BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES IN THE DISTURBED FOREST OF BATUKAHU NATURE RESERVE, BALI, INDONESIA
No full textPatterns of invasive plant distribution and their underlying mechanisms are complex and vary with spatial scale. Within the mountainous tropical ecosystems of Bali Island, local-scale patterns of invasive plants are still poorly understood. This paper aimed to detect and investigate the presence of invasive species and to evaluate their relative abundance linked to forest site conditions along an elevation range on Mount Pohen, Batukahu Nature Reserve, Bali, Indonesia. To identify the importance of environmental disturbances on species invasion, disturbance-environmental factors and species-environmental relationships were also measured and examined. Using a stratified random sampling approach, 78 vegetation plots of 2 × 2 m size were established across four forest sites. Ten invasive plant species belonging to ten genera and five families were identified. Of these invasive species, 40% were herbs, while shrubs and grasses each comprised 30%. Austroeupatorium inulaefolium had the highest frequency (45% of plots), followed by Ageratina tipatia and Brachychaeta reptans (40% of plots each), Melastoma malabathricum (37%), and Calliandra calothyrsus (27%). Austroeupatorium inulaefolium was the most abundant invader, followed by Ageratina tipatia, and the remaining invasive species were Pennisetum purpureum, Calliandra calothyrsus, Imperata cylindrica, Brachychaeta reptans, Melastoma malabathricum, Lantana camara, Bidens pilosa, and Blumea lacera. The distribution of invasive plants was strongly linked to the disturbance level of their respective habitats. The largest numbers of invasive plants were present in burnt sites close to forest edges with direct anthropogenic influence, while the undisturbed forest was the least invaded site. Furthermore, most invasive species mainly occurred at low elevations up to 1,600 m a.s.l. and were rarely found at higher elevations. However, a few invasive species, such as Austroeupatorium inulaefolium and Melastoma malabathricum, were able to colonize the highest altitude (2,035 m a.s.l.), and, to a lesser degree, Ageratina tipatia and Brachychaeta reptans were also distributed at high altitudes (1,950 m a.s.l. and 1,972 m a.s.l., respectively). This study provides a fine-scale analysis of invasive species distribution, which will serve as a basis for conservation purposes, especially for strategic planning regarding the detection and management of invasive alien plants
EFFECTS OF HUMIC ACID ADDITION TO FEEDS WITH HEAVY METAL CADMIUM CONTAMINATION FROM GREEN MUSSELS ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF ASIAN SEABASS
No full textAlthough it contains heavy metals, the highly nutritious green mussel Perna viridis is used as a fish meal replacement in fish diets. Fortunately, humic acid (HA) has the ability to chelate heavy metals in animal feeds. Its addition to fish feed formulation is, therefore, needed to prevent the accumulation of heavy metals in the fish\u27s body. Hence, an experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications was conducted to evaluate the performance and feed efficiency of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles with the addition of HA to their green mussel–based diet containing the heavy metal cadmium (Cd). Five experimental diets were formulated with different dosages of HA addition at 0, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg kg⁻¹ of feed as treatments A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The experimental diets were given to triplicate groups of 15 Asian seabass juveniles with an initial body weight of 4.30 ± 0.60 g over a 70-day cultivation period, feeding until satiation. The results showed that feed consumption, feed digestibility, protein retention, growth performance, and feed efficiency were significantly affected by HA addition in the fish diet. Among all treatments, HA addition of 1600 mg kg⁻¹ produced the best biological response from the Asian seabass. To conclude, the HA addition of 1600 mg kg⁻¹ into the diet was the best dosage, resulting in optimal growth performance and feed efficiency in Asian seabass. The highest dose of HA in Cd-contaminated feeds could reduce Cd content, but had not yet been able to eliminate Cd in fish meat. Therefore, green mussel meal, with HA addition as an alternative protein source, has potential as a feed additive for Cd-contaminated diets of Asian seabass juveniles
INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF THE GROUPER Epinephelus lanceolatus × fuscoguttatus ADMINISTERED WITH SIMPLICIA PAPAYA
No full textThe grouper (Epinephelus sp.) is a marine fish species that is widely cultivated commercially for hatchery and grow–out purposes and shows a promising production prospect. The structure and development of fish intestines are influenced by internal and external factors, such as water quality, feed quality, and feed quantity. However, even though the protein content in the diet is relatively high, the growth performance of Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus remains low. This study aimed to determine the effect of papaya simplicia supplementation on grouper growth, specifically absolute weight gain and protein efficiency ratio. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications (A: papaya simplicia 5%, B: 3.75%, C: 2.5%, D: 1.25%, and E: 0% as the control). Groupers were reared in floating net cages in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. Supplementation of papaya simplicia at 3.75% and 5% increased the number of necrotic cells (169 and 183 cells, respectively), as well as the number of goblet cells. The addition of papaya simplicia at 5%, 3.75%, and 2.5% increased the absolute weight gain to 161.36 g, 152.19 g, and 152.09 g, respectively. Supplementation at 5% and 3.75% also increased the protein efficiency ratio to 3.18% and 3.19%, respectively
ASSOCIATION OF TREE COMMUNITIES WITH SOIL PROPERTIES IN A SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST OF PERLIS, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Get PDFPlant community distribution is associated with environmental factors, particularly the soil properties of habitats. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil properties on the association of tree communities within three distinct habitats in a semi-deciduous forest in Perlis State Park (PSP), Perlis. Eighteen plots of 40 × 60 m (0.24 ha each) with sampling areas of 1.92 ha (8 plots) in Setul Formation, 0.96 ha (4 plots) in Granite and 1.44 ha (6 plots) in Kubang Pasu Formation (totaling 4.32 ha) were established at the PSP. All trees with 5.0 cm and above diameter at breast height (dbh) were enumerated, while the topsoil samples were collected from each plot for soil analyses. A total of 412 tree species, 207 genera, and 68 families were recorded; 270 tree species from 152 genera and 57 families in the Setul forest; 204 tree species of 130 genera and 50 families in the Granite forest; and 109 tree species from 76 genera and 31 families in the Kubang Pasu forest. Euphorbiaceae was the most represented family at Setul, Granite and Kubang Pasu with 36, 19 and 12 species, respectively. Soil properties significantly varied among the study sites. Setul had loam, Kubang Pasu had clay-loam, and Granite had sandy-loam texture. The soils were acidic and had low to high concentrations of available nutrients. Ordinations using canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the soil factors play an important role in the distribution and diversity of plants in these forest habitats
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND IMMUNITY RATE OF JUVENILE SEA CUCUMBERS (Holothuria scabra)
No full textSea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is an important species as food and medicine, especially for the Chinese market. It is a stenohaline and osmoconforming organism with a low level of tolerance to salinity change. Salinity of the medium is one of the environmental factors that affect the physiology and survival of juvenile sea cucumbers. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of different salinities on the growth, survival and immunity rate of juvenile sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra) and also determining the suitable salinity level for the optimal growth, survival and immunity rate of the sea cucumbers. This experiment used a completely randomized design with 5 salinity treatments: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 ppt with 3 replications using fifteen 30 L fiberglass tanks. The juvenile sea cucumbers measured 4.4 ± 0.2 cm in total length and 5.6 ± 0.3 g in body weight. The juveniles were raised at 15 individuals/tank, fed with cultured fresh benthos once a day in the afternoon. Coelomate was taken from the sea cucumber juveniles from each tank and used to determine the immunity rate and also for the osmolality. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey\u27s test at 5% level of significance. The salinity of the medium significantly affected (p < 0.05) the growth, survival rate and immunity rate of sea cucumber juveniles. The 24–34 ppt salinity can support survival rate up to 100%, high growth (6.47–7.10 g) and immunity rate (27–76 × 10⁴ phagocytic cells/mL), while the 44 ppt salinity has resulted in not only a low survival rate (55.60%), but also had a bad effect on osmolality (303 ± 3.5 mOsm/kg), growth (3.12 ± 0.34 g), and immunity (209 × 10⁴ phagocytic cells/mL)
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF Hoya spp. (APOCYNACEAE: ASCLEPIADOIDEAE) AT BODOGOL NATURE-CONSERVATION EDUCATION CENTER, INDONESIA
No full textHoya species are epiphytic flowering plants known for their traditional medicinal value. Since 2011, eight Hoya species have been recorded at the Bodogol Nature-Conservation Education Center (BNCEC), Bogor, Indonesia. To support effective conservation measures, this study aimed to analyze the population structure and distribution patterns of Hoya species at BNCEC. Data were collected from July to August 2016 using a purposive sampling method within a 400 m² plot. The results showed that population structures varied among species. The population structure of H. multiflora formed an inverted pyramid, with more adult individuals than seedlings and juveniles. Both H. campanulata and H. imperialis exhibited a natural population pyramid, indicating a balanced proportion of seedlings, juveniles, and adults. H. lacunosa showed an hourglass-shaped structure, in which the numbers of seedlings and adults were higher than juveniles. H. hasseltii and H. vitellinoides did not display clear population structures because no adult individuals were observed. The distribution pattern of Hoya populations at BNCEC was clumped, as indicated by Morisita’s index (0.661)
THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL INDONESIAN RICE VARIETIES
Get PDFRice has different varieties, with each variety possessing diverse physical and chemical characteristics. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties of several Indonesian local rice varieties. The experiment was conducted from March to April 2017 at the Agriculture Applied Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa and at the Laboratory of Food Analysis Services in the Department of Food Technology, IPB University. Nine local rice varieties from several areas in Indonesia were used as samples, namely Jalahawara, Ciherang, Pandan Wangi, Rojolele, Sokan, Bendang Pulau, Batang Piaman, Cisantana and Sidrap. Their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed based on some criteria such as: physical quality (weight, length, width, form and percentage of chalkiness), chemical content, water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrate content, crude fiber content, starch, amylose and amylopectin content. Data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using a Randomized Block Design. Jalahawara has the highest percentage of chalkiness. Based on the ratio of length and width, Sidrap and Ciherang were categorized as medium type and the others were oval/round. The heaviest and lightest based on the 1000-grain weight of rice were Ciherang and Bendang Pulau, respectively. The water content was about 2-4% for all samples. The highest and lowest amount of ash and fat content were found in Sidrap and Sokan, respectively. The highest and lowest amount of protein content were found in Batang Piaman and Sokan, respectively. The highest and lowest starch content were observed in Pandan Wangi and Ciherang. The content of amylose and amylopectin was the highest in Batang Piaman. The rice samples were categorized into two groups of low and medium levels of amylose. The low level of amylose was observed in Cisantana, Ciherang, Pandan Wangi and Sidrap, while the medium level of amylose was observed in Jalahawara, Sokan, Bendang Pulau, Batang Piaman and Rojolele
EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROBIOTIC Bacillus NP5 ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF CATFISH (Clarias sp.)
Get PDFProbiotics have long been applied in aquaculture and have shown positive effects on fish and shrimp. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic Bacillus NP5 in promoting the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.). Five doses of Bacillus NP5 with three replicates were used, namely 0% probiotic (control), 0.5% probiotic, 1% probiotic, 1.5% probiotic, and 2% probiotic (g/100 g feed). The results showed that the application of probiotics in catfish feed promoted better growth performance compared to the control. Total digestibility and protease enzyme activities were significantly highest in the 1% probiotic treatment. The specific growth rate was highest in the 1% probiotic treatment (2.67 ± 0.18% day⁻¹), followed by 2% probiotic (2.63 ± 0.02% day⁻¹), 1.5% probiotic (2.42 ± 0.07% day⁻¹), 0.5% probiotic (2.29 ± 0.14% day⁻¹), and the control (1.60 ± 0.01% day⁻¹). The addition of 1% Bacillus NP5 as a probiotic in catfish feed showed the best results for protease enzyme activity, protein digestibility, total digestibility, final weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio compared to other probiotic doses
ADDITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL SOURCE, Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton, AND ITS EFFECT ON RUMINAL FEED FERMENTATION IN-VITRO
No full textEssential oil (EO), as a feed additive, is known to increase feed efficiency and reduce methane production in ruminants. This research was conducted to study the effect of Java cardamom (Amomum compactum Soland ex Maton) essential oil as a feed additive on ruminal feed fermentation. The in vitro gas production technique was used in this research to determine the effect of cardamom on nutrient digestibility or fermentation in the rumen. Cardamom meal was added into the feed sample to obtain final EO concentrations in the fermentation medium of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L. The substrate consisted of Pennisetum purpureum, rice bran, and wheat pollard. The addition of cardamom did not significantly affect dry matter digestibility, except at 100 mg/L, where it decreased. Protein digestibility decreased when the diet was supplemented with cardamom, whereas organic matter and crude fiber digestibility increased by up to 13.5% and 24% at the 100 mg/L EO level, respectively. The production of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), pH, and microbial protein synthesis, except ammonia concentration, were not affected by cardamom addition. Similarly, methane production and protozoa population did not significantly change. The utilization of Java cardamom as a feed additive positively affected ruminal fermentation by increasing organic matter and crude fiber digestibility, while reducing protein digestibility
EFFECTS OF RED YAM FLOUR (Ipomoea batatas L.) ON THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL RATE AND SKIN COLOR OF GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus)
No full textThe best quality goldfish requires a good environment and a highly nutritious feed. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of commercial diets supplemented with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% red yam flour (Ipomoea batatas L.) on the growth rate, survival rate and skin color of the goldfish Carrasius auratus. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and three replicates was used. Seventy-five goldfishes with an average initial length of 4.4 cm were fed the supplemented commercial diets for twenty-eight days inside fifteen experimental tanks. The results showed that the 9% dietary treatment significantly affected the skin color of the goldfishes but not their growth and survival rates (P > 0.05). Hence, the administration of 9% concentrated red yam flour was a suitable dietary supplement to improve skin pigmentation, an important characteristic of aquarium fishes