BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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THE EXPANSION OF Merremia peltata (L.) MERRILL IN FRAGMENTED FOREST OF BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL PARK ENHANCED BY ITS ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
No full textForest opening and fragmentation may affect the composition of vegetation by permitting the expansion or domination of one or two species in the area. This study found that , an invasive climbing creeping Merremia peltata/species, has dominated some area of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). Domination of this species was favoured by forest fragmentation, indicated by the significantly higher number of individuals of in the open M. peltataarea than in intact forest. The ecophysiological characters of support the ability of this species to become a M. peltatastrong invader. As the expansion of this species may negatively affect the biodiversity and vegetation health, the application of appropriate ecological approaches to control the domination of in the conservation area is M. peltatanecessary
MORTALITY AND INGROWTH PATTERN OF DIPTEROCARPS IN FOREST RECOVERY IN EAST KALIMANTAN
Get PDFIn primary and logged-over natural foresttrees conditions tree structure, mortality and ingrowth rates , the such as will vary according to the species characteristic. Quantitative management variables become very important to support yield regulation tools for achieving sustainable forest management. The objective was to determine studymortality and ingrowth rates to formulate biometric characteristic variability Dipterocarps forest in logged-over of forests based on time series The was Labanan, East Kalimantan Province. Permanent data.study sitelocated in measurement within -overwere located to represent three, i.e plots logged forest different logging techniques. a) reduced impact logging with diameter limit 50 cm (RIL 50); b RIL 60; c conventional logging; and d) primary forest ) ) as control Total plot permanent area was 48 ha and was measured periodically every 2 years within 17 years after .aboutlogging. For data analysis purpose, trees were divided into Dipterocarps and non-Dipterocarps. two major groups, i.e. Range of mortality rates for all species in logged-over forest were 2.5-29.3% per ha per 2 years which was close very to primary forest at year-5 after logging. While range of ingrowth rate for all species in logged-over forest were 1.3-21.3% per ha per 2 years which were higher than those for the primary forest within 17 years. The mortality and ingrowth rates fluctuation of Dipterocarps species group were different from those of non-Dipterocarps
SPATIAL PATTERN IN BETA DIVERSITY OF ECHINOIDEA AND ASTEROIDEA COMMUNITIES FROM THE COASTAL AREA OF TOMIA ISLAND, WAKATOBI MARINE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA
No full textThe present study was aimed to elucidate the spatial pattern in the beta diversity of marine bentic for Echinoidea and Asteroidea that assemblages the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. The two transect lines of 460 and 260 m in length with small quadrats of 1m2 wide were placed at the open and unopen beaches perpendicularly to the coastlines. The important value index and similarity index SI of organisms on these taxa were estimated in each the transect. Echinometra mathaei was the most dominant Echinoidea at open and unpen beaches, while Protoreaster nodusus was the most dominant Asteroidea at both areas. Most of SI values of Echinoidea at open beach were estimated less than 50%, which was lower than SI values that of organisms at unopen beach. On the other hand, most of SI values of Asteroidea at both areas were estimated more than 70% representing high similarity degree of its species composition among sites. The disimilarity index of organisms in the taxa of Echinoidea and Asteroidae was increased significantly as increasing the distance of among stands, which suggested that pettern in beta diversity of these taxa was associated with the spatial heterogenity
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BEGOMOVIRUS INFECTING YARD LONG BEAN (Vigna unguiculata SUBSP. sesquipedalis L.) IN JAVA, INDONESIA
Get PDFBegomovirus has been identified as one of the causal agents associated with yellow mosaic disease in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.)) in Java. Previous studies reported that Begomovirus has infected several Leguminosae species in South Asia, and several Begomoviruses have also been reported to infect important crops in Indonesia based on nucleotide sequence characterization. This study was conducted to identify and characterize Begomovirus isolated from yardlong bean samples in Java based on specific genomic features of the Common Region. Samples were collected from yardlong bean fields in Central Java (Tegal, Magelang, and Klaten), Yogyakarta (Sleman), and West Java (Bogor and Subang); viral detection was performed using I-ELISA, PCR, and sequencing; and molecular characterization was conducted using BioEdit v.7.0.5 and MEGA 6.06 software. Yellow mosaic disease was observed in nearly all surveyed fields, and infection of Potyvirus and Begomovirus was detected either as single or mixed infection. PCR results confirmed Begomovirus infection in samples from Tegal, Klaten, Magelang, Subang, and Bogor. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus infecting yardlong bean was Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) and shared close genetic similarity with isolates from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Further analysis revealed conserved regions surrounding the Common Region, including the “TATA box” sequence, hairpin-loop structure, repetitive sequences, and the conserved nonanucleotide TAATATTAC. This study provides the first report of MYMIV infection in Indonesia
MICROHABITAT INFLUENCE ON GROWTH DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF RAMIN (Gonystylus bancanus) IN SIAK, RIAU PROVINCE
No full textPlant growth distribution patterns are influenced by habitat characteristics, ability of adaptation and association with other plant or animals. The influence of those factors, especially habitat characteristic, needs to be species defined to support plant conservation management. This study was aimed to: 1) measure plant growth dependence on their microhabitat; 2) define microhabitat variables that significantly influence the growth; and 3) develop suitable conservation measures at species level. Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) is one of major timber species that has been facing high exploitation in Indonesia. This species is usually found on specific “peat swamps” ecosystem. Data were collected through primary surveys in Riau Province and analyzed by clustering the adult based on total height and basal area variables and describing the distribution pattern of cluster. Then, Discriminant Function Analysis the (DFA) was used to overlay the cluster with the distribution of microhabitat characteristic consist altitude, slope, ing soil humidity, soil pH, peat depth and canopy cover (measured in percentage). The results showed that distribution of microhabitat matched with 67.4% of height distribution and 78.3% of width distribution of tree basal area. Altitude and canopy cover percentage had significant correlation with total height distribution (α=0.05). Meanwhile, altitude, canopy cover and slope had significant correlation with basal area (α=0.1). However, peat depth variable showed an interesting pattern since shallower peat depth was followed by wider basal area. High correlation between plant growth and its microhabitat suggested that to conserve , conservation offered better strategy G. bancanus in-situ than conservation ex-situ
INTRODUCTION OF THE SERINE GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (sGFP) GENE INTO Pyricularia grisea RACE DC4 ISOLATED FROM Digitaria ciliaris USING Agrobacterium tumefaciens-MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
No full textBlast disease (caused by Pyricularia grisea) has long been known as a serious problem for upland rice, and recently, it has also begun infecting lowland rice. However, the mechanism enabling this range expansion is still unknown. One possible method to study this shift is by inserting a marker gene into P. grisea so that its spread can be monitored. The sGFP (Synthetic Green Fluorescent Protein) gene has been widely used as a reporter to track gene expression and cellular processes in fungi. In this study, the sGFP gene was integrated into the genome of P. grisea isolate DC4 from Digitaria ciliaris. The sGFP plasmid was first introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens using the triparental mating method (TPM). Genetic transformation was then carried out by co-cultivating spores of P. grisea DC4 with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the pCAMBIA-sGFP construct. Transformants were selected on medium containing 300 µg/mL hygromycin. Successful integration of the sGFP gene into the fungal genome was confirmed using PCR with sGFP-specific primers, an sGFP–Nos terminator primer pair, and a β-tubulin primer pair as an internal control. Fluorescent microscopy using blue light excitation confirmed sGFP expression in the P. grisea DC4 transformant
STUDY OF HERBAL TOPICAL REPELLENT MADE OF BETEL LEAVES (Piper betle) AND PATCHOULI OIL (Pogostemon cablin) MIXTURE AGAINST YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO (Aedes aegypti)
No full textExploration of plants as natural repellent against yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypty) that transmits dengue virus to human is still underway. Betel leaves (Piper betle) could be used as repellent material. The study was aimed to test the repellency, potency, and safety of topical lotion repellent of betel and patchouli oil mixture against yellow fever mosquito. This study used nulliparous of 3-5 days old female yellow fever mosquito. Before the study, irritation test was conducted as safety test. Five treatments with five replications was implemented to seek the most effective repellent substance i.e. DEET lotion for positive control, betel leaves and patchouli oil mixture lotion, betel leaves only lotion, patchouli oil only lotion and base lotion only. The substance effectiveness was determined based on the rejection of yellow fever mosquito to bite human\u27s arms and was analyzed using protective percentage. The irritation test showed no safety concerns. Protective percentage analysis showed that modified betel leaves lotion had mean protective power of over 900/0 for 6 hours. The data showed that the modified lotions had the same protective percentage as the DEET (ratio: PP (betel+patchou1i)/PP (DEET) =O.98; confidence interval 0.93, 1.04; p- value=O.50). This indicated that betel leaves mixed with patchouli oil is potential to be used as safe repellent against yellow fever mosquito
RESPONSE OF LONKIDA (Nauclea orientalis L.) TOWARDS MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUM IN WATERLOGGED CONDITION
No full textWaterlogged condition is one of the environmental stresses unfavorable for plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) species that are tolerant tend to be more adaptive to waterlogged conditions. Besides increasing plant tolerance, the documented effects of AM fungi (AMF) inoculation on wetland plant performance remain inconsistent, and AMF application may also cause plant growth depression under waterlogging. This study aimed to examine the morpho-anatomical adaptation, survival, growth, biomass, and nutrient uptake of Nauclea orientalis (L.) seedlings from different habitats inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under waterlogged conditions for 90 days. Experimental procedures included seed germination, preparation of AMF inoculum, inoculation, and waterlogging treatment. The results showed that N. orientalis seedlings formed lenticels (100%), adventitious roots (41%), and aerenchyma under waterlogged conditions. Seedlings originating from dryland habitats, both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal, had lower height growth rate compared to those from other habitat types. Similar patterns were observed in relative growth rate for shoot (RGRs), root (RGRr), total (RGRt), and root-to-shoot ratio. Treatments of swamp habitat seedlings without waterlogging and with waterlogging, as well as savannah seedlings under waterlogged conditions, showed higher total plant dry weight and RGRt than other treatments. In general, total nitrogen concentration in roots and shoots was highest in the interaction between swamp habitat seedlings and non-mycorrhizal treatment under waterlogging. However, seedlings from dryland habitats required AMF under waterlogging to improve biomass and nitrogen accumulation in roots. Independently, waterlogging increased average height gain (18%), stem diameter (46%), leaf area (40%), leaf length (17%), and leaf width (21%). Nonetheless, waterlogged treatment decreased the number of leaves (9%) and AMF colonization (71%). The results indicate that seedlings from temporary swamp habitats demonstrated better growth performance and higher biomass under waterlogged conditions, regardless of AMF inoculation
POPULATION GENETICS OF THE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES Dipterocarpus littoralis Blume (Dipterocarpaceae) ENDEMIC ON NUSAKAMBANGAN ISLAND, INDONESIA
No full textBackground Dipterocarpus littoralis Blume is a critically endangered dipterocarp species found only on Nusakambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Patterns of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of adults and saplings in two extant populations (Kali Jati and Solok Besek) were estimated using ten microsatellite markers.
Results A total of 39 alleles was found, with two and four alleles being unique in adult and sapling populations, respectively. Allelic richness and heterozygosity was similar between adult (Ar = 3.00; He = 0.423) and sapling (Ar = 3.25; He = 0.441) populations.Inbreeding coefficientsin saplingswere positive in both populations and statistically significant in Kali Jati, while those in adult populations were not significantly different from zero, indicating excessive inbreeding and selfing in the sapling populations. Genetic differentiation of the sapling populations (FST = 0.036) was slightly lower than in the adult populations (0.050), but only significantly so for saplings.
Conclusions This study revealed that D. littoralis has low genetic diversity in both adults and saplings. Similarly low values in allele richness and heterozygosity suggest that reductions of population size have been ongoing for long periods in this species. Significant genetic differentiation between sapling populations but not adult populations indicates that recent fragmentation is further accelerating the isolation process
HIGH TURBIDITY AFFECTS FILTRATION RATE AND PSEUDOFAECES PRODUCTION OF THE MUD CLAM Polymesoda erosa (Solander 1876) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
No full textP. erosa is an economically- and ecologically-important bivalve which thrives in brackishwater mangroves or Nypa zones. Unpredictable weather conditions and unregulated anthropogenic activities in mangrove area could lead to high turbidity conditions and possibly affect the filtering capacity of P. erosa. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effects of turbidity concentration and body size on the filtration rate and pseudofaeces production of P. erosa. Filtration rates significantly increased with higher turbidity concentration up to 750 mg L-1 (P < 0.05). Pseudofaeces production also increased with increasing turbidity concentration (P < 0.05). Body size did not affect the filtration and pseudofaeces production of P. erosa. Results suggest that P. erosa is resilient to highly disturbed, turbid environments and therefore could be a potential candidate species for aquaculture