BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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ASSESSMENT OF SPOT SATELLITE DATA FOR TROPICAL VEGETATION INVENTORY AND MONITORING IN SUMATRA
Full text linkFollowing a previous vegetation mapping in Sumatra island (Indonesia), an assessment of SPOT satellite capability to handle specific problems related to vegetation identification and monitoring from remote sensing data has been undertaken. Results of visual interpretation and multispectral analysis have shown the usefulness of SPOT data for the appraisal of tropical vegetation at medium scale. This was particularly striking for the swampy vegetation types including mangroves and for the secondary vegetation, for which significant improvements have been brought by multispectral classifications. A 20 m ground resolution is neither sufficient to provide information on primary forest patterns, nor to identify properly logged over areas. Never theless, several degrees of depletion of the forest and all the serial stages have been identified, which is a considerable progress compared with previous remote sensing means. SPOT is a very good alternative to medium scale aerial photographs for the production of medium scale (1 : 100 000 to 1 : 250 000) vegetation and land-use maps
FUNGI ISOLATED FROM GROUNDNUTS IN SOME LOCATIONS OF WEST JAVA
Full text linkOne hundred and ninety eight groundnut samples were collected from freshly harvested groundnuts (FHG), farmer storage systems (FSS), middlemen warehouses (MW), wholesalers (WS) and retailer sample (RS) during the dry and wet seasons from Cidolog, Cianjur, Sukabumi and Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, in 1990/1991. The moisture content (m.c.), intactness of kernels, and the percentages of groundnut kernels infected by each species of fungi were analyzed. In genera), the m.c. of the samples collected during the dry season was lower than of those collected during the wet season. Also, the m.c. of samples collected from FHG, FSS and MW was higher than of those collected from WS and RS. The m.c. of samples collected from FHG was the highest (12.5-45.75%), but the percentages of damaged kernels were the lowest (2.5-13.8%), because the samples were shelled manually. A total of 25 species of fungi were isolated from samples collected from the 4 localities. They were Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. tamarii, A. wentii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. sphaerospermum, Eumtium chevalieri, E. repens, E. rubrum, Fusarium equiseti, F. longipes, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, Mucor sp., Papulaspora sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium aethiopicum, P. citrinum, Rhizapus sp., R. stolonifer and Syncephalastrum sp. The predominant fungi in samples collected from Cidolog and Sukabumi during the dry season were Aspergillus wentii, while those collected from Cianjur and Bogor were A. niger. The percentages of kernels infected by A. wentii in samples collected from Cidolog and Sukabumi were between 30-100% and 36-100%, respectively, while those of kernels infected by A. nigerin samples collected from Cianjur and Bogor were between 34-93% and 14-98%, respectively. The predominant fungi in samples collected from each location during the wet season were A. flavus. The percentage of kernels infected by the fungus in samples collected from Bogor was the highest (83-100%).
Key words: Indonesia/West Java/Stored product pests/Groundnut/Fungi/Acremonium strictum/Aspergillussp./Botryodiplodia theobromae/Cladosporium sp./Eurotium sp./Fusarium sp./Mucor sp./Papulasporasp./Pestalotia sp./SPenicillum sp/Rhizopus sp./Syncephalastrum sp./Moisture content
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA FROM CANDRADIMUKA CRATER IN CENTRAL JAVA EMPLOYING PCR-RFLP OF 16S-rRNA GENE
Full text linkThe specific primers for bacteria (63f and 1387r) were used to amplify the 16S-rRNA genes from total community genomic DNA of thermophilic bacteria. The total community genomic DNA was obtained from muds and water samples of Candradimuka crater, Dieng Plateau, Central Java. PCR products were cloned into vector pCR*2.1-TOPO (3.9 kb) and transformed into Escherichia coli TOPIC. Two tetrameric restriction endonucleases Rsal and Hhal were employed to generate Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) paterns. These enzymes yielded 10 and 9 groups of 16S-rRNA profiles or OTU (Operational Taxonomic Units) from 27 16S-rRNA gene clones. Rsal was found to be more discriminative in differentiating the clones than Hhal. Rsal-RFLP indicated that OTU 7 and OTU 3 represented the most abundant clones, i.e. 6 and 5 clones respectively. The distribution of 16S-rRNA gene clones could indicate relative distribution of specific groups of thermophilic bacteria in their natural habitat. Analysis of diversity at the DNA level could represent both culturable and unculturable bacteria in the environment. Similarity analysis showed that at level 0.600 there were 8 different groups from 10 RFLP profiles generated by Rsal digestion. This study indicated that there were at least 8 groups of different thermophilic bacteria occupying Candradimuka crater. Key words: Thermophiles, 16S-rRNA, Candradimuka crater
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCECIDOCHARES CONNEXA IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA : A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA
Full text linkKirinyu (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson) was reported for the first time in 1934 from Lubuk Pakam North Sumatera. It grows vegetatively during the wet season, flowers and sets a high number of fruits at the end of the wet season, and senesces during the dry season. It may be controlled manually by uprooting the weed or by slashing, and chemically by spraying with herbicides. However, this has not been successful. Recently a biological control agent, Procecidochares connexa was introduced at Parung Panjang, West Java, as a biological control agent of C. odorata. This paper reports the successful establishment of Procecidochares connexa. Two releases of P. connexa colonies were made in Parung Panjang at the end of 1995. The colony was able to survive through a harsh dry season of 1997. When C. odorata was swept by fire, the emerging shoots soon were attacked by P. connexa. The population of C. odorata went down to 37.2% with 31.8% of its emerging shoots attacked by P. connexa in a 2-year period. When twigs were attacked by P. connexa, the production of cypsellas was reduced by about 50% in one season. However, the survival of emerging flies was also affected by the death of twigs upon maturation of the cypsellas. Key words: Biological controUChromolaena odoratalProcecidochares connex
CHROMOSOMAL CHARACTERS OF THE INDONESIAN SAND GOBY, OXYELEOTRISMARMORATA BLKR. 1874 (ELEOTRIDAE)*)
Full text linkKaryomorphological investigation of sand goby or marble sleeper (Oxyeleotris marmorata Blkr.) from Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia was undertaken to determine the modal chromosome number and fundamental number, and to construct the karyotype from somatic metaphase cells of head kidney. A total of 30 fish samples from Cirata Reservoir was sacrificed for direct chromosome preparation by colchicine-citrate-aceto-methanol-Giemsa staining-air drying technique. Chromosome set analysis showed that the modal chromosome number of the test fish is 2n = 46, confirming previous studies. Fundamental number is 50. Two karyotypic formulas were found, i.e. 1) 2n = 46 (4SM + 42A); and 2) 2n = 46 (2M + 2SM + 42A). Key Words: Freshwater fishes, Chromosome analysis, Oxyeleotris marmorata, Indonesi
HOW CAN THE WORLD OVERLOOK Sapindus rarak BIOPROSPECTION? A NICHE FOR INDONESIA
Full text linkSapindus rarak is a plant native to Indonesia. Its fruit contains abundant saponins and serves as a detergent for washing batik and baby cloth diapers. This study aims to determine the trends in the S. rarak research based on a bibliometrics and scoping review. The bibliometrics analysis was conducted by defining the search keywords, extracting publications, refining the results, compiling metadata, and mapping authors, keywords, and collaboration. There were 32 publications regarding S. rarak based on Scopus, written by 23 authors between 1992 and 2022, with 387 citations, and 201 publications with 1176 citations due to Google Scholar. Indonesia, the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, and Elizabeth Wina was the most influential country, institution, and author, respectively. The research was clustered to chemistry, biology, medicine, and physics approach. Bio-prospection of S. rarak fruit extract for livestock supplementation was a hot topic. All articles reported S. rarak fruit or seed as the promising organ—no one study about the potency of leaves whereas leaves are also an abundant source of saponin. However, the potency of S. rarak leaves is still overlooked. Research on the efficacy of detergents has not been published in a highly reputable international journal, even though it has been utilized traditionally for a long time. Bibliometrics and scoping review can provide insights for further research roadmaps in this field
Existing Conditions of Gastropod Communities in Areas Affected by Nickel Mining Overburden in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Dawi-Dawi, Southeast Sulawesi
No full textARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Nickel mining activities significantly impacted the ecological integrity of the Pomalaa coastal area in Southeast Sulawesi, particularly in the mangrove ecosystem.- The exposure of overburden waste in the mangrove ecosystem has led to the loss of important gastropod species and a decline in population of surviving species- The low population of gastropod species in nickel mining impact areas indicates extensive environmental damage caused by these activities.ABSTRACTGastropod resources in the Dawi-Dawi mangrove ecosystem, Southeast Sulawesi are greatly influenced by the input of overburden waste (sediment) from nickel mining activities. This condition has been going on for the last 2 decades and has degraded the habitat and structure of the gastropod community. The upstream connectivity (the existing nickel mining area) and the Dawi-Dawi River estuary mean that the mangrove forest (estuary) in this area is continuously affected by (massive) overburden runoff. This research was carried out in June-August in the mangrove ecosystem of Dawi-Dawi Village, Southeast Sulawesi Province. This research aims to determine the existing condition of mangrove gastropods affected by overburden. This research began by conducting initial observations in the field, to identify mangrove ecosystems affected by overburden. research stations were determined using a purposive sampling technique (targeted) and sampling gastropods using a simple random sampling method. The ecological index of the mangrove gastropod community affected by overburden shows a tendency for a medium diversity index (H\u27=1.81), low species richness (R=1.42), high evenness (E=1.12), and no dominance of certain species (C=0.19). The gastropod species found are typical types that make up the mangrove fauna, namely Terebralia sulcata, Terebralia palustris, Faunus ater, Telescopium telescopium, Hebra nigra, and several taxa (genus) of climbing Littoraria snails (periwinkle) which are found in the roots, stems and leaves of mangroves. The abundance of gastropods obtained was also very low, namely around 0-12 Ind./m2. At some points (rarely) schools of small snails of the type T. sulcata (5-21 Ind./m2) are sometimes found. This research shows de facto that overburden waste eliminates (survival) or reduces the diversity and richness of gastropod species (ecological index) in the mangrove ecosystem of Dawi-Dawi
BIODIVERSITY OF CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FERMETODEGE FOR RUMINANTS
Full text linkARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Fermetodege as a source of cellulolytic bacteria that degrade cellulosic materials.- Enhances ruminant feed by improving palatability and digestibility.- Utilizes water hyacinth, reducing invasive plant spread and supporting ecosystems.- Bioprospecting reveals new bacteria for effective fermentation starter development.ABSTRACTFermetodege is a name of fermented ruminant feed produced from free heavy metals water hyacinth, rice bran, and corn cobs. Its quality, as well as the fermentation process, are affected by numerous factors, such as the diversity, evenness, and dominance of indigenous cellulolytic bacterial species. A proper understanding of these influential factors is needed to improve the quality of the fermented feed. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the diversity, evenness, and dominance of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from fermetodege. The cellulolytic activity of the isolates was tested by observing their growth on the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) media. Isolates with cellulolytic activity formed a clear zone after the colonies were soaked with 0.1% Congo red and rinsed with 1 M NaCl. The Shannon-Weiner\u27s diversity and evenness indexes, as well as Simpson\u27s species dominance, were then calculated. The result showed that the Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index ranged from 0.6849 to 1.8173, and it was categorized as medium. The evenness index was between 0.7778 and 0.9983, which indicates a stable distribution of species. Meanwhile, the Simpson’s species dominance ranged from 0.1835 to 0.5082, which implies that none of the species was dominant. These results show that fermetodege is potentially a source of bacterial isolates and can be used as a fermentation consortium starter
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Donax faba (BIVALVIA: DONACIDAE) OBTAINED FROM KUTANG BEACH, LAMONGAN, INDONESIA
Full text linkARTICLE HIGLIGHTSThis study revealed 19 morphological variations of edible wedge clams, Donax faba (Bivalvia: Donacidae), from Kutang Beach, Lamongan, Indonesia, which has significant role as part of coastal ecosystem.This reseach also highlights the DNA barcoding of Donax faba based on COI gene (Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I).The average genetic distance of the research samples was 0.46%, while the value of this parameter between the research samples and the ingroup was found to be 1.51%.
ABSTRACTDonax faba is a type of wedge clams with significant ecological and economic roles, as well as variations in color, pattern, and morphometric properties. Recently, a particular population of unidentified D. faba was reported from Kutang Beach, Lamongan, Indonesia. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the morphological variations and molecular characteristics of D. faba obtained from Kutang Beach based on COI gene. A total of 288 samples were collected during the lowest tide for morphological characterization of the color, pattern, and morphometrics of the shells. Additionally, molecular characterization was conducted based on the composition of nucleotide bases and amino acids of COI gene, genetic distance, as well as the relationships. The results showed that D. faba had 19 morphological variations, among which the most dominant type contained a whitish exterior with brown spots and a whitish purple interior. The average genetic distance of the samples was 0.46%, while the value was calculated as 1.51% between the samples and the ingroup. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis performed using a prior maximal distance of 0.001 showed the separation of these species into distinct categories
The THE POTENCY OF CINNAMON (Cinnamomum burmanni Blume) LEAF EXTRACT AS A BIOPRESERVATIVE AGENT FOR FOOD SAFETY OF SATE LILIT: -
No full textARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Cinnamon leaf extract combats E. coli in traditional Balinese food.- Natural preservative reduces harmful pathogens in sate lilit.- Cinnamon extract offers a safer alternative to synthetic preservatives.- Active compounds in cinnamon leaves inhibit bacterial growth.- Effective biopreservative for enhancing food safety and quality.
ABSTRACTEscherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of the meat used in preparing sate lilit, a favorite traditional food in Bali, Indonesia, has been a great concern for both local people and foreigners. Although C. burmanni has been included in its spice ingredients, active compounds that play a significant role in this pathogen have limitedly been elucidated. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the potency of this plant to control contaminants and elucidate possible compounds that prevent such contaminants by applying the disk diffusion method and LCMS analysis, respectively. The results showed that the leaf extract of this plant inhibited the in vitro growth of E. coli O157:7, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and LC50 values of 4% and 2.59%, respectively. The LCMS analysis chromatogram showed that the plant extract\u27s most active fraction produced nine peaks, representing nine possible active compounds. Among those, three compounds (Azoxystrobin, Stigmatellin Y, and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol) were suspected of contributing to control contamination, especially by E. coli O157:H7