Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
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STABILITAS HASIL DAN MUTU ENAM GENOTIPE HARAPAN JAHE PUTIH KECIL (Zingiber officinale Rosc. var amarum) PADA BEBERAPA AGROEKOLOGI
Get PDFABSTRAKPeningkatan produktivitas dan mutu jahe putih kecil memerlukanbahan tanaman unggul. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahuistabilitas hasil dan mutu enam genotipe jahe putih kecil pada berbagaikondisi agroekologi. Enam genotipe harapan jahe putih kecil dan duagenotipe lokal sebagai pembanding diuji selama dua musim tanam diempat lokasi (Sukabumi, Sumedang, Majalengka, dan Garut) pada tahun2004 sampai 2006. Rancangan percobaan dilakukan mengikuti rancanganacak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Jarak tanam 60 x 40 cmdengan populasi per plot sebanyak 100 tanaman. Parameter yang diamatiadalah hasil (bobot rimpang per rumpun) dan mutu (kadar minyak atsiri,fenol total, sari larut air, dan sari larut alkohol). Analisis stabilitas hasilmenggunakan metoda Yau dan Hamblin. Hasil pengujian menunjukkangenotipe ZIOF-0049 dan ZIOF-0050 menghasilkan rimpang dengan rataanbobot aktual cukup tinggi serta stabil pada berbagai kondisi agroeokologi.Kadar minyak atsiri genotipe ZIOF-0049 sedang (2,92%), sedangkanZIOF-0050 tinggi (3,28%). Genotipe ZIOF-0046 memiliki kadar minyakatsiri cukup tinggi (3,91%), dan stabil di seluruh unit pengujian. Selainkadar minyak atsiri genotipe ZIOF-0046 juga memiliki kadar fenol(3,04%) dan kadar sari larut air (24,40%) yang cukup tinggi. GenotipeZIOF-0008 memiliki kadar minyak atsiri yang tinggi (3,64%) dan stabilpada berbagai unit pengujian. Empat genotipe ZIOF-0049, ZIOF-0050,ZIOF-0046, dan ZIOF-0008 menunjukkan karakter stabil pada sifat hasildan mutu rimpang sehingga layak untuk direkomendasikan sebagaigenotipe unggul dan beradaptasi luas.Kata kunci: Zingiber officinale var. amarum, jahe putih kecil, interaksigenetik dan lingkungan, hasil, mutuABSTRACTThe provision of superior genotype having stable yield andquality is a prerequisite for the productivity and quality improvement ofsmall white ginger. Research to study stability of yield and quality wasundertaken on six promising genotypes with two control variety by multienvironmental tests in four locations (Sukabumi, Sumedang, Majalengka,and Garut) for two growing seasons from 2004-2006. The experimentused a randomized block design with three replicates, 60 cm x 40 cm plantspacing, 100 plants per plot. Parameters observed were fresh rhizomeyield and quality (essential oil content, total phenolic content, watersoluble extract, and alcohol soluble extract). Stability analysis wasundertaken based on Yau and Hamblin method. Genotype ZIOF-0049 andZIOF-0050 produced the high rhizome weight and considered to berelatively stable at four locations. Essential oils content of ZIOF-0049were medium (2,92%) and ZIOF-0050 were high (3,28%). Genotypes thathave high content of essential oil (3,91%) and stable in various testing unitwas ZIOF-0046. In addition to the essential oil content, genotypes ZIOF-0046 also had phenol (3,04%) and water-soluble extract (24,40%) contentwere high. Genotype ZIOF-0008 has a high volatile oil content (3,64%)and stable in various testing unit. Four genotypes ZIOF-0049, ZIOF-0050,ZIOF-0046 and ZIOF-0008 showed stable in rhizome yield and qualitycharacters. That were deserves to be recommended as superior genotypesand wide adaptation.Key words: Zingiber officinale var. amarum, small white ginger, geneticand environment interaction, yield, qualit
STABILITAS HASIL BEBERAPA GALUR JARAK
No full textPenelitian mi dilaksanakan di dua lokasi yaitu di Sandubaya (l-ombok Timur. NTB) dan Bayan (I-ombok Barat, NTB) dilakukan pada musim lanam 1998/1999 dan 1999/2000 bulan Nopember 1998 sampai dengan September 2000. Penelitian ini bertujuan unluk mem¬ peroleh galur-galur unggul jarak bcrproduktivitas tinggi, dan spcsiik di Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Galur yang diuji sebanyak 9 galur harapan yaitu RC.67, RC.74. RC.86, RC.104, RC.106, RC.220, RC.221, RC.64, KF.VIII dan sebagai pembanding digunakan 3 varietas komersial yaitu Asembagus 22, Asembagus 60 dan Asembagus 81. Penelitian mengguna¬ kan rancangan acak kelompok dengan ulangan 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 3 galur unggul yaitu RC.67, RC.221 dan RC.64, yang sama potensi dengan varietas Asb.81, mempunyai adaptasi luas (varietas stabil). Dua galur lainnya yaitu RC.74 dan RC.104 beradaplasi sempit (spesiik lokasi) sesuai untuk daerah Bayan Nusa Tenggara BaratKata kunci : Ricmus commums, stabilitas hasil, spesifik lokasi ABSTRACT Yield Stability of Castor LinesThe experiment was conducted in two locations at Sandubaya (East I-ombok) and Bayan (West lombok), in planting session 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 from November 1998 to September 2000 This experiment was aimed to ind oul superior lines of castor, high productivities, that can be developed in speciic dry area in easten pat of Indonesia. The trial was arranged in randomized block design with 3 replications. Nine lines, RC.67, RC.74, RC.86, RC.104. RC.106. RC.220, RC. 221, RC6I, KF.VIII and 3 control varieties, Asembagus 22, Asembagus 60 and Asembagus 81 were used as treatment. Results of this experiment found out 3 superior lines: RC 67, RC.221 and RC.64, which have the same potential with Asb.81 variety, have broad adaptation (stable lines). Two other lines : RC.74 and RC.104 have narrow adaptation (speciic location) just for Bayan. West Nusa Tenggara.Key words: Ricmus commums, yield stability, specific locatio
THE EFFECT OF THERMAL AND NON-THERMAL REPROCESSING ON MICROBIAL AND OFF-FLAVOR CONTAMINATION OF WHITE PEPPER
Get PDFTraditional handling and processing technology of pepper (Piper nigrum) at farmer-scale produced white pepper with high microbial and off-flavor, over the SNI quality maximum limit. An experiment to determine the effect of thermal (steam heat) and non-thermal (immersion in ozone water) re-processing on microbial and off-flavor contamination of white pepper, had been executed in Laboratory of the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development work during February – November 2019. The experiment was arranged in a Complete Randomized Design with 7 treatments and three replications. The seven treatments were: control (no reprocessing), thermal treatment steam heat at 90 - 100°C for 0, 30, 60, 90 minutes and non-thermal immersionin ozonized water for 0, 20, 40, dan 60 minutes. The result showed that thermal and non-thermal reprocessing of white pepper could increase the physical characters, reduce microbial contaminant, as well as off-flavor contamination in produced white pepper. Thermal treatments for 30 minutes was identified as the best treatment. The process had been able to improve the quality of white pepper to meet SNI quality class II, reduced the microbial contaminant and reduced the chemical compounds producing off-flavor. GC-MS analysis showed that the ability of thermal treatment in reducing those compounds, such as hexanoic acid, p-cresol and 3-methyl indole. Meanwhile, propanoic acid and heptanoic acid were undetected.Keywords: White pepper, hot water vapor, ozone, off-flavor AbstrakPENGARUH PENANGANAN ULANG SECARA TERMAL DAN NON-TERMAL TERHADAP TINGKAT KONTAMINASI MIKROBA DAN BAU MENYIMPANG PADA LADA PUTIHLada putih (Piper nigrum) hasil olahan petani secara tradisional sering menghasilkan biji lada putih yang berbau menyimpang (off-flavor) menyerupai bau kotoran dan cemaran mikroba melebihi ambang batas menurut SNI. Penelitian telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen dari bulan Februari - November 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh penanganan ulang biji lada putih secara termal (pemberian uap panas) dan non-termal (perendaman dalam air mengandung ozon) terhadap sifat fisiko-kimia, penurunan kontaminan mikroba dan penekanan bau menyimpang. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 7 perlakuan dan tiga kali ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi: kontrol (tanpa perlakuan penanganan ulang), perlakuan termal dengan pemberian uap panas pada 90-100 oC selama 30, 60 dan 90 menit serta perlakuan non-termal yaitu perendaman dalam air berozon selama 20, 40, dan 60 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanganan ulang lada putih secara termal dan non-termal telah mampu memperbaiki mutu fisik, menurunkan kontaminan mikroba dan menekan bau menyimpang pada lada putih. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan secara termal selama 30 menit yang mampu meningkatkan kualitas biji lada putih hingga memenuhi SNI mutu II, menekan kontaminan mikroba dan bau menyimpang secara maksimal. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan termal selama 30 menit telah mampu menurunkan persentase senyawa kimia penyebab bau menyimpang (menyerupai bau tinja dan apek), yaitu senyawa asam heksanoat, p-cresol, dan 3-metil indol. Sedangkan limpahan senyawa asam propanoat dan asam heptanoat sudah hilang tidak terdeteksi oleh instrumen.Kata kunci: Lada putih, uap air panas, ozon, bau menyimpan
PENGARUH TINGKAT KEMATANGAN BUAH TERHADAP AKTIVITAS LARVASIDA DAN SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA MINYAK KAMANDRAH (Croton tiglium L.)
Get PDFABSTRAKIndonesia terkenal kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, termasukjenis tumbuhan yang mengandung bahan aktif insektisida. Tanamankamandrah (Croton tiglium L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yangbanyak terdapat di wilayah Indonesia dan telah dimanfaatkan sebagaiinsektisida nabati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristikfisiko-kimia minyak kamandrah pada berbagai tingkat kematangan sebagailarvasida nabati terhadap larva nyamuk demam berdarah dengue (A.aegypti). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian TanamanRempah dan Aneka Tanaman Industri (Balittri) Sukabumi, Balai BesarLitbang Pascapanen Pertanian Bogor, Insektarium LaboratoriumParasitologi dan Entomologi Kesehatan FKH IPB Bogor, dan Biofarmaka-LPPM IPB Bogor, mulai bulan Februari sampai Desember 2010. Minyakkamandrah diperoleh dengan ekstraksi menggunakan pengempa hidrolikpada suhu 65 o C dan tekanan 7,9 MPa pada buah kamandrah dengan tigatingkat kematangan yang berbeda: warna kulit buah hijau kecokelatan,cokelat kehijauan, dan cokelat penuh. Minyak yang diperoleh selanjutnyadianalisis bilangan asam, kadar asam lemak bebas, bilangan peroksida,indeks bias, berat jenis, dan nilai warna minyak, serta uji larvasidaterhadap larva nyamuk A. aegypti instar III. Penentuan nilai lethalconcentration (LC) dilakukan dengan metode probit analisis (FinneyMethod). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan nilai LC,rendemen, dan mutu minyaknya, buah kamandrah yang berwarna kulitcokelat penuh lebih berpotensi sebagai larvasida nabati terhadap larva A.aegypti. Rendemen minyak kamandrah 20,42% dan nilai LC 50 adalah132,67 ppm (24 jam) dan 70,08 ppm (48 jam). Minyak tersebut memilikibilangan asam 8,76 mg KOH/g minyak; kadar asam lemak bebas 4,36 mgKOH/g minyak; bilangan peroksida 3,59 meq O/100g minyak; indeks bias1,4783; bobot jenis 0,9466 g/ml; dan warna meliputi nilai L* 73,03; a*3,26; dan b* 64,13. Minyak kamandrah berpotensi dapat dimanfaatkansebagai larvasida nabati dalam pengendalian vektor penyakit DBD.Kata kunci : Croton tiglium L., kematangan buah, minyak kamandrah,larvasidaABSTRACTEffect of Maturity Level of Fruits on Larvicidal Activityand Physico-Chemical Properties of Kamandrah (Crotontiglium L.) OilIndonesia is famously rich in biodiversity, including species of plants thatcontain active ingredient for insecticide. Kamandrah plant (Croton tigliumL.) is one of many medicinal plants found in parts of Indonesia and it hasbeen used as an insecticidal plant. The objectives this research were todetermine the physico-chemical characteristics and larvasidal activities ofoil extracted from kamandrah seeds with varying levels of maturity asbotanical larvicide for mosquito dengue fever. The expreriments wereconducted in the Laboratory of Indonesian Spice and Industrial CropsResearch Institute (ISICRI) Sukabumi, Indonesian Center for AgriculturalPostharvest Research and Development (ICAPRD), InsectariumLaboratory of Health Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinaryof Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), and Biopharmaca IPB Bogor,from February to December 2010. The oil was obtained through extractionusing hydraulic pressurer at 65 o C temperatures and 7.9 MPa pressures ofkamandrah fruits with three different maturity levels : brownish green,greenish brown, and fully brown color of fruit skins. Oil gained was thenanalyzed its acid number, free fatty acid content, peroxides number,refractive index, specific gravity, and oil color values, as well as the oillarvasida test against mosquito larvae A. aegypti instar III. Determinationthe oil lethal concentration (LC) values was tested using probit analysismethod (Finney Method). The results showed that based on the values ofLC, content, and quality of the oil, full-brown colored kamandrah fruits aremore potential as larvivida against A. aegypti larvae. Oil content of thekamandrah was 20.42% while LC 50 values were 132.67 ppm (at 24 hours)and 70.08 ppm (at 48 hours). The acid number of the oil was 8.76 mgKOH/g oil; free fatty acid level of 4.36 mg KOH/g oil; peroxide number of3.59 meq O/100 g oil, refractive index of 1.4783; density of 0.9466 g/ml;and the color values were 73.03, 3.26, and 64.13 for L*, a*, and b*,respectively. Therefore, kamandrah oil is very potential to be used aslarvicide for controling the vector of dengue disease.Key words: Croton tiglium L., fruit maturity, kamandrah oil, larvicid
KARAKTERISTIK FISIOLOGIS Ralstonia solanacearum PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI NILAM
Get PDFABSTRAKPenelitian karakteristik Ralstonia solanacearum penyebabpenyakit layu bakteri nilam telah dilakukan di pertanaman nilam petani diPasaman Barat Sumatera Barat dan laboratorium serta rumah kacaFakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Kegiatanlapangan meliputi identifikasi gejala penyakit dan pengambilan sampeltanaman sakit pada empat kebun nilam terinfeksi penyakit layu bakteriberdasarkan tingkat serangan tertinggi (di atas 75%) yang dilakukan padabulan Januari 2003. Kegiatan laboratorium dan rumah kaca meliputiisolasi dan pengamatan morfologi bakteri patogen, pengujian hipersensitif,patogenisitas, sifat-sifat bakteriologi, pigmen fluoresen, antibiotik, biovardan ras patologi yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai Agustus2003. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa didapatkan 31 isolat bakteripatogen yang menunjukkan reaksi hipersensitif pada daun tembakau, dan20 isolat dari isolat tersebut mampu menginfeksi bibit nilam dengan gejalalayu seperti gejala di lapangan dengan masa inkubasi menunjukkan gejala14,6 – 39,0 hari setelah inokulasi (HSI). Isolat Ns 31 adalah isolat palingvirulen. Hasil analisis sifat-sifat bakteriologi menyimpulkan isolat bakteriasal nilam dari Pasaman Barat Sumatera Barat adalah Ralstoniasolanacearum. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian biovar dan kisaran inang makaisolat tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam biovar III dan ras satu.Kata kunci : Nilam, Pogostemon spp., penyakit, bakteri, Ralstoniasolanacearum, Sumatera Barat, D.I. YogyakartaABSTRACTPhysiological characteristics of Ralstonia solanacearumcausing bacterial wilt disease on patchouli plantThe study of characteristics of Ralstonia solanacearum causingbacterial wilt disease on patchouli plant was conducted in the patchouliplant field in Pasaman Barat West Sumatera and bacteriological laboratoryand green house of Agricultural Faculty of Gadjah Mada University,Yogyakarta. The field activity were identification of disease symptom andcollection of infected plant by bacterial disease from the patchouli plantfield that have the height disease intensity (more than 75%) that wasconducted on January 2003. Activity of laboratory and green house wereisolation and assay of bacterial morphology, hypersensitive andpathogenicity test, bacteriological characteristic, fluorescens pigment,antibiotic, biotype and ras pathology were conducted from January toAugust 2003. Results showed that 31 isolates showed hypersensitivereaction on tobacco leaf. Twenty isolates infected patchouly plant withwilt symptoms with incubation period 14.6 – 39.3 days after inoculation.Ns 31 was the most virulent isolate. Analytic results of bacteriologicalcharacteristic showed that the bacterial isolates of Patchouli plant fromWest Pasaman-West Sumatera is Ralstonia solanacearum. Based onbiotype and host range test, this isolates was grouped into biotype III andras one.Key words : Patchouli, Pogostemon spp., disease, bacteria, Ralstoniasolanacearum, West Sumatera, D.I. Yogyakart
PERAN DAN POTENSI MUSUH ALAMI DALAM PENGENDALIAN HeUcoverpa armigera (HUBNER) PADA KAPAS
No full textThe role and potency of natural enemies in controlling HeUcoverpa armigera Hubner in cottonHeUcoverpa armigera. known as the cotton bollworm, is one of cotton productivity limiting factors. Efforts in controlling this pesl have been directed lo (he use of its natural enemies, viz. parasiloids. predator and insect pathogens in conservation techniques The study was conducted in two activities. The irst activity was the inventory of parasiloids and predators of// armigera. which was conducted from 1986 to 1999 in the cotton development area in Central Java (Rembang, Pati, and Grobogan). East Java (Situbondo, Banyuwangi, Tuban. and Lanongan), NIB (Menangabaris. Lokopriya, and Sandubaya), and NTF (Maumere, Wailiti. and Larantuka). The second activity was to sludy the potency of dominant parasiloids and predators in cotton, which was conducted in 1999/2000 in the Research Instalaiion for Tobacco and Fibre Crops, Asembagus. The objectives of the study were to evaluate Ihe diversity of natural enemies, particularly parasiloids and predators, and their role in controlling Ihe population of // armigera in cotton. The inventory of parasiloids and predators was conducted to 15 and 21 species, respectively. The predominant parasiloids were Trichogramma-loidea armigera Nagaraja (egg parasitoid) and Eriborus argenteopilosus Camreon (larval parasitoid). The predominant predators were Deraeocoris indianus Carvalho, Campylomma diversicornis Rcuter (Hemiptera Miridae). Paederus fasciatus Curtis (Coleoptera Staphylinidac) and Coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera Coccincllidac). These predators feed on eggs and small larvae of //. armigera. The potency of these parasiloids and predator, as mortality factors of the pesl, was quantitatively studied in insecticide sprayed and unsprayed cotton ields. The egg and larval parasiloids caused mortality of //. armigera eggs and larvae as high as 65% and 21%, respectively. The predators suppressed // armigera population by 82%, so that its population was lower than that of the plots treated with insecticide. These suppressions resulted in a significantly lower damage of cotton fruiting bodies (4.3-8.0% on sprayed plots vs.1.7-3.4% on unsprayed plots) and hence, a signiicantly higher production of seed cotton ( I 838 kg/ha on sprayed plots vs. 2 170 kg/ha on unsprayed plots). Thereore, // armigera population on collon basically could be managed by its natural enemies below its action threshold, when Hie natural enemies were allowed to build up their population
KEMAMPUAN PEMULIHAN AKSESI KAPAS SEBAGAI RESPON TERHADAP KERUSAKAN OLEH KOMPLEKS HAMA PENGGEREK BUAH SECARA SIMULASI
Get PDFABSTRAKSebagai tanaman indeterminit, kapas (Gossypium hirsutum) mem-perlihatkan pola pertumbuhan yang memungkinkan bertahan darikehilangan sejumlah komponen produksi tanpa kehilangan hasil secaranyata. Dengan kata lain tanaman kapas mampu melakukan pemulihan(recovery) dan kompensasi setelah kerusakan akibat serangan hama.Penelitian tentang kemampuan pemulihan aksesi kapas sebagai responterhadap kerusakan oleh kompleks hama penggerek buah secara simulasiini dilakukan di KP Karangploso, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakaudan Serat, Malang, mulai Januari hingga Desember 2009. Tujuannyaadalah untuk mengetahui kapasitas pemulihan aksesi kapas setelahserangan hama dan kemampuan melakukan kompensasi. Sepuluh aksesikapas, yaitu: (1) L57x1124-81-411, (2) M35-5-2, (3) 40727-2xNL-11-1-73-1, (4) HG10x1209-619-9-76, (5) NC-177-16-C2, (6) 731Nx1656-12-76-2, (7) Stoneville 825, (8) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, (9) NMG 1222, dan(10) NMG-5-2 diuji dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan rancanganacak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga kali ulangan. Setiap aksesi kapasditanam dalam kantong-kantong plastik berukuran 10 kg dengan duatanaman per kantong. Satu tanaman diperlakukan dengan cara meng-hilangkan seluruh kuncup bunga yang ada setelah tumbuh 9-13 daun padabatang utama yang dilakukan selama 21 hari dengan interval 3 hari.Sedangkan satu tanaman lainnya dibiarkan tumbuh normal (kontrol).Parameter yang diamati adalah: luas daun, bobot kering tanaman, indekspemulihan, jumlah node, tinggi tanaman, luas daun, jumlah kuncup bunga,hasil kapas, dan persentase kompensasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa tanaman kapas tahan, moderat, dan rentan serangan hama mampumelakukan pemulihan (recovery) dari kerusakan. Berdasarkan luas daun(R L ) dan bobot kering (R B ), setiap aksesi mempunyai indeks pemulihanyang berbeda-beda dan diantaranya ada yang berbeda nyata. Beberapaaksesi dengan kapasitas pemulihan tinggi memiliki tinggi tanaman, jumlahkuncup bunga, dan hasil kapas lebih tinggi dibanding tanaman kontrol.Dampak dari pemulihan juga terlihat pada perbedaan persentasekompensasi. NMG-5-2, Stoneville 825, 731Nx1656-12-76-2, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, 40727-2xNL-11-1-73-1, dan NMG 1222 merupakanaksesi yang dapat melakukan kompensasi melalui penambahan hasil kapas>15% dibanding kontrol, yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 36,6; 34,5; 31,3;26,6; 20,4; dan 19,2%.Kata kunci: Aksesi, indeks pemulihan, kompleks hama, simulasiABSTRACTRecovery ability of cotton accessions as response tosimulated damage by bollwormsAs an indeterminate crop cotton has demonstrated its ability torecover from pest damage over the growing season without significantyield loss. However, it was unclear to what extent can cotton toleratedamage before and after the onset of fruiting. This field study was carriedout at Karangploso Experimental Station of Indonesian Tobacco and FiberCrops Research Institute (ITOFCRI) Malang from January to December2009. The aim was to know the capacity of cotton accessions to recoverafter damage. Ten cotton accesssions as treatment were planted in polybagand were arranged in randomized block design with three replicate. Tenaccessions of cotton used as treatment were: (1) L57x1124-81-411, (2)M35-5-2, (3) 40727-2xNL-11-1-73-1, (4) HG10x1209-619-9-76, (5) NC-177-16-C2, (6) 731Nx1656-12-76-2, (7) Stoneville 825, (8) 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, (9) NMG 1222, and (10) NMG-5-2. Each accessionwas plantation in four polybags with two plants in each polybag. One plantin each polybag was damaged manually by removing all squares (100%)for 21 days at a three-day interval, while another plant was as anundamaged control. Parameters observed in this study were leaf area, dryweight of plant, indices of recovery ( R ), number of main-stem nodes, theaverage of plant height, number of square, and yield of cotton. Resultshowed that all accessions showed their ability to recover after damagedand the recovery indices based on leaf area (R L ) and dry weight (R w )varied among the accessions tested. Accessions with high recovery abilityperformed better plant height, square formation, and cotton yield than thatof undamaged control. Effect of good recovery was resulting in higherpercentage of plant compensation. NMG-5-2, Stoneville 825, 731Nx1656-12-76-2, 619-998xLGS-10-77-3-1, 40727-2xNL-11-1-73-1, and NMG-1222 were accessions with average compensation percentage was greaterthan 15% : 36.6; 34.5; 31.3; 26.6; 20.4; and 19.2%, respectively whencompared with undamaged control.Key words: Accession, indices of recovery, insect complex, simulatio
KORELASI ANTARA AGRESIVITAS INOKULUM SPORANGIA DENGAN TOKSISITAS FILTRAT Phytophthora capsici ASAL TANAMAN LADA (Piper nigrum L.)
Get PDFABSTRAKPenggunaan varietas lada tahan penyakit paling praktis dan efektifuntuk menekan serangan Phytophthora capsici, penyebab penyakit busukpangkal batang (BPB) lada, tetapi varietas lada tersebut belum tersedia.Seleksi dini ketahanan lada dapat dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakaninokulum sporangia atau filtrat biakan P. capsici. Tujuan penelitian iniialah membandingkan agresivitas inokulum sporangia dengan toksisitasfiltrat biakan (FB) P. capsici. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Juni sampaiSeptember 2009 di laboratorium Biokimia BB Biogen dan Hama danPenyakit Balittro. Penelitian menggunakan 50 isolat P. capsici dariberbagai daerah pertanaman lada yang diisolasi tahun 1982 sampai 2009.Daun-daun lada yang diambil dari varietas Natar-1 (agak tahan terhadap P.capsici) dan Petaling-1 (rentan terhadap P. capsici) diinokulasi denganpotongan agar mengandung sporangia atau 20 µl FB P. capsici. Percobaandilakukan secara faktorial (2 varietas × 50 isolat) dengan rancangan acakkelompok dan tiga ulangan. Derajat agresivitas isolat dan toksisitas FBdiukur berdasarkan luas bercak nekrotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa agresivitas inokulum sporangia dan toksisitas FB bervariasi antarisolat P. capsici. Bercak nekrotik yang disebabkan oleh inokulumsporangia lebih luas (0,0–2.535,2 mm 2 ) dibandingkan dengan FB (0,7–233,0 mm 2 ). Derajat agresivitas isolat dan toksisitas FB sangat dipengaruhioleh asal isolat (P<0,0001), tetapi tidak dipengaruhi oleh varietas daninteraksi isolat×varietas (P>0,05). Derajat ketahanan pada varietas tahanNatar-1 diduga tidak berbasis genetik dan tidak berbeda nyata dari varietasrentan Petaling-1 sehingga kedua metode seleksi ketahanan tidak dapatdibedakan keefektifannya. Luas bercak nekrotik yang diinduksi oleh FBtidak berkorelasi nyata dengan yang ditimbulkan oleh inokulum sporangia(R 2 =0,002; P>0,05), sehingga secara umum FB P. capsici tidak dapatdigunakan sebagai standar pengujian ketahanan lada. Oleh karena itumasih perlu dikembangkan metode inokulasi yang konsisten untuk seleksidini ketahanan lada.Kata kunci: lada, penyakit busuk pangkal batang, Phytophthora capsici,agresivitas, filtrat biakan, seleksi diniABSTRACTResistant varieties are the most practical and effective means tocontrol Phytophthora capsici, the pathogen of foot rot disease of blackpepper. However, no resistant cultivars are available. Early selection ofblack pepper resistance can be performed in laboratory using P. capsiciinocula or culture filtrate. The objective of this study was to compare P.capsici isolate aggressiveness with culture filtrate (CF) toxicity. The studywas conducted from June until September 2009 at the BiochemistryLaboratory of the Indonesian Center for Agriculutral Biotechnology andGenetic Resources Research and Development and the Plant Pest andDisease Laboratory of the Indonesian Research Institute of Spice andMedicinal Crops. The study used 50 P. capsici isolates collected fromvarious black pepper plantations during 1982 until 2009. Detached leavesof two black pepper cultivars, i.e. moderately resistant cv. Natar-1 andsusceptible cv. Petaling-1, were inoculated with agar blocks containingsporangia or 20 µl CF of P. capsici. The experiments were designed asfactorial experiments (2 cultivars × 50 isolates) under a randomizedcompletely block design. Isolate aggressiveness and CF toxicity weremeasured based on the necrotic area of the inoculated leaves. The resultsfrom the two inoculation methods showed varying levels of aggressivenessand CF toxicity among isolates. Necrotic lesions incited by sporangialinoculum were more extensive (0.0-2,535.2 mm 2 ) than those induced byCF (0.7-233.0 mm 2 ). Degree of isolate aggressiveness and CF toxicitywere significantly affected by origins of isolate (P<0.0001), but not bycultivar and isolate×cultivar interaction (P>0.05). Resistance degree in themoderately resistant cv. Natar-1 was presumably not genetically based andwas not different to that in the susceptible cv. Petaling-1, and hence bothselecting agents were unable to discriminate resistance level between thetwo cultivars. Necrotic sizes induced by CF did not well correlate withthose incited by sporangial inocula (R 2 =0.002; P>0.05), indicating that CFis generally not suitable to be used as early selection agent of resistantplants. Therefore, further study is justified to find more reliable inoculationmethod for early detection of resistant black pepper.Key words: black pepper, foot rot disease, Phytophthora capsici,aggressiveness, culture filtrate, early selection in laborator
PENGGUNAAN ASAM FUSARAT DALAM SELEKSI IN VITRO UNTUK RESISTENSI ABAKA TERHADAP Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
Get PDFABSTRAKPenyakit layu Fusarium yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Fusariumoxysporum Schlecht f.sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) Snyd & Hans (Foc)merupakan penyakit yang banyak menyerang tanaman Musa sp. (termasukabaka) dan dapat menurunkan produktivitas serat antara 20-65%. Salahsatu cara untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah penggunaan klon abakayang resisten. Seleksi in vitro dengan menggunakan agens penyeleksiasam fusarat (AF) merupakan metode yang efektif untuk memperoleh klonabaka resisten terhadap infeksi Foc. Pengkulturan kalus embriogen dantunas abaka pada medium tunas (MT) yang mengandung berbagaikonsentrasi AF digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya hambat AF.Konsentrasi sub-letal ditentukan sebagai konsentrasi yang paling tinggimenghambat proliferasi kalus embriogen dan tunas abaka. Seleksi in vitrountuk mengidentifikasi embrio somatik yang insensitif AF dilakukandengan konsentrasi sub-letal. Setelah regenerasi dan aklimatisasi plantlet,klon abaka hasil regenerasi ditanam di rumah kaca untuk pengujianketahanan terhadap Foc menggunakan metode detached leaf dual culture.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengevaluasi daya hambat pertumbuhankalus embriogen abaka, (2) mengetahui konsentrasi sub-letal AF, (3)mengidentifikasi varian embrio somatik abaka yang insensitif AF melaluiseleksi in vitro yang dilanjutkan dengan regenerasi plantlet, dan (4)mengevaluasi resistensi plantlet hasil regenerasi terhadap infeksi Foc.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AF menghambat pertumbuhan kalusembriogen dan tunas abaka, sedangkan konsentrasi sub-letal AF adalah 50mg/l. Dari seleksi in vitro dihasilkan 85 plantlet klon Tangongon dan 28plantlet klon Sangihe-1 yang diregenerasikan dari embrio somatik yanginsensitif AF. Genotipe asli Tangongon termasuk dalam kelompok sangatrentan terhadap infeksi Foc, sedangkan dua dari tiga varian dari klonTangongon yang diuji menunjukkan resisten dan satu agak rentan. Padapenelitian ini, pengujian resistensi terhadap infeksi Foc varian yangberasal dari klon Sangihe-1 belum dapat dilakukan karena plantlet masihterlalu kecil sehingga belum dapat diaklimatisasi.Kata kunci: Abaka, Musa textilis Nee., penyakit, Fusarium, keragamansomaklonal, toksin cendawan, Jawa TimurABSTRACTThe usage of fusaric acid (FA) in vitro selection of abacaresistant to Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. cubenseWilt Fusarium disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtf.sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) Snyd & Hans (Foc) is one of the major diseasesof Musa sp. including abaca, and it could decrease 20-65% fiberproductivity. One of the method to solve this problem is utilization ofabaca resistant clones. In vitro selection using fusaric acid (FA) asselective agents is an effective method to produce abaca resistant clones toFoc infection. Culturing abaca embriogenic calli (EC) and shoots on MTmedium containing various FA concentrations was used to determine FAinhibition effects. Sub-lethal concentration was defined as one inhibiting >90% proliferation of abaca EC and shoots. In vitro selection to identify FAinsensitive SE was conducted using FA sub-lethal concentration.Following plantlet regeneration and acclimatization, the regenerated abacalines were grown in the glasshouse for testing against Foc using detachedleaf dual culture test. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluategrowth inhibition of abaca EC and shoots by FA, (2) determine sub-lethalconcentration of FA, (3) identify FA insensitive variants of abaca somaticembryos (SE) through in vitro selection followed by plantlet regeneration,and (4) evaluate resistance of regenerated plantlets against Foc infection.Results of the experiment showed FA inhibited abaca EC and shootsgrowth while sub-lethal concentration of FA was 50 mg/l. Following invitro selection, 85 plantlets of Tangongon and 28 of Sangihe-1 wereregenerated from FA insensitive SE. The original Tangongon genotypewas very susceptible against Foc infection. Meanwhile, among three Foctested lines derived from Tangongon, two lines were considered resistantand one was slightly susceptible. However, resistance against Foc ofvariants derived from Sangihe-1 have not been evaluated in thisexperiment due to the plantlets were not strong enough to be acclimatized.Key words : Manila hemp, Musa textilis Nee., pest, Fusarium,somaclonal variation, fungal toxin, East Ja
PERBAIKAN TANAMAN KAPAS GENJAH MELALUI PERSILANGAN DIALLEL
Get PDFABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan potensi hasil danmemperpendek umur panen kapas genjah melalui kombinasi hibrida (F 1 )dibandingkan dengan rata-rata kedua tetuanya. Penelitian dilakukan diKebun Percobaan Asembagus Kabupaten Situbondo mulai bulan Maretsampai Juli 2003. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompokdengan tiga ulangan yang terdiri dari 16 genotipe (4 tetua, 6 turunanpertama, 6 turunan pertama kebalikan). Keempat genotipe tetua adalah KI40, KI 74, KI 87 dan KI 121. 6 genotipe turunan pertama adalah KI 40 xKI 74, KI 40 x KI 87, KI 40 x KI 121, KI 74 x KI 87, KI 74 x KI 121 danKI 87 x KI 121, sedangkan 6 genotipe turunan pertama kebalikannyaadalah KI 74 x KI 40, KI 87 x KI 40, KI 87 x KI 74, KI 121 x KI 40, KI121 x KI 74 dan KI 121 x KI 87. Sifat-sifat yang diamati meliputi tinggitanaman, umur pertama bunga mekar, jumlah cabang generatif, jumlahbuah terpanen, umur panen pertama, umur panen terakhir dan hasil kapasberbiji. Data hasil penelitian ini dianalisis dengan analisis ragam padarancangan acak kelompok yang menghasilkan nilai Harapan KuadratTengah untuk asumsi Metode I dan Model I menurut GRIFFING (1956),sedangkan untuk mengetahui tinggi dan rendahnya daya gabung umum,khusus, dan pengaruh kebalikan dari efek tersebut menggunakan Model I(SINGH dan CHAUDHARY, 1979). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwatetua KI 40 merupakan penggabung yang baik karena memiliki dayagabung umum yang tinggi untuk parameter hasil kapas berbiji dan dayagabung umum yang rendah untuk parameter umur panen terakhir.Kombinasi persilangan genotipe KI 40 x KI 87 maupun genotipe KI 87 xKI 40 memiliki daya gabung khusus tinggi untuk parameter hasil kapasberbiji dan daya gabung khusus yang rendah pada parameter umur panenterakhir. Ini menunjukkan bahwa KI 40 dapat digunakan sebagai tetuabetina untuk memperbaiki produksi kapas berbiji dan persilangan antara KI40 x KI 87 adalah kombinasi terbaik untuk tujuan tersebut.Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, persilangan, hibrida, produksi,umur panen, Jawa TimurABSTRACTImprovement of cotton plant through diallel crossingThe objective of this research is to find out the yield potency and toshorten the harvest age of early maturity cotton through hybridcombinations compared with both parents. This research was conducted atAsembagus Research Station, Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber ResearchInstitute Crops (IToFRIC), from March to July 2003. The research used arandomized block design with three replications consisting of sixteengenotypes (four parents, six F 1 generations, and six reciprocal generations).The four parent genotypes were KI 40, KI 74, KI 87, and KI 121. The sixF 1 generation genotypes were KI 40 x KI 74, KI 40 x KI 87, KI 40 x KI121, KI 74 x KI 87, KI 74 x KI 121 and KI 87 x KI 121, while the six F 1reciprocal generations were KI 74 x KI 40, KI 87 x KI 40, KI 87 x KI 74,KI 121 x KI 40, KI 121 x KI 74 and KI 121 x KI 87. The charactersobserved were plant height, the first bloom of flowering date, number ofbranch, the harvested number of fruit, the first harvesting date, the lastharvesting date and cotton yield. The analysis used method I and model Iof GRIFFING (1956), while to evaluate general combining ability effect,specific combining ability effect, and reciprocal effect used model I ofSINGH and CHAUDHARY (1979). The research result indicated thatparent genotype KI 40 had high general combining values for cotton yieldparameter, and had low general combining values for last harvest age.Combinations of genotype crossing KI 40 X KI 87 and genotype of KI 87X KI 40 had high specific combining values for cotton yield, had lowspecific combining ability values for last harvest age. This indicated thatKI 40 can be used as parent to improve seed cotton yield, and the crossbetween KI 40 x KI 87 was the best combination for this purpose.Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, crossing, hybrid, production,harvest age, East Jav