BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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POLYMORPHIC PROFILES OF Ganoderma spp. ISOLATES FROM BANYUMAS, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
No full textGanoderma spp. are known as both beneficial and harmful fungi to humans. These are distributed worldwide in sufficiently high diversity. To generate a polymorphic profile and a genetic inter-relationship of several isolates of Ganoderma spp., a study was conducted using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers on Ganoderma spp. from Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The fruiting bodies of the collected Ganoderma spp. were first morphologically characterized, then analyzed using RAPD with four random primers, i.e., OPC-1, OPC-2, OPC-4, and OPC-5. The results revealed that the four primers generated polymorphic bands of the 10 samples with a polymorphism level of 100%, showing high genetic diversity. The level of genetic similarity ranged between 0.48 and 0.82, indicating moderate similarities among samples. The constructed dendrogram resulted in the grouping of the Ganoderma spp. isolates into three clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.63, but neither according to geographical locations nor growth substrates
PREVALENCE OF mcr-1 COLISTIN-RESISTANT GENE IN Escherichia coli ALONG THE BROILER MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN IN INDONESIA
No full textColistin is the last drug of choice for dealing with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria; hence, this drug is very crucial to human health. The discovery of a plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant gene, the mobilized colistin resistance-1 (mcr-1), signals a significant global health threat. Colistin sulfate is an antimicrobial agent which has been approved for use in broilers in Indonesia. Thus, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli and to detect the mcr-1 colistin-resistant gene in E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in the entire supply chain of broilers in Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Samples were taken from 47 flocks that used colistin sulfate (47 pools of cloacal swabs, 47 pools of drinking water, and 47 pools of litter), seventy fresh meat samples and seven plucker swab samples from seven small-scale poultry slaughterhouses, seventy fresh meat samples from seven traditional markets, and seventy cooked meat samples from seven small restaurants. The isolation of E. coli was done on each of the 358 samples, and 493 isolates were obtained. All the E. coli isolates were then tested for their susceptibility to colistin sulfate by using the agar dilution method. The detection of the mcr-1 gene from the colistin-resistant isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration > 2 µg/mL) was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence value of colistin-resistant E. coli in all the isolates was 11.76% (CI 95%; CL 9.21–14.91), and the prevalence of the mcr-1 gene was 10.55% (CI 95%; CL 8.13–13.57%). A very good agreement correlation existed between the colistin-resistant phenotype and the mcr-1 gene (κ = 0.939). The mcr-1 gene was found in 89.66% of colistin-resistant E. coli isolates. Two colistin-resistant and mcr-1 carrying isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7 serotype. This research was the first study attempt on the mcr-1 gene in Indonesia, covering the entire supply chain of broiler meat from farms to consumers. The results indicated the necessity to reduce the use of colistin sulfate in broiler management and to improve biosecurity measures, not only in farms but also in the entire supply chain of broiler meat production
Spirulina platensis DIET FOR MILKFISH, Chanos chanos, LARVAE
No full textIn aquaculture, Spirulina platensis is used as a feed supplement as it contains the amino acid phenylalanine. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in the effects of spirulina-based microcapsules and commercial diets on the absolute, daily, and specific growth rates, as well as the survival rates, of milkfish larvae. The larvae were fed with Spirulina platensis as a core diet in microcapsules with different matrix (wall) compositions. The first capsule wall consisted of gelatin and fish oil, while the second capsule wall contained gelatin, fish oil, and whole egg. The control group was fed a commercial diet. A total of 1,200 larvae were used in this experiment using a recirculating system. The experiment was conducted over 42 days of culture. The larvae were fed three times per day, and the feed amount was increased regularly in accordance with larval growth. The results showed that the effects of both spirulina-based microcapsule diets on absolute growth rate (AGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and average daily growth rate (ADGR) of Chanos chanos larvae were comparable to those fed a commercial diet. The survival rates were 80.6 ± 11.17% for larvae fed Spirulina platensis with a gelatin and fish oil wall, 84.6 ± 8.44% for those fed Spirulina platensis with a gelatin, fish oil, and whole egg wall, and 83.8 ± 16.50% for those fed the commercial diet. This study demonstrated that spirulina-based microcapsules had similar effects to commercial feed on the growth of milkfish larvae, indicating that this diet could potentially replace commercial feed
GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF SEA HOLLY (Acanthus ilicifolius) THROUGH DNA BARCODING FROM COASTAL CILACAP, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Get PDFSea holly (Acanthus ilicifolius) is an important true mangrove species commonly growing in wetlands at river mouths and coastal areas. Very limited information is available on the molecular taxonomy of sea holly growing along the coasts of Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. The present study aimed to identify sea holly in coastal Cilacap and to produce a reference library on the molecular characteristics of the species. The recently recorded species were utilized for the barcoding investigation. Genetic identification was evaluated using the rbcL and matK genes. Young leaf samples of A. ilicifolius were collected for DNA extraction, isolation, and amplification using rbcL and matK primers. The length of the rbcL gene was 608 bp and the matK gene was 970 bp. The evolutionary history was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method. The barcode sequences of rbcL and matK were analyzed using BLAST and MULTALIN. The sequences were also submitted to NCBI. Genus Acanthus (Acanthaceae) and other genera were clustered in the same clade with high bootstrap values. The results indicated that the rbcL and matK loci cannot be used for species differentiation within Acanthus; however, these genes can be used to distinguish the genus level within Acanthaceae
CARBON SEQUESTRATION OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON, INDONESIA
No full textCarbon conservation programs in mangrove ecosystems focus on the growth of mangrove vegetation that is measured based on the amount of carbon present at different tree stages, particularly the seedlings, saplings, and mature mangrove trees. This study was aimed to determine carbon percentage of mangrove ecosystems using the SNI 06 — 3730 — 1995 and TAPPI T 211 om 85 methods, and to analyse the mangrove clustering based on carbon percentage. The results showed that (1) Avicennia spp., Sonneratia spp., Bruguiera spp., Rhizophora spp., Aegiceras spp., Lumnitzera spp., Ceriops spp., Excoecaria agallocha and Xylocarpus granatum had carbon percentages between 45.01% and 55.54%; (2) the carbon percentage of mangroves at different growth stages were as follows; seedlings at 16.3-21.2%, saplings at 19.0-28.1%, trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 10-20 cm at 38.1-46.30%, trees with DBH of 20-30 cm at 40.2-51.1% and trees with DBH of 30-40 cm at 49.1-55.20%. The carbon conservation is positively correlated with the carbon sequestration ability and growth of the mangroves
GENETIC VARIATION OF WILD Musa acuminata COLLA FROM INDONESIA
Get PDFIndonesia is the center of origin and diversity of Musa acuminata Colla, one of the progenitors of cultivated bananas today. However, the genetic variation of wild M. acuminata has not been studied extensively. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic variation of Indonesian wild M. acuminata based on 10 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and 10 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. The genetic properties of 17 populations of wild M. acuminata were analyzed using PopGene 1.32 based on Nei’s unbiased measures of genetic identity and genetic distance. Of the 443 DNA bands produced, 425 (95.94%) were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of the combined RAPD and ISSR data produced a dendrogram that separated the population of M. acuminata (A genome) from M. balbisiana (B genome), but not from M. schizocarpa (S genome). Nei’s genetic distance among the 17 populations of wild M. acuminata ranged from 0.03676 to 0.1634. The highest genetic distance was observed between M. acuminata var. rutilifes (from East Java) and M. acuminata var. sumatrana (from West Sumatra). The percentage of polymorphic loci among the 17 populations of M. acuminata ranged from 9.93% to 39.73%. Nei’s gene diversity (h) ranged from 0.0410 to 0.1418. The population of M. acuminata var. malaccensis displayed the highest genetic diversity among the 17 evaluated populations. The high level of genetic diversity of the wild M. acuminata from Indonesia highlights the importance of conservation and preservation of natural populations, as well as their potential use in banana breeding programs
INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS AND PLANT AGE ON THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt
Get PDFCitronella oil, which is also known as Java citronella oil, is typically obtained from the leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and has been widely used as an antiseptic, fragrance, flavor, and many other applications. However, systematic studies on the factors affecting the yield and composition of citronella oil are limited. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of water stress (low to high) and plant age (0.5 to 5 years) on the yield and composition of citronella oil. Citronella leaves were dried at room temperature (26–30 °C) with a relative humidity of 62–74% for 3 days before the citronella oil was extracted using a steam distillation unit. Introducing a high water stress condition to the plants increased the yield from 0.80% (control) to 1.4% (high water stress) dry weight. The geraniol content slightly increased from 15% to 17%, whereas the citronellal content considerably increased from 31% to 44% when the plants were subjected to high water stress in comparison to the control. The oil yield increased with plant age before it reached its plateau at 3.5% dry weight at age 4 years. However, the composition of citronella oil did not significantly vary with plant age
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIODS ON THE CLONED GtH GENES IN HARD-LIPPED BARB (Osteochilus hasseltii)
No full textPhotoperiod is one of the factors that regulate endocrine gland hormone production necessary for gonadal growth and development, gametogenesis, and reproductive cycles in fish. However, studies on the influence of photoperiod on tropical fishes are still limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of photoperiod on the hard-lipped barb, particularly the gene expression of its cloned gonadotropin hormones I (GtH-I) and II (GtH-II). The experiment was designed using three treatments: 14L:10D (control), 8L:16D (short photoperiod), and 18L:6D (long photoperiod). Four aquariums with nine fish per tank were used as replicates. The fish were maintained under these photoperiod treatments for eight weeks. Pituitary activity was observed by measuring GtH gene expression. The length of cDNA GtH-I was 222 bp, and the cDNA GtH-II was 354 bp. The GtH-I precursor encoded by the cDNA consisted of 67 amino acids, including the mature peptide. The level of GtH gene expression significantly increased as longer photoperiods were applied. The results indicated that photoperiod length affects the reproductive performance of the hard-lipped barb
REGULATION OF ADIPOGENESIS AND KEY ADIPOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION BY MANGOSTEEN PERICARP EXTRACT AND XANTHONES IN 3T3-L1 CELLS
Get PDFObesity is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis, and its occurrence and development are associated with fat accumulation and adipocyte differentiation. Thus, the suppression of adipocyte differentiation can be a potential anti-obesity approach. This study examined the effect of mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and xanthones (α-Mangostin (AM) and γ-Mangostin (GM)) on the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ, and FAS in 3T3-L1 cells. Concentrations of MPE and xanthones used were based on cytotoxicity assays on 3T3-L1 cells. Three different MPE concentrations (0, 25, and 50 µg/mL), three AM concentrations (0, 25, and 50 µM), and GM concentrations (0, 50, and 75 µM) were used. The expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ, and FAS genes were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. Gene expression was downregulated in cells treated with 50 µg/mL MPE and 50 µM GM. However, 25 µM and 50 µM AM did not suppress PPARγ and SCD1 expression. The 50 µM AM treatment also failed to reduce aP2 gene expression. Overall, MPE and GM demonstrated potential anti-adipogenesis and anti-obesity effects by suppressing the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ, and FAS in 3T3-L1 cells
STEMFLOW, THROUGHFALL AND RAINWATER INTERCEPTION OF EIGHT INDONESIAN TREE SPECIES
No full textTree architecture affects how rainwater is partitioned into canopy interception, throughfall, and stemflow. The canopy shape and bark/leaf surface morphology influence the plants\u27 ability to intercept and redistribute rainwater. Therefore, tree structure plays a key role in soil and water conservation, particularly in reducing erosion and runoff. This research was conducted to predict the most suitable tree species for soil and water conservation and recorded 32 rainfall events during the rainy season from January 2014 to March 2015 in Purwodadi–LIPI, Indonesia. The stemflow, throughfall, individual tree architectural characteristics, and leaf morphology were measured for eight selected local tree species, namely: Sterculia cordata, Aleurites moluccana, Buchanania arborescens, Calophyllum inophyllum, Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Alstonia scholaris, and Pometia pinnata. The species that showed the greatest interception capacity was Aleurites moluccana, with 68.1% of rainfall intercepted. Special leaf characteristics (such as fine hairs), globose stems, and long, grooved bark likely contributed to a greater relative interception of rainwater compared to other species. The throughfall and stemflow of each species were closely correlated with rainfall amount but not with rainfall intensity