelapa terluas di dunia. Sekarang ini produksi dan produktivitaskelapa sangat rendah dan tidak stabil yang disebabkan oleh berbagai alasantermasuk serangan hama dan penyakit. Penyakit layu Kalimantan telahmengakibatkan kerugian yang besar pada pertanaman kelapa. Penelitiansebelumnya untuk mengetahui penyebab penyakit dilakukan denganmenguji bakteri, cendawan, virus, viroid dan patogen tanah sepertinematoda tetapi tidak ada yang secara konsisten berasosiasi denganpenyakit layu Kalimantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi danmendiagnosa phytoplasma sebagai penyebab penyakit yang berasosiasidengan layu Kalimantan. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode untukmengekstraksi DNA yaitu metode CTAB yang biasanya menggunakannitrogen cair dimodifikasi dengan menghancurkan sampel tanaman padaCTAB yang dipanaskan, dan metode skala kecil. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa kedua metode yang digunakan menghasilkan DNAyang sama baiknya untuk analisis PCR. Teknik nested PCR menggunakankombinasi primer P1/P7 dan R16F2n/R16R2 dapat membuktikan bahwapenyebab penyakit layu Kalimantan adalah phytoplasma. Teknik ini jugasecara efektif dapat mendeteksi phytoplasma dalam jaringan tanamankelapa yang sudah terinfeksi maupun yang belum menunjukkan gejalapenyakit. DNA phytoplasma dapat dideteksi pada 95 sampel dari 116sampel (81.9%) yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan jenis sample yang diperiksaternyata phytoplasma dapat dideteksi pada sample yang terinfeksi maupunyang belum menunjukkan gejala penyakit masing-masing 95.1% dan67.3%. Hasil penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa penyakit layuKalimantan disebabkan oleh phytoplasma.Kata kunci: Kelapa, Cocos nucifera L., penyakit tanaman, penyakit layuKalimantan, phytoplasma, reaksi rantai polymerase,Kalimantan Tenga
KAJIAN MODEL STABILITAS BASIL SECARA KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF UNTUK UJI MULTILOKASI MUSIM PADA TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA RAJANGAN BOJONEGORO
Get PDFABSTRAKKajian model stabilitas hasil dilakukan untuk uji multi lokasi musimpada galur tembakau Virginia rajangan Bojonegoro di tigs lokasi,Kedungadem, Pekuwon dan Sugihwaras, Jawa Timur pada empat musimtanam 1997, 1998, 1999, dan 2001. Tiga lokasi yang dipilih merupakandaerah pengembangan tembakau Virginia Bojonegoro, masing - masingberjarak antara 15 - 20 km satu sama lain. Empat belas galur yang diujimerupakan hasil seleksi sejak tahun 1990. Rancangan percobaan yangdigunakan di setiap lokasi adalah rancangan kelompok dengan tigaulangan. Ukuran petak percobaan 8,6 m x 6,75 m, jarak tanam 90 x 45cm, dengan satu tanaman per lubang. Penentuan stabilitas hasil denganmenggunakan model kualitatif YAU dan HAMBLIN (1994) dan modelkuantitatif menurut PERKINS dan JINKS (1968). Hasil analisismenunjukkan dengan model kualitatif galur nomor 13, 7, 10, 6, dan 5merupakan galur yang stabil dengan hasil rajangan kering di atas hasil rata-ratanya, sedang dengan model kuantitatif galur nomor 9,11,14, 6, dan 10merupakan galur yang stabil dengan hasil ranjangan kering di atas rata-ratanya. Pengukuran stabilitas hasil dengan model kuantitatif lebihinformatif dibandingkan dengan model kualitatif.Kata kunci : Tembakau, Nicotiana tabacum, tembakau Virginia, ujimultilokasi, stabilitas hasil, Jawa TimurABSTRACTStudy of qualitative and quantitative yield stability modelfor season muUilocation test of Bojonegoro sliced VirginiatobaccoStudy of quantitative and qualitative stability model for multi-location-season test of Bojonegoro sliced Virginia tobacco conducted inthree locations: Kedungadem, Pekuwon and Sugihwaras, East Java in1997; 1998; 1999, and 2001. The selected locations were the area of theVirginia tobacco development. The locations were 15-20 km apart fromone another. Fourteen lines of sliced Virginia tibacco tested were the resultof selection since 1990, tested in three locations and four growing seasons.The experiment used a randomized blok design with three replications ineach location. Plot size was 8,6 m x 6,75 m, plant distance was 90 cm x45 cm, one plant per hole. The stability parameters were measured byqualitative model according to YAU and HAMBLIN (1994) andquantitative ones were measured according to PERKINS and JINKS(1968). The result of the analysis using qualitative model showed that linesNo 13, 10, 6, dan 5 were stable genotypes with the yield above its averagewhile based on quantitative model and lines No 9,11,14, 6, dan 10 werestable genotypes with the yield above its average. Measurement of yieldstability using quantitative model was more informative compared toqualitative model.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, virgina tobacco, multi-locationtest, yield stability. East Jav
PENGARUH KERAPATAN BULU DAUN DAN KELENJAR GOSIPOL TERHADAP INFESTASI HAMA PENGISAP DAUN Amrasca biguttula ISHIDA DAN PENGGEREK BUAH Helicoverpa armigera HUBNER PADA KAPAS
Get PDFABSTRAKSebagai hama utama tanaman kapas (Gossypium hirsutum L.),pengisap daun Amrasca biguttula Ishida dan penggerek buah, Helicoverpaarmigera Hubner merupakan faktor pembatas produktivitas. Kedua hamaini dapat dikendalikan secara efektif dan efisien jika menggunakan varietastahan yang sumber ketahanannya berasal dari karakteristik morfologi(antixenosis), terutama kerapatan bulu daun, dan antibiosis (kelenjargosipol). Bulu daun berperan sebagai penghalang serangan hama pengisap,A. biguttula, sedangkan gosipol bersifat racun terhadap hama H. armigera.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Asembagus danLaboratorium Patologi Serangga, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis danSerat, Malang mulai Maret sampai Juli 2011. Tujuan penelitian adalahuntuk mengetahui pengaruh kerapatan bulu daun dan kelenjar gosipol 15aksesi kapas terhadap infestasi hama A. biguttula dan H. armigera.Sebanyak 15 aksesi kapas, yaitu (1) HSCY 52, (2) DPL 55, (3) Deltapine(DP) 340, (4) PTY 800, (5) Chinese x 229, (6) GLK 320 x 359 x 339 x448/8, (7) GLK 135 x 182 x 351 x 268/9, (8) GLK 351 x 268/4, (9) GLK135 x 182/8, (10) GLK 135 x 182/10, (11) Kanesia 15, (12) CEA N 886(hirsute), (13) Stoneville 825 (blackseed), (14) DPL 55 B, dan (15) HSC 5digunakan sebagai perlakuan ditanam dalam petak berukuran 10 x 3 mdengan jarak tanam 100 x 25 cm dengan satu tanaman per lubang. Setiapperlakuan (aksesi) disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) denganempat kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah kerapatan bulu daundan populasi nimfa A. biguttula pada 3 daun tanaman sampel berbeda,kerapatan kelenjar gosipol diamati pada batang, daun dan buah kapas, danpopulasi larva H. armigera diamati dari 5 kanopi tanaman sampel dilapangan. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksesi kapas yang memilikikerapatan bulu daun tinggi (200-268 helai/cm 2 ) dengan populasi nimfa A.biguttula rendah (kurang dari 2 ekor/tanaman) adalah GLK 320 x 359 x339 x 448/8, GLK 135 x 182 x 351 x 268/9, GLK 351 x 268/4, GLK 135 x182/8, GLK 135 x 182/10, Kanesia 15, CEA N 886 (hirsute), dan DPL 55B. Korelasi negatif yang kuat antara kerapatan bulu daun dan populasinimfa A. biguttula (r = -0,711; y = -0,012x + 3,836) menyebabkanpenurunan jumlah nimfa/tanaman pada aksesi dengan kerapatan bulu daunyang tinggi. Keberadaan kelenjar gosipol, khususnya pada buah, efektifmengurangi infestasi larva H. armigera, karena berkorelasi negatif (r =-0,579; y = -3,796x + 51,886). Populasi larva H. armigera pada aksesiHSCY 52, DP 340, PTY 800, Kanesia 15, dan CEA N 886 lebih rendahdan kerapatan kelenjar gosipol pada buah rata-rata lebih tinggi (43-57kelenjar/cm 2 ) dibanding aksesi lainnya (34-44 kelenjar/cm 2 ). Terdapat duaaksesi kapas yang menunjukkan tahan terhadap A. biguttula maupun H.armigera, yaitu: Kanesia 15 dan CEA N 886 (hirsute) sehingga keduanyaberpotensi sebagai materi genetik pembawa sifat tahan terhadap A.biguttula dan H. armigera.Kata kunci: aksesi, Amrasca biguttula, kelenjar gosipol, Gossypiumhirsutum, Helicoverpa armigeraABSTRACTAs major insect pests, A. biguttula and H. armigera have beenlimiting factors of cotton productivity. These insect pests could beeffectively controlled by using resistant varieties based on plantmorphological characters (antixenosis), especially leaf hair density, andantibiosis resistance mechanism. Leaf hair density prevented the nymph ofA. biguttula to suck the leaf sap freely while gossypol gland toxics to H.armigera larvae. This study was conducted at Asembagus ExperimentalGarden and Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Sweeteners andFiber Crops Research Institute in Malang from March to July 2011. Theobjective of study was to find out the effect of leaf hairs and gossypolglands density of fifteen cotton accessions to infestation of sucking pest, A.biguttula and bollworm H. armigera. Fifteen cotton accessions: (1) HSCY52, (2) DPL 55, (3) Deltapine (DP) 340, (4) PTY 800, (5) Chinese x 229,(6) GLK 320 x 359 x 339 x 448/8, (7) GLK 135 x 182 x 351 x 268/9, (8)GLK 351 x 268/4, (9) GLK 135 x 182/8, (10) GLK 135 x 182/10, (11)Kanesia 15, (12) CEA N 886 (hirsute), (13) Stoneville 825 (blackseed),(14) DPL 55 B, and (15) HSC 5 were used as treatments and planted in 10x 3 m of plot size with 100 x 25 cm of row spacing with one plant perhole. Each treatment (accession) was arranged in Randomized CompleteDesign (RCD) with four replications. Parameter observed were leaf hairdensity and population of A. biguttula nymph on three sample leaves fromdifferent plant, gossypol gland density was observed on stem, leaves andboll of sample plant, and population of H. armigera larvae was recordedfrom plant canopy. Data observed were analized with analysis of variance.Results showed that cotton accessions with lower leaf hair density (200-268 pieces/cm 2 ) and less than 2 nymphs/plant were GLK 320 x 359 x 339x 448/8, GLK 135 x 182 x 351 x 268/9, GLK 351 x 268/4, GLK 135 x182/8, GLK 135 x 182/10, Kanesia 15 and CEA N 886 (hirsute) and DPL55 B. Negative correlation (r = -0,711 and y = -0.012x + 3.836) betweenleaf hair density and population of A. biguttula nymph reduced the nymphpopulation when leaf hair density increased. Gossypol gland density,mainly on bollwall, effectively reduced the larval population due tonegative correlation between the two parameters (r = -0.579 and y = -3.796x + 51.886). Lower population of H. armigera larvae was counted onHSCY 52, DP 340, PTY 800, Kanesia 15, and CEA N 886 (hirsute) due tohigher gossypol density (43-57 glands/cm 2 ) compared to other accessionswith lower gossypol density (34-44 glands/cm 2 ). Kanesia 15 and CEA N886 (hirsute) were seemed to be the potential genetic materials fordeveloping resistant varieties against A. biguttula and H. armigera.Key words: accession, Amrasca biguttula, gossypol gland, Gossypiumhirsutum, Helicoverpa armiger
IDENTIFIKASIWERENG PUCUK JAMBU METE , Sanurus indecora DAN BEBERAPA ASPEK BIOLOGINYA
No full textDalam beberapa tahun terakhir tanaman jambu mete di NTB diserang oleh wercng pucuk. yang semula dikenal sebagai Lawana sp. atau L. Candida. Penamaan tersebut tidak tepat karena tidak didukung oleh penelitian taksonomi yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serangga wereng pucuk tersebut berdasarkan ciri morfologi serta mcmpelajari beberapa aspek biologinya. Identiikasi dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro), Bogor dan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi LIPI, Cibinong dari September - Nopember 2002, sedang pengamatan lapang di lakukan di daerah Lombok, NTB pada tahun 2001-2002. Dai identifikasi terhadap serangga contoh yang diambil dai beberapa lokasi di Lombok, NTB dapat disimpulkan bahwa wereng pucuk jambu mete tersebut adalah Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Beberapa cii utama serangga ini antara lain pada bentuk dan venasi sayap depan (legmen), jumlah spina (duri) lateral pada tibia kaki belakang, bentuk carina pada frons (muka bagian atas) dan bentuk aedeagus (genitalia jantan). Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa daerah sebaran serangga tersebut terdapat di daerah Lombok dan Sumbawa, mempunyai banyak inang antara lain mangga, jeruk, krotalaria, jarak, rambutan, bougcnville dan nangka, siklus hidup 3 -4 minggu, seekor imago mampu meletakkan telur 80 butir atau lebih serta mempunyai beberapa musuh alami antara lain parasitoid telur, Aphanomerus sp. dan jamur entomopatogen, Synnematium sp. dan atau Hirsulella citriformis.Kata kunci: Wereng pucuk, jambu mete, Sanurus indecora ABSTRACTIdentiication of cashew shoot hopper, S. indecora and its biological aspectsIn the last few years, cashew plantations in West Nusa Tenggara has been attacking by shoot hopper, which formerly known as Lawana sp. or L. Candida. The naming was incorrect as there was not supported by accurate taxonomic study. The research was aimed at identifying the insect based on its morphological characteristics and studying its biological aspects in the ield. Identification was carried out in Balittro (Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops), Bogor and Biological Research and Development Centre LIPI, Cibinong from September Nopember 2002, while ield observation was carried out in Lombok, NTB duing 2001-2002. Identification result showed that the shoot hopper is Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Some important characteristics of the insect arc the form and venation of tegmen, number of metatibial spina, form of carina on the frons and Ihe aedeagus. Results of the ield observation showed that the insect spreads in Lombok and Sumbawa. The alternative host plants are mango, citrus, Crolalaria, Ricmus commums, rambutan, Bougenville and Jackfruit. Its life cycle is 3 -4 weeks, female could lay 80 eggs or more. They have some natural enemies such as egg parasitoid, Aphanomerus sp. and entomopathogen fungi. Synnematium sp. or Hirsulella cilnformts.Key words : Shool hopper, Anacardium occidentale. Sanurus indecor
PENGARUH MINYAK BUNGKIL BIJI JARAK PAGAR TERHADAP MORTALITAS DAN PENELURAN Helicoverpa armigera Hũbner
Get PDFABSTRAKJarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) menghasilkan limbah dari bijipada saat pemrosesan biji menjadi minyak kasar (JCO). Limbah ini berupabungkil yang dapat dimanfaatkan baik untuk pupuk organik maupununtuk bahan pestisida nabati. Bahan kimia yang bersifat toksik terhadapserangga dalam biji jarak pagar adalah phorbol ester dan curcin.Keduanya terikat dalam minyak ketika pemrosesan dan efektif untukmengendalikan beberapa hama tanaman perkebunan setelah diformulasi.Ternyata di dalam bungkil sebagai limbahnya masih tersisa kedua bahanaktif tersebut, oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihatefektivitas formula ekstrak bungkil jarak pagar terhadap hama utama kapasyaitu Helicoverpa armigera Hũbner. Penelitian dilaksanakan diLaboratorium Entomologi, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat(Balittas Malang) pada bulan April sampai Desember 2010 menggunakanrancangan acak kelompok dengan 6 perlakuan (4 perlakuan konsentrasidan 2 kontrol) dan 4 ulangan. Biji jarak pagar yang digunakan merupakanaksesi dari Sulawesi Selatan, Lampung, dan Jawa Timur. Bungkildimaserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, kemudian diformulasimenggunakan detergen dengan konsentrasi 5, 10, 20, dan 40 ml ditambahmasing-masing 1 g detergen dalam 1 liter larutan. Aplikasi dilakukan duamacam sebagai racun kontak dan racun pakan. Pengamatan dilakukanterhadap mortalitas, berat pupa, dan peneluran serangga pada 24, 48, 72,dan 120 jam setelah aplikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa urutanefektivitas aksesi jarak pagar adalah Sulawesi Selatan, Lampung, dan JawaTimur yang ternyata berkorelasi positif dengan kandungan phorbol esteryaitu 9,39; 6,64; dan 4,39 µg/ml. Tidak satu butirpun telur yang diletakkanpada aplikasi 10 ml aksesi Sulsel + 1 g detergen/l larutan dan 20 ml aksesiJatim + 1 g detergen/l larutan.Kata kunci : Jatropha curcas L, curcin, phorbol ester, bungkil biji jarakpagar, Helicoverpa armigera Hũbner, mortalitas, peneluranABSTRACTEffect of Jatropha cake oil on mortality and fertility ofHelicoverpa armigera HũbnerPhysic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) produces waste from its seedsduring seed processing into JCO. This waste (cake) can be furtherprocessed into organic fertilizer and botanical pesticide. The toxicchemicals for insect inside the seeds are phorbol ester and curcin. Both areincluded in JCO during the process and those are effective to control estatecrops insect pests after being formulated. In fact same of those chemicalsstill remain in the seeds cake, therefore, the objective of the research is tofind out the effectiveness of its formulation on Helicoverpa armigeraHũbner, the main pest of cotton. The research was carried out at theIndonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute, Malang fromApril to December 2010, and the experiment was arranged usingRandomized Block Design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Thematerials used were three (3) accessions of jatropha from South Sulawesi,Lampung, and East Java origins. Methanol was used for extracting thechemicals, and then detergent was used for formulating 4 concentrationlevels of : 5, 10, 20, and 40 ml/l + 1 g detergent each. The methods usedwere contact and oral applications. The parameters observed weremortality, pupae weight and fertility. It was revealed that the effectivenesswas positively correlated with phorbol ester contents i.e. 9.39, 6.64, and4.39 µg/ml for South Sulawesi, Lampung, and East Java accessions,respectively. There was no egg laid by female of H. armigera fed withshoots and squares contaminated with bio-pesticides (10 and 20 ml/l ofSouth Sulawesi and East Java accessions).Key words : Jatropha curcas L, curcin, phorbol ester, Jatropha seed cakeoil, Helicoverpa armigera Hũbner, mortality, fertilit
REKAYASA KOLEKTOR SURYA DAN KOMPOR LPG PADA PENGOVENAN DAUN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA
No full textEngineering of solar collector and LPG-burner for curing Virginia tobaccoIndonesia produces 30 tones of Hue cured tobacco every year. Curing Virginia tobacco needs I 29 I kerosene per I kg cured leaves, thus lo process 30 tones cured leaves, it needs 38.7 liter kerosene with a value ol Rp 1 5.5 billion per year Kerosene as a source of energy is used for house hold in Ihe village and it is highly subsidized by the government. For such industries as tobacco processing other sources of energy are available, including gas oil, diesel oil and fuel oil, solar energy, coal, and liquid petroleum gas This study was aimed at designing solar collector and LPG buner suitable lor Virginia tobacco flue curing. Tobacco leaves were cured in a curing barn with LPG as a fuel, while the solar collector was installed on Ihe roof of Ihe barn. The size of the curing barn was 4 m x 4 m x 7 m with a capacity of iwo tones fresh leaves. The LPG-burner used was BA'I'/Baliltas-I, with was specially designed for lobacco curing barn ('nring method followed Ihe standard method practiced by farmers The experiment was conducted al IT Sadhana Arif Nusa. Has! Lombok. NTR from Angus! lo September 1997 The rcsull of experiment was evaluated holh from technical and economical aspects. The used of LPG combined with solar collector as the source of energy could reach Ihe required temperatures (J0-70°(.) during curing phases LPG consumption was 0.86 kg/ kg cured leaves, and solar energy contributed 6.48% of total energy required for curing process From economical view, the used of LPG and solar energy was not profitable. This was mainly due to Ihe high prices of LPG (Rp I 000 /kg) LPG-lank (Rp 1 600 000/unit) and roof- solar collector (Rp I 500 000 per unit)
FORMULASI FLY SPRAY DARI EKSTRAK PIRETRUM DAN EFFEKTIVITASNYA TERHADAP SERANGGA RUMAH TANGGA
No full textTelah dilakukan pembuatan formula fly spray dengan bahan aktif utama ekstrak piretrum dan uji efTektivitasnya dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga. Penelitian dimulai dari April sampai Oktober 2001 di Laboratorium Fisiologi Hasil dan Keteknikan, Balinro dan Laboratorium Entomologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, IPB Komponen formula terdiri dari ekstrak piretrum, minyak serai wangi, minyak wijen, naftalen, pine oil, pclarut pertasol CB dan LAWS. Perlakuan formulasi yaitu dibual variasi konsentrasi ekstrak piretrum ( 0.041% dan 0.052% ), penambahan/tanpa pine oil (0%, 0.1%) dan natalen (0%, 1.0%) serta jenis pclarut (LAWS dan pertasol CB). Uji effektivitas dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga yaitu lalat, nyamuk, semut dan kecoa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dua formula yaitu Fi dan F, adalah formula paling effektif terhadap lalat Musca domeslica dan sebagai formula terpilih adalah Fj. Formula ini effektif terhadap nyamuk Culex qumquefasciatus dengan mematikan 92% pada menit ke dua sangat efektif terhadap semut t'onera sp. dengan angka kematian 100% pada menit ke dua, dan kurang effektif terhadap kecoa Blatella germanica menyebabkan kematian 90% pada menil ke 30. Komposisi formula F> terdii dari ekstrak piretrum dengan kadar piretrin 0.041%, minyak serai wangi 0.1%, minyak wijen 3%, natalen 1% dan pelarut LAWS. Pelarut terbaik untuk formula ini adalah LAWS.Kata kunci: Fly spray, Piretrum, formulasi, uji effektivitas, serangga rumah tangga ABSTRACT Fly spray formulation of pyrethrum extract and its effectiveness on housefliesThe production of ly spray formula with active ingredient pyrethrum extract and its efficacy on houselics were conducted from Apil to October 2001 at (he Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor and at Entomology laboratory of FKH - IPB. The formula was made from pyrethrum extract, citronella oil, sesame oil, natalein, pine oil and solvent, i.e pertasol CB and LAWS. The parameters observed were the variation concentration of pyrethrum extract (0.041% and 0.051%), added with pine oil (0%, 0.1%), natalein (0%, 1.0%) and solvents (LAWS and pertasol CB). The eficacy lest was conducted on houselies which included housely, mosquito, ant and cockroach. The result showed that F> and Fi were ihe most effective to M. domeslica and Fi is the selected formula. Fi was effective to Cx. qumquefasciatus mosquito which killed 92% of the mosquito in two minutes, and very effective to Ponera sp ants which killed 100% in iwo minutes, and less effective to B. germanica cockroach which killed 90% in half hour. The Fj formula was made from pyrethrum extract with 0.041% piretrin, 0.1% citronella oil, 3% sesame oil, 1% natalein and LAWS solvent LAWS was the best solvent for the formula.Key words : Fly spray, pyrethrum, formulation, efficacy test, houselie
KEANEKARAGAMAN FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) PADA RIZOSFER TANAMAN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)
Get PDFABSTRAKDefisiensi hara fosfor (P) menjadi salah satu faktor pembatas dalamsistem produksi pertanian di Indonesia yang umumnya diusahakan padatanah-tanah masam. Pemanfaatan fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA)merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam menanggulangi permasalahan padatanah masam, karena FMA dapat membantu tanaman menyerap unsur Pdan unsur hara lainnya dari dalam tanah. Untuk mempelajari potensi FMA,hal pertama yang harus diketahui adalah keanekaragaman dari organismetersebut. Dengan adanya data tentang keanekaragaman FMA, maka dapatdilakukan seleksi guna mendapatkan isolat FMA yang potensial danefektif dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanamanpegagan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasijenis-jenis FMA pada rizosfer tanaman pegagan. Penelitian dilaksanakanbulan Januari sampai Agustus 2008. Pengambilan contoh tanah dilakukanpada tiga lokasi pertanaman pegagan di Kebun Percobaan Gunung Putri,Sukamulya, dan Cicurug, sedangkan isolasi, identifikasi, dan pemerang-kapan spora dilakukan di Laboratorium Ekofisiologi dan rumah kaca BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik Bogor. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa sebelum pemerangkapan diperoleh 2 genus (Glomusdan Acaulospora) pada contoh tanah di KP Gunung Putri, 3 genus(Glomus, Acaulospora dan Scutellospora) di KP Sukamulya, dan 2 genus(Glomus dan Acaulospora) di KP Cicurug. Setelah dilakukan trappingjenis FMA, di KP Gunung Putri didapatkan 5 jenis FMA (4 tipe Glomusdan 1 tipe Acaulospora), di KP Sukamulya terdapat 5 jenis FMA (3 tipeGlomus, 1 tipe Acaulospora, dan 1 tipe Scutellospora), dan di KP Cicurugterdapat 4 jenis FMA (3 tipe Glomus dan 1 tipe Acaulospora).Keanekaragaman FMA pada rizosfer pertanaman pegagan cukup beragamdan berpotensi dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pemupukan,khususnya ketersediaan dan serapan hara P.Kata kunci : Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, keanekaragaman, fungimikoriza arbuskula (FMA), pegaganABSTRACTArbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) diversity on asiaticpennywort Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) rhizosphereDeficiency of phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors ofagricultural production system in Indonesia which is generally managed onacid soils. Utilizing arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) is one of thealternative solutions on acid soils problem, because of its ability to take upP and other nutrients from soils. The first concern which must be studied isdiversity of the organism. Data on AMF diversity obtained is useful toselect potential and effective AMF by increasing plant growth andproduction of asiatic pennywort. The aim of this research was to isolateand identify types of AMF in asiatic pennywort rhizosphere. The experi-ment was conducted from January until August 2008. Soil samples weretaken from three locations of asiatic pennywort plantations i.e. GunungPutri, Sukamulya, and Cicurug experimental stations. Isolation, identifi-cation, and trapping of spore were conducted at the Eco-physiology labo-ratory and glasshouse of Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic CropsResearch Institute (IMACRI), Bogor. The laboratory results of soil sam-ples before trapping showed that there were two genus of AMF spores(Glomus and Acaulospora) in the samples from Gunung Putri, three genus(Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora) from Sukamulya, and twogenus (Glomus and Acaulospora) from Cicurug. After trapping, it wasidentified that the soil samples from Gunung Putri, Sukamulya, andCicurug contained five AMF species (four types of Glomus and one typeof Acaulospora), five AMF species (three types of Glomus, one type ofAcaulospora and Scutellospora), and four AMF species (three types ofGlomus and one type of Acaulospora) from Cicurug. Diversity of AMFvariety can be utilized to get potential to increase the efficiency offertilizer, specifically availability and uptake of nutrient P.Key words : Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, diversity, ArbuscularMycorrhizae Fungi (AMF), asiatic pennywor