BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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CONSERVATION STATUS AND PROPAGATION OF Camellia dalatensis AND Camellia capitata BY CUTTINGS
No full textArticle Highlights- Camellia dalatensis and Camellia capitata are critically endangered species.- Habitat loss and deforestation threaten the survival of these Camellia species.- Vegetative propagation aids conservation of critically endangered Camellia species.- Rooting success depends on cutting types, growth regulators, and substrate mix.- Research aids conservation efforts for Vietnam’s rare and vulnerable flora.
AbstractCamellia dalatensis (V. D. Luong, Ninh & Hakoda) and Camellia capitata (Orel, Curry & Luu) are classified as critically endangered (CR) by the IUCN. Conservation solutions for these two species have not yet been fully implemented, while wild populations are declining. This research on vegetative propagation examined the efficacy of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA in solution or in powdered activated charcoal), cutting types (terminal shoot or stem cuttings), and substrates for the growth of cuttings (sand-coir dust mixes) on rooting efficiency. The highest rooting of C. dalatensis was observed in terminal shoot cuttings at 1,000 ppm IBA, and 25% sand and 75% coir dust substrate. Maximum values obtained were survival 95.6%, rooting percentage 88.9%, number of roots per cutting 6.9, root length 6.2 cm, and rooting index 42.9. For C. capitata, superior rooting was obtained with semi-hardwood cuttings, at 1,500 ppm IBA, and equal parts of sand and coir dust as substrate. Camellia capitata was more difficult to root, with maximum values of 65.6% survival, 52.2% rooting, 2.8 roots per cutting, 2.9 cm root length, and rooting index of 8.1. The results of this study can be used to support further propagation and conservation of these two endangered species
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND MOULDS IN STORED COCOA BEANS AT SOUTH SULAWESI
Get PDFSurveys on postharvest handling and technology processing of cocoa beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels in South Sulawesi were conducted together with investigations on moisture content, pest infestation (insect and mould) and quality characteristics in terms of reducing sugar, free amino acid and free fatty acid content. Surveys were conducted during dry (July 1997) and wet seasons (February 1998) in three regencies (Pinrang, Polewali-Mamasa and Luwu) and Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi province. Interviews were carried out during surveys in the dry season. Number of respondents from farmers, trailers and exporters was 38, 15 and 5, respectively. In each season, number of samples taken from farmers, traders and exporters was 9, 21 and 15, respectively. In general, farmers, traders and exporters did not carry out postharvest handling and technology processing properly. Moisture content of cocoa beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (7.5%). Moisture content of cocoa beans collected during the wet season was higher than in the dry season. Insects were found on cocoa beans collected from traders and exporters. Species composition and the presence of each insect species were varied among the two seasons, but the predominant species was Tribolium castaneum. At trader level the percentage of insect-damaged beans during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season, while at exporter level it was lower. During the two seasons the percentage of mouldy beans at farmer level was lower than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (4%), while those from some samples at trader and exporter levels were higher than 4%, but based on the direct plating method, all of the samples at trader and exporter levels were mouldy. Species composition and the percentage of beans infected by each mould species at farmer, trader and exporter levels during the two seasons were varied. The percentage of mouldy beans increased at trader and exporter levels. The predominant moulds were Aspergillus flaws, Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri and Penicillium citrinum. The predominant mould at farmer level during wet season was Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Reducing sugar and free amino acid content of cocoa beans collected during the dry season was higher than those collected during the wet season, either at farmer, trader or exporter levels. Free fatty acid content of cocoa beans tends to be higher during the wet season than the dry season at the three levels.Keywords: Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content/In-sect/Mould/Reducing sugars/Free amino acids/Free fatty acids/Cocoa/South Sulawesi
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF FOUR FUNGAL ISOLATES TO GANODERMA BONINENSE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BASAL STEM ROT OF OIL PALM
Get PDFANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF FOUR FUNGAL ISOLATES TOGANODERMA BONINENSE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BASAL STEM ROT OF OIL PAL
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA GELLING AGENTS ON ROOT BIOMASS AND IN VITRO VA-MYCORRfflZAL SYMBIOSIS OF CARROT WITH GIGASPORA MARGARITA
Get PDFAn in vitro study with Ri-TDNA transformed roots of carrot (Daucus carota) was carried out to evaluate the role of macro-elements contributed as impurities in the gelling agent (phytagel) over and above those present in the minimal (M) medium. Production of root biomass was taken as a measure to quantify the influence of macro-elements added to the minimal medium. The levels of phosphorus when adjusted to 1.19 mg/1 and 1.09 mg/l, lead to dry root biomass production at par with the control. Attempts made to lower the amount of impurities in phytagel by de-ionization using different alkalies, proved NaOH to give the best results in terms of relatively high amount of root biomass. In an in vitro dual culture system with carrot as host and Gigaspora margarita as the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, phytagel impurities helped to produce maximum number of infection units and auxiliary cells when phytagel was added to the minimal medium.Key words:   Agrobacterium   rhiiogenesfDaucus   caro/a/Gelling   agents/diaspora   margarita/Macro- elements/Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza/Transformed roots
FRUIT PRODUCTION OF A SIX-YEAR OLD SHOREA STENOPTERA PLANTATION AT HAURBENTES, BOGOR, INDONESIA
Get PDFA six-year old plantation of Shorea stenoptera at Haurbentes, Bogor flowered for the first time on October, 1987. In plots of 270 m2, 12 of the 32 trees had opened flowers. The average heights of flowering and non-flowering trees were 400 cm and 270 cm, respectively. The flowers and fruits were counted four times from October 28, 1987 until February 17, 1988. In October, a total of 24313 flowers existed and 1.9% of them became mature fruits on February, 1988. The fruit production was 308 kg/ha and 133 kg/ha in fresh and dry weights, respectively
SOILS FROM CULTIVATED STANDS OF SHOREA JAVANICA
Get PDFSoils from Shorea javanica plantations in different parts of Lampung province, South Sumatra were sampled to a depth of 50 cm and described. They varied from quite deep loamy alkaline soils near Krui, to sticky acid clays behind Ngaras. The cation content of most samples was quite high, but organic nutrients were low, suggesting volcanic origin of the soils. Preliminary observations of performance in situ of S. javanica would suggest a requirement for deep loamy, fairly alkaline soils with a moderately high exchangeable cation content for optimal yield and performance
PLOJDY ANALYSIS AND DNA CONTENT OF MUTANT BANAN "PISANG BERANGAN" USING FLOW CYTOMETRY
Get PDFMutagens cause random changes in the nuclear DNA or cytoplasmic organelles, resulting in gene, chromosomal or genomic mutations and hence, create variability. In this study, flow cytometry (FCM) was used to determine ploidy levels and DNA content in gamma-irradiated variants of mutated Pisang Berangan (cv. Intan, AAA) - a local banana genotype. Induced variants such as short plant stature (stunted growth), late flowering plants (late maturity) and abnormalities in bunch characters were selected to study possible changes at the DNA level. The study showed that DNA content of mutated plants differed from non-irradiated control and that irradiation had the most effect at high doses (40 and 60 Gy). The increase of DNA content in 20 Gy and 30 Gy treated plants was not more than that of the control plants. The values of genomic DNA content of gamma-irradiation variants decreased as the dose of irradiation increased from 20 to 60 Gy, indicating that the high dose of gamma-irradiation had a significant effect on the genome of the plants. The analysis further showed that phenotypic variation due to mutagenesis was reflected in the DNA content of the plants. The results also showed that ploidy levels were not affected by gamma-irradiation even at high doses. Keywords: Musa spp./mutation breeding/ flow cytometry/Â ploidy level/ DNA conten
CARBON SEQUESTRATION FOR AGROSILVICULTURE AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THREE INVESTIGATED VILLAGES IN UTTARADIT PROVINCE, NORTHERN, THAILAND
No full textARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Agroforestry boosts carbon storage, reducing greenhouse gas emissions significantly.- Diverse tree-based farming enhances biodiversity, soil health, and climate resilience.- Carbon sequestration in agroforestry supports sustainable agriculture and environmental balance.- Agroforestry practices mitigate climate change by storing carbon in trees and soil.- Combining trees with crops provides multiple ecological and economic benefits.ABSTRACTOne of the processes for compensating greenhouse gas emissions is atmospheric carbon removal and storage in the terrestrial biosphere. Agricultural systems to which trees are returned for careful management alongside crops and animals are thought to be substantial CO2 sinks. People are increasingly realizing the importance of agroforestry because it is good for the environment and farming. In this study, total carbon pools from the aboveground biomass carbon (ABGC), forest floor carbon (FFC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were investigated and carbon storage data for some agroforestry practices native to Uttaradit in northern Thailand were analyzed. The role of these carbon pools in reducing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere was also discussed. The results showed differences in the total carbon stock sourced from traditional agroforestry (TAF), applied agroforestry (AAF), and developed agroforestry (DAF). The total carbon store (ABGC + TFFC + SOC) of TAF, AAF, and DAF was 267.05 Mg C/ha, 226.48 Mg C/ha, and 324.70 Mg C/ha, respectively. SOC contributed 47.64%, 54.26%, and 44.81% and ABGC contributed 22.75%, 19.79%, and 23.90% to the total carbon stock in TAF, AAF, and DAF, respectively. The CO2 adsorption was 979.27 Mg CO2/ha, 830.50 Mg CO2/ha, and 1,190.6 Mg CO2/ha in TAF, AAF, and DAF, respectively. It is clear that agroforestry systems serve as carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the comparison of agroforestry practices and other land use types is important for carbon mitigation and the implementation of the “Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry” concept for CO2 sinks, it is also crucial to compare the potential of carbon sequestration in different CO2 pools
Litter Fall in A Primary and Two Logged-over Lowland Tropical Rainforests in Pasirmayang, Jambi.
Get PDFLitter accumulation in a primary and a logged-over lowland dipterocarp forest at Pasirmayang, Jambi was measured using the litter trap method. In the primary forest, traps were placed in four distinct areas, reflecting the succession stages of the forest from building to maturation. In the logged-over forest, litter production was measured at two different sites, one cut in 1979/1980 and the second in 1983/1984. In the primary forest, average litter production during the observation period was 925 g m"2yr\u27. In the logged-over forest, average litter production was 721 g m\u272 yr1 for the site cut in 1979/1980 and 706 g m\u272 yr1 for the site cut in 1983/1984. Leaves comprised the major contributor of litter with 67% of total litter produced in the primary forest, 67% of total litter in the 1979/1980 cut logged-over forest, and 65% of total litter in the 1983/1984 cut logged-over forest. The purpose of the study was to use litter fall as a measure of forest productivity to assess the recovery of logged-over forests and, to provide a basis for comparison of forest-derived land practices for appropriate forest management strategies. Key words: Litter production/primary forest/logged-over forest/forest productivity/Pasirmayang/Jambi