BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF Merremia peltata (L.) Merrill INVASION ON PLANT DIVERSITY AT BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL PARK
No full textBukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is the third largest protected area in Sumatra. Unfortunately, the area is invaded by Merremia peltata which occupied about 7 000 ha. The aims of this study was to determine the ecological impacts of M. peltata on plant biodiversity at BBSNP. Three locations were selected for vegetation analysis and M.peltata invasion assessment on the vegetation composition in BBSNP, i.e. the primary forest representing undisturbed area, secondary forest representing burned area, and invaded forest representing forest invaded by M. peltata. Three line transects were constructed at each locations along1 km, and the nested sampling plots were constructed every 100 m with the following quadrants : 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for sapling, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling. The data collected were invasions of M. peltata, trees species, and diameter of the trees. Invaded forest has lower diversity index (1.90) than the other two. This caused by the invasion of M. peltata as the percentage of coverage in the invaded forest reached 44% compared to secondary and the primary forest which were 27.11% and 1.00%. It is evidenced by the correlation between the percentage of coverage M. peltata and diversity index (-0.988)
POSTHARVEST QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) GRAINS
No full textThe objectives of this study were (a) to investigate the effect of postharvest handling (threshing and storage) methods on the quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) grains variety Numbu, in terms of the percentages of damaged grains and seed germination, population growth of S. zeamais, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides; fumonisin B1 and carbohydrate contents, and the percentage of weight loss during storage. The change of moisture contents of sorghum grains was also recorded. Threshing was conducted using a stick of wood and a paddy thresher. Sorghum grains were packed in hermetic plastic bags. The conditions inside of the bags were airtight and normal conditions. Each bag with different conditions inside of the bag was introduced with 10 pairs of Sitophilus zeamais (1-14 days old). Sorghum was stored for one, two and three months of storage under warehouse conditions. The results showed, that during storage the moisture contents of sorghum were lower than that its standard safe moisture content
CALLUS INDUCTION OF COTTONI SEAWEED (Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty) COLLECTED FROM NATUNA ISLANDS, RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE
No full textThe objective of this study was to obtain the optimal medium for callus induction from thallus explants off Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) and to regenerate filamentous callus from induced callus. Before cultured cottonii seaweeds collected from the Natuna Islands (Riau Islands Province) were acclimatized in greenhouse and in semi-sterile culture in the laboratory. Sterilized explants were cultured on PES and Conwy media solidified with 0.8% Bacto Agar. In each of these media two combinations of plant growth regulators i.e. BA+IAA and BA+NAA were added. The concentrations of BA used were 0, 0.5, 1 mg/l, the concentrations of IAA were 0, 2.5, 5 mg/l, whereas the concentration of NAA were 0, 0.5, 1 mg/l. The result indicated that the optimal medium for callus induction was PES solidified medium supplemented with BA 1 mg/l. Types of callus formed were (a) white compact callus, (b) white filamentous callus, (c) greenish/brownish callus. Regeneration of callus into clumps offilament had been done by subculturing the callus into PES solidified medium supplemented with BA 1 mg/l + IAA 2.5 mg/
DIVERSITY OF PLASMODIAL MYXOMYCETES FROM ANDA ISLAND, PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES
Get PDFThe unique life cycle and fascinating fruiting bodies of myxomycetes make them ideal model organisms for the study of cellular differentiation. Our research study then focuses on the diversity and abundance of myxomycetes found in Anda Island, Pangasinan in Northern Philippines. A total of 180 moist chambers were prepared from ground leaf litter and twigs collected from a 15 m2 quadrat within the study site. Twenty four species of myxomycetes belonging to 11 genera were collected and identified from the moist chambers: Arcyria (2), Collaria (1), Comatricha (1), Craterium (2), Diachea (1), Diderma (2), Didymium (1), Elaeomyxa (1), Perichaena (1), Physarum (11), and Stemonitis (1). Of all moist chambers, 55% yielded myxomycetes. Ground leaf litter (29%) yielded more myxomycetes than twigs (26%). Among the collected species, one for each of the genera Arcyria, Craterium, Diderma, and Physarum were recorded to be abundant. Interestingly, three species of myxomycetes are new records for the Philippines: Craterium microcarpum, Physarum decipiens and Elaeomyxa miyazakiensis. This is the first report of myxomycetes in Anda Island, Pangasinan, Philippines
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION OF THE SUMATRAN ELEPHANT IN SUMATERA
No full textA research on Mitochondrial DNA analysis of genetic diversity in Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) was conducted in this study. A 630 bp segment of mitochondrial DNA was amplified on 105 samples of Sumatran elephant from 5 locations in Sumatera (Bentayan, Sugihan, Bukit Salero Lahat, Seblat, Way Kambas) using a set of primers: MDL3 (5’-CCCACAAT-TAATGGGCCC-GGAGCG-3’) and MDL5 (5’-TTACATGAATTGGCAGCCA-ACCAG-3’). The objectives of this study is to generate mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences for all the Sumatran elephant samples under this study and to provide information haplotypes and nucleotide diversity of Sumatran elephant populations.            A total of 105 PCR product were successfully sequenced perfectly, with an average length of about 616 base pairs. However, mitochondrial DNA fragments for this analysis used the first 601 bases. Results showed six haplotypes (BP, BT, BS, BR, BX and BY) identified in Sumatera. The most of the sampled individuals are the haplotipe BT. BX and BY are most likely new haplotypes..  All haplotype, except for the haplotipe BP are belonging to the Sumatera clade. The haplotipe BX was derived from the haplotipe BT, and the haplotype BY was derived from the haplotipe BS by one transversion respectively. The other substitutions in this network were the transitions. The haplotype BP is widely distribute from Sri Lanka, Sumatera, Peninsular Malay and China). Although reported that the haplotype BU distributed Sumatera and Peninsular Malay, but BU haplotype not detected in this study.            Genetic distances within populations in Bentayan, Bukit Salero Lahat, Seblat, Sugihan and Way Kambas ranged from 0.0000 - 0003, and the genetic distance between the populations that is 0.0000 - 0. 0022. The distance between haplotypes of Sumatran elephant’s population is low.• The diversity of haplotypes and nucleotide in Sumatera island is low, the highest is in the region of Buki Salero Lahat and, lowest is in Bentayan and Sugihan. Overall, the results of analysis of Fu and Li\u27s F * test statistic indicates that the population of Sumatran elephants in Sumatra is -0.78871, which means there is no inbreeding, but not significant at P> 0:10.  Keywords : Sumatran elephant, Elephas maximus sumatranus, mitochondrial DNA, haplotyp
FLAVOUR OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) FRUIT
No full textPapaya is included in five major tropical fruits world production after banana, mango, and pineapple. Indonesia is one of leading country of papaya production after India and Brazil. The Centre of Tropical Fruits Study (PKBT) at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Indonesia, has started a long term breeding program since 2003 in order improving the quality of local papayas. Fruit exports are being targeted at more specialized consumers, either those seeking products raised in more environmentally and health-conscious ways or those who are prepared to pay a significant for outstanding flavour. Flavour continues to be the predominant quality characteristic important for a successful international marketing. To understand the biosynthesis pathways are becoming more important for the flavour industry in recent years, as this could aid in the production of the flavour volatiles in the same manner as the natural biosynthesis. It is also necessary to understand the aroma active compounds and their changes during processing because unexpected changes in aroma may cause a product unmarketable even if the other quality factors are acceptable. Understanding the changes of aroma active compounds in the papaya fruit, such as loss of desirable flavour and development of off-flavour during processing will be very helpful for determining proper processing condition. The flavour composition of papaya fruit is reviewed in this paper. This paper will also overview of important publications regarding the characteristic features of the biology of the fruits, consumption worldwide, commercial application in food processing, though the review of biogenesis of volatiles still be the main focus.  Keywords: Papaya (Carica papaya L.), flavour, review, volatiles, tropical fruit, biogenesis.Â
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE FRESHWATER SNAIL POMACEA CANALICULATA (LAMARCK, 1822) AND P. INSULARUM ( D\u27ORBIGNY, 1835) IN INDONESIA
No full textThe freshwater snails and have been reported as importantinvasive species causing damage to crops and predominantly wetland rice in Asia. These snailsare known as “Golden Apple Snail†(GAS), an introduced species from Argentina.or known as “keong mas, keongmurbei†was introduced in Indonesia around 1983,and after more than 20 years, it now can be found very abundant at various habitats such asmarshes, ponds, irrigations, lakes and rice fields in almost all places in Indonesia.Based on the collections of these snails deposited in the MZB (Museum ZoologicumBogoriense, Research Center for Biology) and secondary data (references), the distributionof these two snails was studied. is widely distributed, while only found at Lake Semayang and Lake Balikpapan in Kalimantan. The distribution map ispresented and will be useful as a basic information to manage these invasive snails
OCCURRENCE OF ARBOREAL-CLIMBING GRAPSIDS AND OTHER BRACHYURANS IN TWO MANGROVE AREAS OF SOUTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES
Get PDF    Despite the obvious importance to ecosystem functioning, the most prominent groups belonging to the Grapsidae are generally regarded as less studied in the Philippines. In this study, the occurrence of arboreal-climbing grapsids and other brachyurans associated with the mangals of Quezon and Catanduanes was considered including some aspects on climbing, burrowing and feeding behaviour of selected grapsids represented by Hemigrapsus, Pseudograpsus and Metopograpsus. The non-grapsoid taxa are represented by Varunidae (Ptychognathus),   Portunidae (Charybdis, Portunus, Scylla, Thalamita); and Eriphiidae (Epixanthus). Metopograpsus latifrons (White, 1847) [Grapsus] is an exclusive mangrove tree climber (EMTC), while Pseudograpsus elongatus (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) is described here as occasional mangrove tree climber (OMTC). Hemigrapsus (Hemigrapsus) penicillatus (De Haan, 1835) [Grapsus (Eriocheir)] is a non-mangrove arboreal–climbing species (NTC) only seen on crevices of the mangrove areas. P. elongatus creates burrows most often than M. latifrons. Likewise, the study provides information on the presence of the portunid orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea); the green mud crab (S. paramamosain); the varunid (Ptychognathus altimana); and extremely abundant xanthiid crab, Epixanthus dentatus in the mangroves of Catanduanes but not in Pagbilao, Quezon. Â
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND FUNGI, AND AFLATOXIN B CONTAMINATION OF STORED SORGHUM IN DEMAK AND WONOGIRI REGENCIES, CENTRAL JAVA
Get PDFThe objectives of this study were to collect informations on the method of postharvesthandling of sorghum and to investigate the moisture contents, insects infestation, fungalinfection, and aflatoxin B contents of stored sorghum grains collected from various stagesof the delivery chain in Demak and Wonogiri regencies, Central Java. In Demak regencysorghum cultivation was monoculture, variety cultivated was UPC-S1. In Wonogiri regencysorghum cultivation was intercropping with secondary crop and cassava. Sorghum varietiescultivated were Kawali, Numbu, ZH30, Mandau and Hibrida hybrids. There was a differencebetween the method of postharvest handling of sorghum at farmer and collector levels inDemak andWonogiri regencies. In general the method of postharvest handling of sorghum inDemak regency was more appropriate and more advance compared to that in Wonogiriregency. The moisture contents of sorghum at farmer as well as at collector level in Demakregency (13.0%) and Wonogiri regency (12.9%) were still lower that that of normal (safe)moisture content of sorghum. The number of insect species associated with sorghum invarious distribution level in Demak andWonogiri regencies was 10 and 17 species, respectively.The dominant insects species were and . The number offungal species found in sorghum at various distribution level in Demak andWonogiri regencieswas 23 species, respectively. In general, the dominant fungal species were ,and . In Demak regency aflatoxin B contents of sorghum atfarmer and collector levels were 22.50 and 15.45 ppb, respectively, while in Wonogiri regency2.27 and 10.28 ppb, respectively.insects, fungi, aflatoxin B , stored sorghum, Demak and Wonogiri regencies,Central Jav
UTILITY OF matK GENE AS DNA BARCODE TO ASSESS EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP OF IMPORTANT TROPICAL FOREST TREE GENUS Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) IN INDONESIA AND THAILAND
No full textMaturaseK (matK) gene of chloroplast DNA has been served as appropriate candidate to be a DNA barcode in angiosperms. Using this DNA marker, 19 species of genus Mangifera, one of ecologically important crop, collected from Indonesia and Thailand were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony method revealed that the gene could clasify Mangifera into three major groups, namely group I, II, and III. Moreover, the matK barcode can identify Mangifera species that is originated from Thailand. Although this classification system is different with the previous system, it can provide a new information about Mangifera taxonomy. Results further exhibited that DNA sequences of the matK of two Mangifera species (M. laurina dan M. macrocarpa) are different between Indonesia and Thailand specimens. Keywords— DNA barcode, Mangifera, matK gene, parsimony, phylogenetic analysi