BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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THE LIVERWORT GENUS Marchantia (Marchantiaceae) OF MOUNT SIBAYAK NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
No full textStudy on the Hepaticae (Liverworts) of Sumatra is very scanty including the knowledge on the genus of Marchantia (Marchantiaceae). This study was conducted to explore the diversity of Marchantia in Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, Indonesia. There are seven species of Marchantia in Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, five of the species are previously known: Marchantia acaulis, M. emarginata, M. geminata, M. paleacea, and M. treubii; two of the species are new records for Sumatra (M. polymorpha and M. rubribarba). An identification key of the genus Marchantia from Mount Sibayak, North Sumatra is provided
RESTORATION PRIORITY INDEX DEVELOPMENT OF DEGRADED TROPICAL FOREST LANDSCAPE IN BATANG TORU WATERSHED, NORTH SUMATERA INDONESIA
Get PDFForest degradation has been important in the context of global issues since it contributes to the global climate change significanly. Forest degradation of tropical rain forest area reduces global biological resources and has impact on occurence of poverty in community. It also increases forest fragmentation and decreases forest connectivity as wildlife habitat. To improve the connectivity, landscape restoration approach is used.  This paper describes the forest landscape restoration priority index to decide where the site gets restoration priority.  Restoration index is constructed by four factors indices that are index of forest degradation, forest connectivity, forest fragmentation, and socio economic of forest communities. Batang Toru forest landscape was getting pressure during the period 1989-2013.  Forest landscape fragmentation degree increased in the period 1989-2013, while the degree of connectivity tends to increase.  Forest connectivity index effects the restoration index more than other.  It implies that connectivity of Batang Toru forest landscape needs to be maintained and enhanced. It will provide proper habitat and reduce loss of biodiversity. Restoration index classifies Batang Toru forest landscape into low, medium and high priority for restoration. Sub-watershed of Sarula has high restoration index value so that it must be restored firstly
EFFECTIVENESS OF DUNG BEETLES AS BIOINDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN LAND-USE GRADIENT IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Get PDFBioindicators have been widely accepted as useful tools for monitoring and detecting changes in the environment or habitat condition. By using bioindicators, it is possible to assess the impact of human activities on the biota, instead of examining the entire biota. In this paper we analyzed diversity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across land use gradient inCentral Sulawesi and tested the suitability of dung beetles as bioindicators for environmental changes. Ninety baited pitfall trapswere placed and several habitat parameterswere measured at five land-use types ranging from natural forest to cacao agroforestry systems to open areas in 2009 and 2012. The effectiveness of dung beetles as bioindicators of environmental changes was evaluated by the IndVal method, a method combining the specificity and fidelity of certain species with particular types of habitat or environmental conditions. Surprisingly, the results showed that the diversity of dung beetles in two types of cacao plantations were similar to the forest sites and were significantly higher than the open cultivated area. Of the 16 dung beetles species analyzed only four species could be suggested as indicator (characteristic) species while the majority of collected species were categorized as detector species. Two of them (Copris saundersi and Onthophagus forsteni) were associated with natural forest and cacao agroforestry system, thus were suggested as the indicator of shaded and cooler habitats whereas O. limbatus and O. trituber can be suggested as indicator of unshaded and warmer habitats (bare land area)
IDENTIFICATION OF Aspergillus flavus AND DETECTION OF ITS AFLATOXIN GENES ISOLATED FROM PEANUT AND PEANUT PROCESSED PRODUCTS
Get PDFAspergillus flavus is one of the main fungi that are able to produce aflatoxin.The presence of the fungi and its aflatoxin are become serious problem on food safety. This research was aimed to isolate and identify A. flavus from peanut and its processed products collected from some traditional markets in Bogor, Depok and Jakarta, and detection of their aflatoxin genes. Fungal isolation was using AFPA media. Fungal identification was carried out by combining morphological and molecular analysis used species specific primers FVAVIQ1/FLAQ2 and AFLA-F/AFLA-R, while detection of aflatoxin genes employed four specific primers of apa-2 (aflR), nor-1 (aflD), ver-1 (aflM) and omt-1 (aflP). From 36 samples, the A. flavus group was only found in peanut kernels samples with viable count of specific colonies in the range of 0.01-5.52 x 10-4 cfu/g. The total 18 isolates were identified as A. flavus based on species specific primers FVAVIQ1/FLAQ2 and AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 100 and 413 bp respectively. Based on aflatoxin gene analysis showed that all 18 isolates successfully amplified by both apa-2 and nor-1, 83.3 % by omt-1 and 72.2 % by ver-1 genes which taking part in aflatoxin production. The amplicons size of apa-2, nor-1, ver-1 and omt-1   primer pairs were about 1032, 400, 895 and 1024 bp respectively
THE NATURAL HABITAT OF BEGONIA ON THE ISLAND OF BALI: MICROCLIMATE PREFERENCE IN TWO FOREST SITES IN BEDUGUL
No full textA study on Begonia’s ecology was conducted in two forest sites, a nature reserve and reboisation forest, respectively, in Bedugul Bali. The objective of the study was to describe Begonia species found in respective forest sites, to gather information on abiotic factors and to find the influences of these abiotic factors to the abundance of Begonia species. Three species were identified as B. multangula, B. baliensis and B. longifolia. There were two form of B. longifolia, white and red. The multivariate analysis (PCA) showed that abiotic factors measured were relatively similar among plots. In addition, no particular abiotic factor, from multivariate analysis, showed specific influence on Begonia species frequency. Interestingly, the multivariate analysis also implied that B. latifolia has different microclimate preference between forms (white and red). The abundance, refers to the frequency, of all of species in two forests was similar (t-test, p=0.061). Pooling the data from the fourty plots (two forest sites) and white and red forms of B. longifolia together, B. multangula and B. longifolia found were similarly abundant between species (t- test, p=0.460)
ENDIANDRA KASSAMENSIS (LAURACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM NEW GUINEA
Get PDFA new species of Endiandra (Lauraceae) is described from New Guinea. Endiandra kassamensis is described based on specimens collected over four decades ago. Unlike most Endiandra which grow in lowland forest, E. kassamensis is found in high altitude forest. The species is characterized by the presence of staminodia with the absence of staminal glands. Â Key words: Endiandra, Lauraceae, staminal glands, staminodia, endemic, New Guine
BACTERIA FROM ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI SPORES Gigaspora sp. AND Glomus sp.: THEIR ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS TOWARDS SOILBORNE FUNGAL PATHOGENS AND GROWTH STIMULATION OF Gigaspora sp. in vitro
No full textEight isolates bacteria were isolated from surface sterilized endomycorrhizal spores of Gigaspora sp and six isolates bacteria isolated from Glomus sp. The tests to  the antagonists against fungal pathogens and stimulation of endomycorrhizae hyphal development of Gigaspora sp  in vitro  showed that there were three.isolates (GG1, GG5 and GL3) that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens and enhance the development of hyphae in vitro. Enzymatic activity test showed that there were seven isolates that produce cellulase and protease activity that is GG1, GG3, GG6, GG7, GL2, GL4 and GL6
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ENHANCED PRODUCTION LEVEL OF QUININE IN CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE OF Cinchona ledgeriana Moens BY PACLOBUTRAZOL
Get PDFQuinine is one of the major alkaloids in Cinchona spp., and it is used both as a medication and as a drink additive. The plant produces most of its alkaloids in the bark after 6–8 years of age.Repeated harvests can be performed until the plant dies, but only after every 3–5 years. We tested an improved method for culturing cell suspensions of Cinchona ledgerianato investigate the possibility of increasing production of quinine. The clone QRC 315 was treated with either a growth retardant (abscisic acid or paclobutrazol) or precursor feeding of L-tryptophan. To generate stress, we applied mannitol at 5.3 g/L combined with sucrose at a lower concentration (20 g/L),and we used sucrose at 30 g/L as the control. Paclobutrazol (7 mg/L) significantly suppressed cell growth and produced the highest level of quinine (11%) after 7 weeks of culture. L-tryptophan also reduced cell growth, but without any positive effect in the production of quinoline. The highest amount of quinine per culture flask, however,  resulted in cells treated with 3 mg/L abscisic acid
POWDER FORMULATION OF ANTAGONISTS YEASTS, Cryptococcus albidus AND Cryptococcus terreus AS BIOFUNGICIDES
No full textThe research has following objectives: 1) to investigate compatibility of yeasts antagonist C. albidus and C. terreus, 2) to obtain suitable carrier  in powder formulation for those two yeasts, 3) to get appropriate formulation additives for those yeasts,  and 4) to obtain optimum powder formulation consisting yeasts, carrier materials and additives. Compatibility of C. albidus and  C. terreus  was tested through bio-assay against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on detached banana fruit and Alternaria solani on detached tomato leaves. Compatibility was indicated by no reduction of antagonistic activity.  Benomyl-resistant mutant of C. albidus  and cycloheximide-resistant mutant of  C. terreus were mixed with sterilized tapioca, talc and kaolin  to get initial yeasts density of  8.5 log cfu/g and water content of 15%,  then  packed by plastic bag and stored under room temperature. Survival of formulated yeasts was assessed monthly by plating on PDA medium containing 150 ppm cycloheximide for C. terreus, and 150 ppm benomyl for C. albidus. Yeasts population was expressed in log cfu/g materials.  To determine effect of carrier materials on antagonistic activity, bio-assay of formulated yeasts against pathogens was conducted after 3 months storage. Tested additives i.e. CaCl2, pure chitin and crab shell powder were added into suspension of C. albidus and C. terreus to get concentration of 1.25%, 0.5 % and 0. 1% (w/v). Sterilized aquadest and yeasts without additives was used as control. Then  the treatments was examined the antagonistic activity through  bio-asaay  on detached banana fruits and tomato leaves. Appropriate additive(s) was determined by its ability to increase antagonistic activity of yeasts. Storability and antagonistic activity of  C. albidus dan C. terreus in the mixture of best carrier and additive were examined. C. terreus was compatible to C. albidus. The best carrier materials supporting highest survival of C. terreus was tapioca and talc, those supported survival for four months storage. Talc was best carrier material for C. albidus formulation by maintaining its survival for five months storage. Additives which able to increase antagonistic activity of C. terreus were CaCl2 0.1 % , pure chitin  0.1 %  and crab shell powder  0.5%.  Additives providing best increase of antagonistic activity of C. albidus were CaCl2 0.5%, pure chitin  1.25 %  and crab shell 1.25%. Supplementation of chitin and crab shell, both at the rate of 1.25% into talc-base powder formulation increased survival of both yeasts at one months storage, however no significant effect subsequently.Key words: formulation, yeasts antagonists, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus albidus, carrier agent, talc, tapioca, kaolin, CaCl2, chitin, crab shell powde
VEGETATION OF LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST (WEST PAPUA), HUMAN PRESSURE, FOOD AVAILABILITY AND WALLABY (Dorcopsis muelleri) PRESENCE
No full textThe presence of Dorcopsis muelleri in different habitats and related vegetation types has been studied in lowland tropical vegetation in the northern Part of Manokwari, West Papua. Four habitat types comprising 6 plant communities could be distinguished:  1. Grassland, Imperata cylindrica - Ipomea aquatica community; 2. Open forest: a. open forest transitional to grassland, Ficus robusta - Dendrochide sp. community, b. open forest after logging, Musa paradisiaca – Callamus longipina community, c. open forest regenerated after logging, Diospyros hebecarpa-Lepinopsis ternatensis community, d. open forest on rocky soil, regenerated after logging, Smilax malacensis-Pandanus tectorius community; 3. Undisturbed (“primary) closed forest, Sommeria leuchophylla–Paraltropis glabra community.  The forest wallaby has especially been noted in grassland, in open forest with only little logging activity and in undisturbed closed forest. It was however not registered from the forests with clear logging influence. D. muelleri appears to be very sensitive to human disturbance. Our results indicate that vegetation structure, food plant availability and possibly also vegetation composition is less important than human disturbance. There is a strong negative relation between on one hand presence of the forest wallaby and on the other hand logging, distance to villages and hunting