Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
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KERAGAMAN GENETIK PLASMA NUTFAH PINANG (Areca catechu L.) DI PROPINSI GORONTALO
Get PDFPinang merupakan salah satu tanaman palma yang terdapat hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, terutama Pulau Sumatera. Di luar Sumatera, salah satu wilayah yang memiliki potensi tanaman pinang adalah Propinsi Gorontalo, Sulawesi. Wilayah provinsi ini memiliki potensi plasma nutfah pinang yang belum diidentifikasi keragaman genetiknya. Eksplorasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi keragaman genetik plasma nutfah pinang sebagai dasar informasi pengembangan di wilayah Gorontalo untuk masa mendatang, dan mengumpulkan plasma nutfah pinang yang terdapat di beberapa daerah di Gorontalo. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan lokasi contoh dipilih secara sengaja berdasarkan informasi dari Dinas Perkebunan dan masyarakat petani. Eksplorasi dilakukan di Kabupaten Gorontalo, Pohuwato dan Bone Bolango. Hasil eksplorasi diperoleh 6 (enam) aksesi pinang yaitu aksesi Duhia Da’a dari Marisa, Kabupaten Pohuwato, Tingkohubu I dan Tingkohubu II asal Suwawa, Kabupaten Bone Bolango dan Huntu I, Huntu II, dan Huntu III dari Batudaa, Kabupaten Gorontalo, yang memiliki keragaman dalam ukuran dan bentuk buah, dengan jarak genetik yang jauh. Aksesi yang berpotensi produksi tinggi adalah Duhia Da'a, Tingkohubu I dan Tingkohubu II, sedangkan aksesi untuk bahan pelengkap dalam kegiatan budaya dan upacara adat adalah Tingkohubu II.Kata kunci : Pinang, Areca catechu L., keragaman genetik, plasma nutfah, Gorontalo ABSTRACTGenetic diversity of Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) germplasm in GorontaloArecanut is one of the palm crops found throughout Indonesia, Sumatera Island. Outside Sumatera Island, the crop exist in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi. The exploration is conducted to observe potency of arecanut germplasm as based information for future development in Gorontalo. The purpose of exploration was to identify genetic diversity and to collect the arecanut in that area. Survey was done at three regency chosen purposively. There were six arecanut accessions identified namely Duhia Da’a from Marisa District, Pohuwato Regency, Tingkohubu I and Tingkohubu II from Suwawa District, Bone Bolango Regency, and Huntu I, Huntu II and Huntu III from Batuda’a District, Gorontalo Regency. They were various in size and shape, and so far for genetic distance. Accesions which have high potency production are Duhia Da'a, Tingkohubu I and of Tingkohubu II, while for the materials of complementary in custom ceremony and culture is Tingkohubu II.Key words : Arecanut, Areca catechu L., genetic diversity, germplasm, Gorontal
KETAHANAN BEBERAPA LADA HASIL PERSILANGAN TERHADAP Phytophthora capsici ASAL LADA
Get PDFABSTRAKBusuk pangkal batang (BPB) lada yang disebabkan oleh cendawanPhytophthora capsici merupakan masalah utama pada budidaya lada diIndonesia. Penyakit ini telah ditemukan di semua areal produksi lada diIndonesia. Sampai saat ini, saran pengendalian yang dianjurkan adalahpengendalian secara terpadu untuk mengurangi kerugian ekonomi akibatpenyakit ini. Akhir-akhir ini usaha untuk mendapatkan jenis lada yangtahan dilakukan melalui persilangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahmengevaluasi ketahanan F1 yang diperoleh dari persilangan beberapatetua. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca, BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor, dari Januari sampaiDesember 2005. Dari 400 aksesi hasil persilangan yang ada, dipilih 15aksesi yang menunjukkan hasil yang menjanjikan pada uji pendahuluan.Tiga isolat Phytophthora yang menunjukkan virulensi yang berbedadigunakan sebagai isolat uji. Di laboratorium, helaian daun ke-3 dan 4diambil dari tiap aksesi dan diletakkan dalam kotak yang telah diberi tissuebasah untuk menjaga kelembapannya. Inokulasi secara buatan dilakukandengan meletakkan potongan koloni masing-masing isolat Phytophthorapada permukaan bawah daun. Luas nekrosa yang terbentuk pada masing-masing aksesi diukur dengan leaf area meter setelah diinkubasi selama 72jam. Percobaan di rumah kaca dilakukan dengan cara menyiramkansuspensi zoospora sebanyak 50 ml pada bibit lada dari masing-masingaksesi yang telah berumur 4 bulan. Jumlah tanaman yang mati dihitungsetelah diinkubasi selama 1 bulan. Data hasil pengukuran luas serangandianalisis dengan rancangan faktorial dengan dua faktor untuk duakegiatan di atas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada interaksiyang nyata antara aksesi dengan isolat Phytophthora yang digunakan, baikpengujian in vitro maupun rumah kaca. Sembilan aksesi menunjukkankerusakan kurang dari 20% saat di laboratorium maupun di rumah kaca,dan aksesi 27-1, 36-31, dan 4-5L menunjukkan kerusakan kurang dari10%. Persilangan lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan pada aksesi-aksesi tersebutuntuk mendapatkan keturunan yang mempunyai ketahanan lebih baik danstabil.Kata kunci : Piper nigrum L., Phytophthora, ketahanan, persilanganABSTRACTResistance of Black Pepper Accessions to Phytophthora capsiciFoot rot disease of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici ismain constraint in black pepper cultivation in Indonesia. The diseasespread widely over all pepper producing areas in Indonesia. Integratedpest managements are suggested to reduce the economic loss due to thedisease. Recently, breeding program has been developed in Indonesiathrough hybridization to find out promising accessions resistant to foot rotdisease. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the resistanceof F1 progenies obtained from polination of various parents to foot rotdisease. Among 400 accessions of black pepper obtained from breedingprogram, 15 accessions were selected based on previous evaluation. ThreePhytophthora isolates were used as tester in the study. The research wascarried out in laboratory and glass house of Indonesian Spice andMedicinal Crops Research Institute, from January to December 2005. Invitro screening was carried out by inoculating detached third and fourthleaves of each accession. The leaves were set in boxes abaxial surfacefacing up, while wet tissue papers were used to retain air humidity in thebox. The lower leaf surface of each pepper accession was inoculated witha piece of Phytophthora colony then incubated in room temperature. Thewidth of necrotic areas was measured with leaf area meter after the leaveswere incubated for 72 hours. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Ingreen house experiment, 4 month seedlings of each accession wereinoculated with 50 ml of zoospore suspension (10 5 zoospore/ml), replicated3 times, and each replication consisted of 5 seedlings. The number ofinoculated seedlings was counted after one month of incubation. Bothexperiments were arranged using factorial design with two factors: pepperaccession and Phytophthora isolate. There was no significant interactionbetween black pepper accession and the Phytophthora isolates, neither invitro nor green house. Nine accessions showed disease severity less than20%, and accession number 27-1, 36-31, and 4-5L showed disease severitybelow 10% in both experiments. To obtain better progeny resistant to stemrot disease and more stable, it is suggested to continue this pollinationprogram by using those promising accessions.Key words: Piper nigrum L., Phytophthora, resistance, pollinatio
PENDUGAAN DAYA GABUNG DAN HETEROSIS KETAHANAN TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) TERHADAP PENYAKIT BUSUK BUAH (Phytophthora palmivora)
Get PDFABSTRAKKlon kakao unggul berdaya hasil dan bermutu hasil tinggi sertaresisten terhadap penyakit utama perlu dikembangkan melalui pemuliaantanaman dan tersedianya informasi tentang parameter genetik diharapkandapat membantu memecahkan masalah tersebut. Pendugaan parametergenetik dapat dilakukan dengan analisis persilang dialel. Penelitianbertujuan untuk menduga parameter genetik ketahanan tanaman kakaoterhadap infeksi P. palmivora, menggunakan analisis persilangan setengahdialel. Bahan tanaman terdiri atas lima klon kakao (ICCRI 3, TSH 858,DR 1, ICS 13 dan Sca 6) yang tergolong rentan hingga tahan terhadapinfeksi P. palmivora yang digunakan sebagai tetua dan 10 galur hibrida F1hasil persilangan antar lima klon. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KebunPercobaan Kaliwining Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia,Jember, Jawa Timur dari tahun 2008 hingga 2009. Untuk setiap kombinasipersilangan dievaluasi 20 bibit dan diulang tiga kali. Untuk mengetahuirespon bibit hibrida F1 terhadap infeksi P. palmivora, daunnya diinokulasidengan inokulum zoospora dan disungkup dengan plastik untuk menjagakelembapannya (>90%). Pengamatan luas bercak akibat infeksi P.palmivora dilakukan enam hari setelah inokulasi dan digunakan untukmenghitung intensitas penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakakao klon DR 1, ICS 13, dan ICCRI 3 mempunyai DGU yang palingtinggi dibandingkan dengan tetua lainnya. Selanjutnya, persilangan antarklon kakao DR 1 x ICS 13, dan TSH 858 x Sca 6 mempunyai DGKtertinggi sehingga kombinasi persilangan ini berpeluang untuk menjadipenghasil hibrida baru yang resisten terhadap P. palmivora. Kombinasipersilangan yang menunjukkan nilai heterosis tertinggi adalah DR1 x ICS13, DR1 x Sca 6, dan ICS 13 x Sca 6.Kata kunci: Heterosis, hibrida F1, DGU, DGK, intensitas penyakitABSTRACTEstimation of Heterosis and Combining Ability forResistance Against Black Pod Disease (Phytophthorapalmivora) in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)High yielding and disease resistance of cacao clone needs to bedeveloped through breeding program. Availability of genetic parametersfor various agronomic importance characters in cacao would be veryuseful and beneficial for cacao breeding activities. Estimation of variousgenetic parameters could be done by analyzing F1 arrays generated fromsemi-diallele crosses among a number of parents. The objectives of thisresearch were to estimate genetic parameters for resistance against P.palmivora infection in cacao using F1 arrays generated from semi-diallelecrosses among five cacao clones. Five cacao clones (DR 1, TSH 858, ICS13, ICCRI 3, and Sca 6), representing an arrays of clones with increasedresistance against P. palmivora infection, were used as parents to generate10 F1 hybrid arrays. This research was conducted at KaliwiningExperimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cacao Research Institute,Jember, Indonesia, during the period of 2008 to 2009. At most 20seedlings were evaluated for each F1 hybrid and the evaluation wasreplicated three times. To evaluate the response of the seedlings against P.palmivora infection, their leaves were inoculated with zoospore of P.palmivora. Relative humidity around inoculated leaves was maintained at>90% by wrapping them with plastic bag. The sizes of leaf necroseresponse due to P. palmivora infection were observed during six days afterinoculation and the disease intensity was calculated based on this recordedsymptoms. Results of the experiments indicated that cacao clones (DR 1,ICS 13, and ICCRI 3) were the highest in general combining ability(GCA) for resistance character than the other two clones. Moreover, F1hybrid originated from crosses between DR 1 x ICS 13, and TSH 858 xSca 6 were the highest in specific combining ability (SCA) for resistancecharacter. Therefore, this combination crosses might be used to developenew hybrid combinations resistance against P. palmivora infection.Combination crosses showing highest heterotic value for resistance againstP. palmivora infection were DR 1 x ICS 13, DR1 x Sca 6, and ICS 13 xSca 6.Key words : Heterotic effects, F1 hybrid array, GCA, SCA, diseaseintensit
APLIKASI SITOKININ TIPE PURIN DAN UREA PADA MULTIPLIKASI TUNAS ANIS (Pimpinellla anisum L.) IN VITRO
Get PDFABSTRAKAnis (Pimpinella anisum L.) merupakan tanaman herba tahunanyang termasuk ke dalam famili Umbelliferae. Buahnya diketahuimengandung minyak atsiri yang didominasi senyawa trans-anethol (90%)dan berkhasiat sebagai antiseptik, antispasmodik, antikanker, karminatif,pelega tenggorokan, obat bronkitis, serta digunakan dalam pembuatansabun, parfum, pasta gigi, juga krim kulit. Sebagai tanaman bernilaiekonomi, upaya perbanyakan anis perlu dilakukan. Perbanyakan secara invitro dengan teknik kultur jaringan merupakan salah satu metode alternatifyang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan bibit dalam jumlah banyak,seragam dan dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Dengan penambahansitokinin sintetik tipe urea seperti thidiazuron (TDZ) dan tipe purin sepertibenzil amino purin (BAP) akan memacu inisiasi dan proliferasi tunas.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan media yang tepat untuk menginduksitunas anis yang optimal dengan penambahan BAP atau TDZ, mengetahuirespon pertumbuhan dan penampakan kultur akibat penambahan berbagaikonsentrasi BAP atau TDZ, serta mempelajari sinergisme yang terjadiantara keduanya. Pada tahap inisiasi, eksplan berupa tunas pucuk diinduksidi dalam media MS padat dengan penambahan BAP (0,1 mg/l; 0,2 mg/l;0,3 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2 mg/l; 3 mg/l), atau TDZ dengan kisaran konsentrasiyang sama. Tunas terbanyak yang dihasilkan dari dua jenis sitokinin padatahap ini disubkultur ke dalam media yang ditambahkan jenis sitokininyang berbeda (TDZ ke BAP atau BAP ke TDZ) pada konsentrasi 0,3 mg/latau 3 mg/l. Pada media yang ditambahkan TDZ dihasilkan tunas anislebih banyak (3,62-6,28) dibandingkan pada media yang ditambahkanBAP (1,86-2,78), tetapi tunas yang dihasilkan pendek (roset). Sedangkantunas yang dihasilkan dalam media yang ditambahkan BAP beruas lebihtinggi tetapi jumlah tunasnya sedikit. Subkultur tunas anis ke dalam mediayang diperkaya dengan sitokinin yang berbeda meningkatkan jumlah tunasyang berproliferasi dan memperbaiki visual tunas.Kata kunci: Anis, Pimpinellla anisum L. , minyak atsiri, multiplikasi tunas,in vitro, TDZ, BAP, Jawa BaratABSTRACTApplication of purine and urea types of cytokinins inshoot multiplication of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) invitroPimpinella anisum L. or sweet anise is an annual–herbaceous plantbelongs to the Umbelliferae family. The fruit of anise contains of essentialoil, which is mainly consisted of trans-anethol (90%). Essential oils ofanise is mainly used as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, anticancer,carminative, expectorant and has also been used as component in soap,perfumery, tooth paste, and skin cream productions. Since this crop ismainly cultivated in sub tropical region, anise cultivation in Indonesia hasnot been performed. To obtain sufficient numbers of anise plantingmaterials in vitro propagation was conducted by applying benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ). In this research TDZ or BAP wereapplied at various concentrations (0,1 mg/l: 0.2 mg/l; 0.3 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2mg/l; 3 mg/l), to induce shoots in MS-solid culture media. The highestnumber of shoots obtained in those two type of cytokinins containingmedia from the initiation stage were subcultured into the mediasupplemented with different cytokinins (TDZ to BAP or BAP to TDZ) at0.3 mg/l or 3 mg/l levels. The results showed that medium with theaddition of TDZ resulted in higher numbers of shoot (3,26-6,28) than thatof medium with an addition of BAP (1,86-2,78). However, rosette shootswere dominant in TDZ containing medium. On the other hand, mediumwith an addition of BAP resulted in less numbers of shoots with tallernodes. Subculture of anise into different kinds of cytokinins increased thenumbers of proliferated-shoots and recovered the abnormal shoots.Key words : Anise, Pimpinellla anisum L, essential oils, shootsmultiplication, in vitro, TDZ, BAP, West Jav
DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN DOMESTIK DAN PERUBAHAN FAKTOR EKSTERNAL TERHADAP INDUSTRI MINYAK GORENG INDONESIA
Get PDFABSTRAKMinyak goreng merupakan salah satu komoditas penting penghasildevisa bagi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampakkebijakan domestik dan perubahan faktor eksternal terhadap industriminyak goreng Indonesia, dengan pendekatan sistem yang menggunakanmodel ekonometrika dalam bentuk persamaan simultan. Data yangdigunakan adalah data sekunder yang terkait dengan produksi, volume danharga perdagangan domestik, volume dan harga ekspor, dalam bentuk dataderet waktu tahun 1978-2001. Pendugaan parameter dilakukan denganmetode two stage least squares (2SLS). Untuk mengevaluasi dampakkebijakan domestik dan perubahan faktor eksternal, dilakukan simulasimodel untuk periode 1992-1996 yang menggambarkan kondisi sebelumterjadi krisis ekonomi, dan 1998-2001 menggambarkan kondisi saat terjadikrisis ekonomi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan hargaCPO di pasar dunia pada kedua periode menyebabkan peningkatan ekspor.Kebijakan pengenaan pajak ekspor minyak sawit mentah (CPO) danpeningkatan harga minyak goreng sawit domestik cukup efektif menekanekspor. Pada periode 1992-1996 kebijakan pengenaan pajak ekspor CPOmenyebabkan penurunan penerimaan devisa 1,114 persen (Rp 17,092miliar). Peningkatan harga minyak goreng domestik pada periode 1992-1996 menyebabkan penurunan penerimaan devisa 21,458 persen (Rp329,187 miliar) tetapi pada periode 1998-2001 dampak tersebut dinetralisiroleh penurunan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap US to rupiah. Thoseimplicated that export tax must be optimalized. The impact of exportencrease on domestic supply of cooking oil raw material could beminimized by pushing CCO market oriented from export to domesticmarket and developing final process industry of coconut, for exampleoleochemical industry, to improve added value and incentive for thefarmers and for stakeholders.Key words : Cooking oil, domestic policy, external factor, econometricmodel, policy simulation, foreign exchang
OPTIMASI DAN EVALUASI METODE KRIOPRESERVASI PURWOCENG
Get PDFABSTRAKOptimasi dan evaluasi metode kriopreservasi perlu dilakukan dalammenentukan protokol standar untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang biakanpurwoceng. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasiperlakuan pratumbuh, prakultur, dan formulasi media pemulih terhadapdaya tumbuh dan daya regenerasi tunas in vitro dan kalus embriogenikserta untuk mengevaluasi metode kriopreservasi melalui observasimorfologi, anatomi, dan sitologi. Penelitian dilakukan di LaboratoriumKultur Jaringan Kelompok Peneliti Biologi Sel dan Jaringan BB LitbangBiogen pada tahun 2008-2009. Teknik kriopreservasi yang digunakanadalah vitrifikasi (untuk apeks) dan enkapsulasi-vitrifikasi (untuk kalusembriogenik). Pada teknik vitrifikasi, tunas pucuk diberi perlakuanpratumbuh dengan sukrosa (3, 4, 5, dan 6%) selama 1 dan 2 minggu,perlakuan prakultur dilakukan pada media yang mengandung sukrosa 0,3M selama 1 dan 3 hari, perlakuan dehidrasi dengan PVS2 diberikan selama15 dan 30 menit, dan media pemulih yang diujikan adalah media dasar MSatau DKW dengan dan tanpa penambahan adenin sulfat 20 ppm. Padateknik enkapsulasi-vitrifikasi, kalus embriogenik dienkapsulasi terlebihdahulu dengan Na-alginat 3%, perlakuan dehidrasi dengan PVS2 diberikanselama 0, 30, dan 60 menit. Evaluasi metode teknik kriopreservasidilakukan melalui pengamatan morfologi secara visual, anatomi meristemdengan scanning electron microscope (SEM), pengujian viabilitas denganfluorescein diacetate (FDA), dan analisis ploidi secara flowcytometry.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik enkapsulasi-vitrifikasi lebihbaik daripada teknik vitrifikasi untuk kriopreservasi purwoceng. Walaupunpersentase keberhasilan kriopreservasi rendah (10%), kalus embriogenikpurwoceng mampu berproliferasi dan beregenerasi menjadi ribuan embriosomatik dewasa. Evaluasi metode kriopreservasi dengan SEM dan FDAdapat diterapkan untuk memperkirakan keberhasilan teknik kriopreservasisecara dini sedangkan analisis flowcytometry dapat diterapkan untukmenguji stabilitas genetik bahan tanaman pasca-kriopreservasi.Kata kunci: Pimpinella pruatjan Molk., kriopreservasi, SEM, FDA,flowcytometryABSTRACTOptimization and evaluation of cryopreservation methods should beconducted to obtain standard protocol for long term conservation ofpruatjan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect ofcombined treatments of pregrowth, preculture, and recovery media to thesurvival and regeneration rate of in vitro shoots and embryogenic calli andto evaluate the cryopreservation methods by observing the morphological,anatomical, and cytological characters. The techniques of vitrification (forapex) and encapsulation-vitrification (for embryogenic calli) were appliedin this study. On vitrification technique, the apical shoots were pregrownon media containing of 3, 4, 5, and 6% sucrose for 1 and 2 weeks,precultured on media containing of 0,3 M sucrose for 1 and 3 days,dehydrated by PVS2 solution for 15 and 30 minutes, and planted onrecovery media (MS or DKW basal media supplemented with 20 ppmadenine sulphate). On encapsulation-vitrification technique, embryogeniccalli were encapsulated by 3% Na-alginate, dehydrated by PVS2 solutionfor 0, 30, and 60 minutes. The evaluation of cryopreservation methods wasdone through visual observation, SEM analysis, viability test, andflowcytometry determination. The result showed that encapsulation-vitrification was better than vitrification technique for cryopreservation ofpruatjan. The successful rate of this method was low (10%) but theembryogenic calli could proliferate and regenerate into thousands maturesomatic embryos. The evaluation by SEM and FDA can be applied asearly detection to estimate the successful of cryopreservation, whereasflowcytometry analysis may determine the genetic stability ofcryopreserved materials.Key words: Pimpinella pruatjan Molk., cryopreservation, SEM, FDA,flowcytometr
KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK DAN ISOLASI TRIMIRISTIN BIJI PALA PAPUA (Myristica argentea)
Get PDFABSTRAKMinyak pala yang dihasilkan dari penyulingan biji palamerupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor Indonesia. Di Kabupaten FakfakPapua, komoditas pala dikembangkan dari jenis Myristica argentea. Jenispala ini dapat menghasilkan minyak, namun karakteristik minyaknyabelum banyak diketahui. Biji pala (terutama biji yang tua) jugamengandung lemak yang memiliki komponen utama trigliserida-trimiristin yang banyak digunakan dalam industri kosmetik dan industrioleo chemical sebagai substitusi lemak pangan, maupun dalam industripelumas. Kandungan trimiristin dalam lemak pala jauh lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan minyak kelapa, minyak inti sawit, dan minyakbabassu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik minyak palaPapua dan mengetahui rendemen lemak trimiristin dari bijinya. Penelitiandilakukan pada bulan Januari - Mei 2010 di Laboratorium Pengujian BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor. Biji pala yang digunakansebagai bahan penelitian ini diambil langsung dari tujuh pohon yangterdapat di kebun wilayah Air Besar, Kabupaten Fakfak, Papua. Minyakdisuling dengan cara destilasi uap. Minyak yang dihasilkan dianalisissesuai dengan Standar Internasional (ISO, 2002), yang meliputi sifat fisikakimia (berat jenis, indeks bias, putaran optik, kelarutan dalam etanol, sisapenguapan, dan komposisi komponen kimia). Identifikasi komponen-komponen kimia utama dalam minyak pala dianalisis menggunakanmetode kromatografi gas. Lemak trimiristin diisolasi dari biji (metodeekstraksi dengan pelarut organik) dan analisis kandungan trimiristin(metode kromatografi gas). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwarendemen minyak pala Papua sangat rendah yaitu 3,11%. Karakteristikfisika kimia minyak tidak sesuai dengan Standar Internasional. Biji palaPapua mengandung trimiristin, dengan rendemen rata-rata 79,50% (daritotal lemak pala) dan tingkat kemurnian rata-rata 99,20%. Dengandemikian, biji pala Papua dapat berperan sebagai sumber trimiristin yangmempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi.Kata kunci : pala Papua, Myristica argentea, minyak pala, lemak pala,trimiristinABSTRACTNutmeg oils produced by the distillation of nutmeg seed is oneof Indonesia's export commodities. In Fakfak Regency of Papua, nutmegMyristica argentea type is well developed. The type of nutmeg is good oilproducer, however its characteristics has not been known. Nutmeg seed(especially the mature one) also contain fats with triglyceride-trimyristinas main components, which is widely used in the cosmetics industry andoleo-chemical industry as a substitute of fatty food, as well as in industriallubricants. The trimyristin content of nutmeg fat is much higher than thatof coconut oil, palm kernel oil and babassu oil. This study aimed atexamining the oil characteristics and trimyristin content of Papua nutmegseed. The experiment was conducted from January to May 2010 in theTesting Laboratory of the Research Institute for Spices and MedicinalPlants in Bogor. Nutmeg seed which was used as research material, wastaken directly from the 7 trees located in a certain nutmeg garden, at thearea of the Air Besar District, Fakfak, Papua. Oil was distilled by steamdistillation. The oil was then analyzed its physico-chemical characteristics(specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, solubility in ethanol,residue evaporation and chemical components). The main chemicalcomponents of nutmeg oil were analyzed using the gas chromatographymethod. Fat trimyristin isolated from the seeds (through organic solventsextraction) and the content was analyzed (gas chromatography method).The results showed that the yield of Papua nutmeg oil is very low (3.11%).Its physico-chemical characteristics of the oil did not match theInternational Standards. It is also observed that Papua nutmeg containstrimyristin, with the average yield of 79.50%, and average purity level of99.20%. Papua nutmeg, therefore, is a potential source of trimyristin, aproduct with high economic value.Key words: Papua nutmeg, Myristica argentea, oil, fat, trimyristi
ANALISIS MUTU, PRODUKTIVITAS, KEBERLANJUTAN DAN ARAHAN PENGEMBANGAN USAHATANI TEMBAKAU DI KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG, JAWA TENGAH
Get PDFABSTRAKTembakau Temanggung merupakan komoditas penting bahan bakuindustri rokok kretek, sumber pendapatan petani dan PAD KabupatenTemanggung. Selain itu, tembakau juga menjadi pemicu pertumbuhankegiatan ekonomi lainnya yang terkait dengan usahatani, sepertitransportasi, penyediaan sarana produksi pertanian serta penyediaanlapangan kerja. Usahatani tembakau Temanggung menghadapi 3 (tiga)masalah utama, yaitu: sifat tembakau Temanggung yang tergolong fancyproduct, struktur pasar yang monopsonistik dan kondisi lahan usahataniyang beragam (beragam menurut elevasi, arah lereng dan tingkatkemiringan lereng). Kondisi lahan tersebut mengakibatkan mutu tembakaumenjadi beragam, dan cenderung menurun bahkan mengancam keber-lanjutan usahatani tembakau. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bulan Januari2004 - Maret 2005 di sentra produksi tembakau Temanggung, yangmemiliki beberapa perbedaan berdasarkan elevasi, arah lereng dan tingkatkemiringan. Untuk mengetahui ragam mutu dan produktivitas dianalisisdengan sidik ragam. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh elevasi, arah dankemiringan lereng digunakan analisis regresi berganda. Dalammenganalisis keberlanjutan usahatani, digunakan multi atribut non-parametrik yang diolah dengan multidimentional scaling (MDS). Mutu danproduktivitas tembakau Temanggung cukup beragam. Elevasi dan arahlereng (slope aspect) merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi mutudan produktivitas tembakau Temanggung. Mutu tembakau yang ditanampada lahan berelevasi di atas 1.000 m dpl, nyata lebih baik dibandingkandengan mutu tembakau yang ditanam pada lahan yang berelevasi kurangdari 1.000 m dpl. Produktivitas tembakau yang ditanam pada lahan arahlereng ke timur nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan produktivitastembakau pada lahan arah lereng ke timur laut dan utara. Tingkatkemiringan lereng tidak berpengaruh terhadap mutu maupun produktivitastembakau. Indeks keberlanjutan usahatani tembakau Temanggung,termasuk kedalam kategori cukup (IKb = 55,53 pada skala keberlanjutan 0– 100).Kata kunci : Tembakau, Nicotiana tabacum L., tembakau Temanggung,mutu, produktivitas, indeks keberlanjutan, usahatani, JawaTengahABSTRACTAnalysis of quality, productivity and sustainability anddevelopment direction of tobacco farming in TemanggungDistrict, Central JavaTemanggung tobacco is an important commodity for cigaretteindustry, farmers’ income and product domestic regional brutto (PDRB)of Temanggung District. Tobacco stimulates economy activities, so that itcan grow other bussiness activities, such as transportation, agroproductand employment availability. Uncontrolled cultivation intensity andmarket structure monopsonistic resulted in weak bargaining position offarmer in marketing tobacco. Tobacco is a fancy product, it means that itsmarketing and transaction are very determined by quality. Theseconditions affected the sustainability of tobacco farm. This research wascarried out from January 2004 to March 2005 in the center of Temanggungtobacco production, which varies in terms of elevation, slope aspect andtopography. Temanggung tobacco varies in terms of quality andproductivity. Elevation and slope aspect were the primary factorsinfluencing tobacco productivity and quality. The quality of tobaccoplanted at farmer location at the elevation more than 1.000 m above sealevel (asl) with slope facing east, was significantly better than the qualityof tobacco planted at the elevation less than 1.000 m asl with slope facingnorth-east and north. The tobacco productivity planted on the slope facingeast differed significantly with the tobacco productivity planted on north-east and north slope facing. The slope did not significantly influencetobacco quality and productivity. Sustainability index of tobacco farmbelongs to enough category (IKb = 55.53 at scale of sustainability 0 –100).Key words : Nicotiana tabacum L. Temanggung tobacco, quality,productivity, sustainability index, farming system, CentralJav
EFFECTIVITY OF DRYING METHODS TO MINIMIZE AFLATOXIN OF DRIED NUTMEG
No full textIndonesian nutmeg export is constrained due to aflatoxin content that exceeds the minimum limit. This study was aimed at examining the effectiveness of three drying types of nutmeg to diminish aflatoxin contamination. The three drying types tested were (a) the rack type house with a source of solar energy heat combined with a kerosene stove fire, (b) the drying bases one meter above the ground with or without a black cloth cover, and (c) the floor drying 5 cm above the ground with or without black cloth cover. Unpeeled nutmegs were dried in the drying racks until they dried (sound when shaken by hand). After that they were. peeled and redried in the same type of dryer. Observation parameters included temperature, humidity, drying time, moisture content, oil content, oleoresin, myristicin, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that the drying time in the house-type drying rack was 51.5 hours, longer than the para-para and drying floor (30 hours). The temperature during drying in the drying house was 35.6-37.310C lower than the other two types of dryers. However, its humidity was the highest (40.71-49.33%). The moisture content of shelled nutmegs and peeled nutmegs from all drying types fulfill the requirements (< 10%). The total aflatoxin contamination in shelled nutmegs and peeled nutmegs was < 3.28 µg/kg, while B1 aflatoxin was < 1.06 µg/kg, so that they fulfilled SNI standard. All three drying types can be recommended to be tested further in field scale.Keywords: Nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, drying technology, seed quality
KONSERVASI TANAMAN LADA (Piper nigrum L.) SECARA IN VITRO
No full textIn vitro conservation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the economically im¬ potant spices. The major constraint in black pepper cultivation and conservation in ield is foot rot disease caused by Phytopthora capsici which could cause plants die. Conservation of black pepper germplasms as living collections in ield is risky due to pests and natural disaster. The experiment on in vitro cop ervation of black pepper var. LDL was conducted al the laboratory of Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding, Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops (RISMC) Bogor from April 1998 to Maret 1999. Single node cuttings from sterile culture were used as explains. The explains were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium on full and half strength concentration supplemented with paclobutrazol (paclo) (0, 1, 3 and 5 mg/1). The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design arranged factorially with 10 replications. The result showed that the medium supplemented with paclo on both full MS and MS A medium could suppress vegetative growth until 12 months. There was no signiicant interaction between medium and paclo on shoot initiation. The effect was signiicant on shoot height, number of leaves and culture performances. Increasing paclo concen¬ tration caused higher suppression of plant growth. MS A medium supplemented with paclo 5 mg/1 showed the slowest growth with shool height 2.10 cm and number of leaves 9. Culture performance was fresh, with green leaves and vigorous. Advcntive shoots were able to regenerate on the medium supplemented with BA 0.3 mg/1. In vitro conservation of black pepper with paclo did not change plant regeneration ability. Therefore, this technique may be used as an altenative method for black pepper conservation