BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM MERISTEM EXPLANTS OF GINGER
Full text linkThe use of planting materials from in vitro culture, especially derived from somatic embryos has some advantages such as genetically stable and pathogen-free. Meristem culture of ginger through somatic embryogenesis could be a potential method for producing pathogen-free planting materials. Somatic embryogenesis on ginger was performed to obtain vigorous plantlets having the same rhizome size as the mother plant. Callus was induced from meristem tissue of inner bud of Indonesian ginger rhizome Var. Cimanggu-1 and consecutively subcultured into certain media at each steps of experiments. The vigorous embryogenic calli were observed on MS medium containing 100 mgl-1 glutamine and 2% sucrose with addition of 1.0 mgl-1 2,4-D + 3.0 mgl-1 BA. The highest number of somatic embryos (about 82.0.g-1 friable calli) was achieved on that medium, 4 weeks after culturing. Furthermore, the optimum growth of embryogenic calli containing somatic embryo was obtained on MS medium enriched with 6% sucrose. The highest number of mature somatic embryos (57.2 embryos) was achieved on MS medium, 18 days after incubation. The regeneration potency of somatic embryos obtained from ginger meristem was 51.20%.g-1 friable callus. The valuable result of this study was the achievement of normal rhizome size of regenerated plantlets, instead of micro rhizome
CHROMOSOMES OF THE PHILLIPINE SNAKE-HEAD GUDGEON, OPHIELEOTRIS APOROS (ELEOTRIDAE) FROM LAKE TAAL, LUZ ON ISLAND.
No full textMetaphase chromosomes analyzed from the anterior kidneys of Ophieleotris aporos obtained from Lake Taal in Luzon Island, Philippines revealed that the diploid chromosome number was 2n=46. The fundamental number (FN) is 48 (2 submetacentric and 44 acrocentric chromosmes) was known. There was no distinguishable hetemorphic pair of chromosomes in the Giemsa-banded metaphase spreads. This is an initial report on the chromosome set of O. aporos in the this country
ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND TOPOISOMERASE-I INHIBITOR ACTIVITIES OF THE COASTAL ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANT Pemphis acidula
No full textPemphis acidula stem bark had been used traditionally in Indonesia to treat Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis This research was conducted to examine the biological activities of its extract as antibacterial, antioxidant and topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The latter mentioned is one of the target molecules for anticancer drug. The antibacterial activity was examined using disc diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. The antioxidant activity was measured using superoxide radical scavenging activityassay. Topoisomerase-Inhibitor activity was determined using the method reported by TopoGEN. The chloroform extract did not show antibacterial activity and it has low antioxidant activity (48.5%). The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts positively inhibited the growth of target bacteria at concentration of 0.3-mg/paper disk. It also showed high antioxidant activity. At concentration of 250 µg/ml both extracts were able to scavenge superoxide free radicals which was 94.8% and 83.4% for ethyl acetate and methanol extract, respectively. The methanol extract also inhibited topoisomerase-I activity at concentration of 7.5 µg/ml. The results suggest that there is a correlation between antibacterial, antioxidant and topoisomerase-I inhibitor activity. The stem bark extracts contain biologically active compounds that could be potential for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical development
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROP DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES AND AIR TEMPERATURE AND ITS EFFECT ON YIELD OF THE WHEAT CROP (Triticum aestivum L.) GROWN IN JAVA ISLAND, INDONESIA
No full textAbout four million tonnes of wheat has been imported annually, because hardly no wheat crop is cultivated in Indonesia. High temperature is probably the major limiting factor for cultivating the crop in a large scale. This research aims to find out the relationship between temperature and wheat (DWR162 cultivar) crop development to derive its developmental parameters (base temperature and thermal unit) and to further study its effects on grain yield. Experiment was conducted at five locations in Java Island with distict altitudes range from 28 to 1,650 m to represent a wide range of averaged air temperature (27.5 to 16.5 oC). The base temperature derived from this experiment were 8.3, 3.8, and 15.1 oC while the parameters of thermal unit were 189, 1053 and 290 d. oC, respectively for the phases of sowing-emergence, emergence-anthesis, and anthesis-physiological maturity. Grain yield of the wheat crop decreased with increasing temperature of about 10% per 1oC increase above averaged temperature of 16.5 oC. Increasing temperature caused shorter duration during vegetative growth (emergence-anthesis) and grain filling period (anthesis-maturity which resulted in smaller biomass and the grain yield
NOTES ON THE PROFILE OF INDONESIAN INVASIVE ALIEN PLANT SPECIES
No full textAn alien species, which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitas, is an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) declared in 1992, in which the issue on invasive alien species was raised, was ratified by the Indonesian Government in 1994. Protecting our biodiversity will be our moral obligation to comply with CBD. Inventory on the invasive alien plant species in Indonesia should be done by field surveys aside from the data collected from the references and herbarium specimens. Field studies should be carried out to get complete figures, to identify the new ones, to determine their distributions, to plan their management including prevention to spread, containment and movement or mitigate their impact to environment. Sometimes it is difficult in determining whether the plants are aliens or not. Cooperation with botanists and taxonomists in other parts of the world is necessary. There are some species of invasive aliens plant in Indonesia, which have to be watched for their aggressiveness i.e. Acasia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del., Eupatorium sordidum Less., Jatropa gossipifolia L., Mikania micrantha Kunth, Mimosa pigra L., Opuntia sp., and Piper aduncum L. have to be watch for their aggressiveness. Notes on some important invasive alien plant species are discussed
THE QUALITY OF PHYSIC NUT(Jatropha curcas L.) SEEDS PACKED IN PLASTIC MATERIAL DURING STORAGE
Full text linkThe effect of storage duration on fungal population, moisture content, lipid and free fatty acid contents, lipase activity, viability and vigor of physic nut seeds was investigated. Physic nut seeds with initial moisture content of 7.9% were stored in plastic bags under warehouse conditions. Samples of physic nut were collected before storage, and subsequently after one to six months of storage. The results showed that the moisture contents increased after one month of storage, and became relatively constant up to six months of storage. The range of moisture contents (7.9 – 8.4%) was safe for storage of physic nut seeds. Sixteen fungal species were isolated from physic nut seeds during six months of storage. Fungal population decreased with the increase of storage duration. At the beginning of storage, most of the fungi that infected the seeds were classified as field fungi, such as Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium spp., and Fusarium spp.. Their populations decreased with the increase of storage duration. After three months of storage, the existence of field fungi was generally replaced by storage fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp. dominate the population. Lipid contents, viabilities and vigors decreased with the increase of storage duration, while free fatty acids and lipase activities increased. Under uncontrolled condiÂtions, physic nut seeds packed in plastic material can be stored up to one month for seeds to be planted, while it can be stored up to five months for producing oil
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TOPSHELLS (TROCHUS NILOTICUS) IN SAPARUA ISLAND, CENTRAL MOLUCCAS-INDONESIA
No full textLola snail (Trochus niloticus) is one of the largest sea snails that live in coral reefsat Indo Pacific region and Indonesia including Saparua Island, the province of Moluccas. In a few recent years, the exploitation of lola snails has been increasing, so that the population of lola snails in nature decreases.. The yield of lola snail in Saparua Island and in the archipelagos of Banda from 1979 until 1992 showed a decrease from around 4 tons of dry shells to only around 0.25 tons. Furthermore, this research was aimed to estimate the size structure, age structure, and the sex ratio of lola snails population in Saparua Island, the regency of Central Moluccas. The sampling of lola snails used transects strip method. Â Each transect was 100 m long and 2 m wide, which were divided into 10 segments of 10 m x 2 m. Transect was laid perpendicular to the coast line started from the lowest fall of the tides to the coast. The Bhattacharya method was applied for data analysis. The frequency distribution of shell diameter revealed that lola snails in Saparua Island consisted of nine size classes and two different age classes, which indicated that the population of lola snails in Saparua Island had two periods of spawning. Finally, from this research it could be concluded that the sex ratio of lola snail was 1:1.Â