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Elaboration et caractérisation de ciments géopolymères à base de scories volcaniques
No full textTwo types of volcanic ashes referenced as ZD (volcanic ashes from Djoungo) and ZG (volcanic ashes from Galim) were collected from two Cameroonian localities. They were characterized (chemical and mineralogical compositions, amorphous phase content, particle size distribution and specific surface area) and used as raw materials for the synthesis of geopolymer cements at ambient temperature of laboratory (24 ± 3 °C). The synthesized products were characterized by determining their setting time, linear shrinkage and compressive strength, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The mineralogical composition, the amorphous phase content, the particle size distribution, the specific surface area of the volcanic ashes as well as the mass ratio of the alkaline solution (sodium silicate / sodium hydroxide) were the main parameters which influenced the synthesis of geopolymers with interesting characteristics at ambient temperature (24 ± 3 °C). The volcanic ashes (ZD) whose mineralogical composition contained anhydrite, low amorphous phase content and low specific surface area led to long setting times. Moreover, its products swelled and presented cracks due to the formation of ettringite and these resulted in low compressive strengths (7 to 19 MPa). The volcanic ashes (ZG) containing high amounts of amorphous phase and high specific surface area led geopolymers with setting times between 490 and 180 minutes and compressive strength between 7 and 50 MPa at ambient temperature of laboratory.
The properties of geopolymers were improved when elaborated with a mixture of volcanic ashes and metakaolin (ZD–MK and ZG–MK). For geopolymers obtained from ZD–MK, the setting time was between 500 and 160 minutes while it was between 220 and 125 minutes for geopolymers obtained from ZG–MK. The compressive strength greatly increased between 23 and 68 MPa and 39 and 64 MPa for geopolymers obtained from ZG –MK and ZD–MK respectively.
A comparative study of the properties of mixtures of metakaolin–alumina and volcanic ash–alumina based geopolymers shows that metakaolin is a good source of Al2O3 and SiO2 and which highly reactive with alkaline solution and produces geopolymers with better characteristics compared to volcanic ash based–geopolymer. The properties of volcanic ash–based geopolymer were also improved when amorphous alumina was incorporated into the volcanic ash. This additive is used to compensate the deficiencies in Al2O3 content in the volcanic ash. Compare to when volcanic ash is used alone 20 to 40 % incorporation of this additive corresponded to increases of the compressive strength by 18.1 % for metakaolin-alumina based-geopolymers and by 32.4 % for volcanic ash-based geopolymers
Jeux et Enjeux des couleurs dans le champ sociopolitique camerounais
No full textLa scene politique camerounaise est l'objet de nombre de contradictions, d'absurdites qui font que le motif ''irregularite'' ou celui de ''fraude'' sont toujours presents à l'issue d'echeance electorale. Parmi les causes de ces irregularites figure lecaractere deloyal des scrutins au Cameroun. Qui s'observe dans l'organisation le deroulement et le depouillement des voix. Cependant, dans ce travail, il est plus question de l'occupation spatiale des differents partis à travers les affiches de campagnes et la representation de ces partis dans l'imaginaire collectif des Camerounais. Que ce soit au niveau du dimensionnement des affiches, du temps d'antennes dans les medas chauds aloué à chaque parti, tout se dispose en sorte que le parti au pouvoir demeure
Effects of adding Bauxite and Oyster shell on the properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer cements
Get PDFThis work has investigated the possibility of use bauxite and oyster shell as mineral admixtures,to enhance the properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer cements. Raw materials(metakaolin, bauxite and oyster shell) were characterized in the first time by determination of their chemical and mineralogical compositions, particles size distribution, specific surface area, thermal analysis and then in the second time use to synthesized geopolymers. Different methods of analysis such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the variation of setting time, linear shrinkage and 28 days compressive strength of geopolymer pastes. The results of these analysis has showed that bauxite and oyster shells are source of Al2O3 and CaO respectively, and also contain crystalline phases. The geopolymers obtained by mixing metakaolin and bauxite have their setting time between 235 and 420min and their compressive strength between 40 and 57MPa ; for those obtained by mixing metakaolin and oyster shell the setting time is between 330 and 485min and compressive strength between 40 and 58MPa .
The addition of a moderate amount (20% by mass) of bauxite or oyster shell led to improve the compressive strength of a metakaolin-based geopolymer of 43% (metakaolin-bauxite-based geopolymers) and 45% (metakaolin-oyster shell-based geopolymers) and decrease the linear shrinkage. More than 20% mineral additive has a deleterious effect on compressive strength and increase the setting time.
Keywords: Metakaolin ; Bauxite ; Oyster shell ; synthesis ; Optimization; Geopolymer cements
Contribution à l’étude de l’influence des caractères physico-chimiques du sol sur la stabilité structurale ; cas de la plaine de Sidi Bel Abbes
No full textThe aim of the study is to contribute to the knowledge and the identification of the main physical and chemical characteristics of the soil that affect the structural stability of soil types forming the soil cover of the plain of Sidi Bel Abbes region for agricultural use by excellence.
Structural stability is an indicator of the cohesion of soil aggregates. This is a parameter that expresses the ability of soil aggregates to resist degradation in general the impact of rain or excess water. Measuring the structural stability makes it possible to evaluate the sensitivity a soil crusting and erosion.
The results showed that soils subject of our study are stable and very stable with a slight difference.
We have a statistical study made it possible to establish a correlation between the structural stability and other physical and chemical soil parameters measured )fersiallitic red soil and brown calcareous soil( such as organic matter content, the rate of total limestone and soil texture, to better explain the stability or instability of the soil structure and to establish a relationship between these parameters and the structural stability.
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Keywords: Sidi Bel Abbes, chemical characteristics, physical, structural stability, soil, plain, fersiallitic red soil, brown calcareous soi
Marx Illusion
No full textWith “Marx Illusion”, Claudiu Coman recalls sociology - this science of analytic and methodological strictness - to its uncorrupted philosophical dignity. Not only the theorization - that is the seduction of quality essay, Claudiu Coman demonstrating here a single ability - but
the philosophy itself: a science, if we want, but as a way of cognitive enclosure of the beings of the world, firstly of those who make the world possible, but of the transcendent world that transcends them making possible - as a 20th century scientist would say - the man’s
connection to an existence that is not his own, but that identifies itself with the difference. Being in the world - M. Heidegger writes (in 1928, after the apparition of the work “The Being and Time”) - it is specific only to the man - and here within the Territory of Existence I have the
impression that philosophy and sociology responded together.
However, working together with philosophy, the sociology extends enveloping the “world less” beings, too. These things would already been in the world as “direct” things (“handy”) being caught by the man by referring to them in the world itself
EFFETS DE L’INCORPORATION D’ADJUVANTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PROPRIÉTÉS DE CIMENTS GÉOPOLYMÈRES A BASE DE SCORIES VOLCANIQUES
No full textVolcanic ashes are raw materials from geological deposits with a range of chemical compositions. When combined with suitable alkali activators they can be converted to geopolymers cement at ambient temperature. In this work we have investigated the possibility of use bauxite and oyster shells as mineral admixture in volcanic ashes, to enhance the properties of geopolymers synthesized. Different methods of analyses such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the variation of setting time, linear shrinkage and 28 days compressive strength of geopolymers paste. The bauxite and the oyster shells were characterized using inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES), thermal analyses (DSC/ATG), FTIR and X-ray diffractometry. The results of these analyses has showed that bauxite and oyster shells are respectively source of Al2O3 and of CaO, and can compensate the deficiencies of these oxides in volcanic ashes. Adding mineral admixture dissolve slowly in high alkaline medium. Addition of about 20% of bauxite or 10% of oyster shells is seen to decrease the setting time respectively from 415 to 275 min and 195 min. Linear shrinkage decrease with percentage of bauxite or of oyster shells added. Efflorescence is reduced by adding 10% of bauxite. 28 days compressive strength of geopolymeric materials increase respectively for 4.77 and 7.52% for 10% of bauxite or 20% of oyster shells added. More than these percentage additive has a deleterious effect on compressive strength due to crystalized mineralogical phases of the admixture
COLONIALES ET RESISTANCE ANTINAZIE AU CAMEROUN, 1939 - 1945
No full textDans l’histoire des civilisations, le contexte de guerre a très généralement placé les femmes en marge des actions de guerre. Au propre comme au figuré, elles y apparaissent le plus souvent protégées, écartées des fronts, qui semblent conséquemment être la seule affaire des hommes du fait de l’usage généralisé de la violence. C’est logiquement l’idée répandue qu’on s’en fait des occidentales établies en colonies africaines, surtout qu’entre 1914 et 1918, notamment au Cameroun, territoire colonial allemand disputé avec la France et l’Angleterre, les coloniales allemandes ont été prioritairement surprotégées1. Pourtant, il n’en a pas toujours été ainsi de toutes les crises majeures vécues sur ce territoire colonial. La période française apparaît plus intéressante en ceci que l’exclusion des blanches du front y a été peu évidente. La spécificité du Cameroun entre intérêts français et allemands, et la guerre fratricide qui mettent en opposition idéologique les Français entre eux, sont autant de raisons qui convoquent une attitude particulière des administrateurs coloniaux du Cameroun pour la défense du territoire. Entre 1939 et 1945 en effet, ils mettent à contribution la gente féminine dans la plupart de leurs stratégies adoptées pour la protection des acquis français outre-mer. De fait, au milieu des démonstrations de force essentiellement viriles vécues alors, il faut parfois compter sur une catégorie de femmes qui t battent parallèlement en brèche les stéréotypes liés au sexe, pour pénétrer un cercle fermé et jouer un rôle plus ou moins déterminant dans la défense de ce territoire français outre-mer. Face aux velléités de sujétion nazie qu’elles récusent, quelques coloniales surtout françaises se frottent exceptionnellement aux protagonistes du moment pour clairement s’affirmer comme de valeureuses résistantes de l’intégrité territoriale française. Qui étaient ces résistantes à l’ordre nazi au Cameroun ? Pourquoi et comment s’intègrent-elles dans le mouvement de résistance local ? A quel titre et de quelle manière ? Quels rôles y jouent-elles entre 1939 et 1945 ? Des questions pertinentes qu’il serait loisible d’analyser en profondeur afin de mettre en lumière la véritable participation féminine pour la vie et à la survie de la France en colonie, notamment au Cameroun. (Cameroun 1939 - 1945, Femmes, activisme français, résistance
« … Quatre sales enfants métisses ... » - Colonisation par adaptation ? Le cas de Yaoundé.
No full textThe article wants to describe, how far colonial administration accepted to adopt local policies of colonized societies. The case study is about the early years of the Jaunde station in German Kamerun. / Le présent article pose la question de savoir jusqu’à quel niveau le pouvoir colonial allemand a été prêt à s'adapter à la situation sociale qu'il a trouvé sur place. La question est traitée à l'exemple de l'histoire du poste de Jaunde (Yaoundé) au Kamerun allemand. //
Cameroun (1884-1916), Yaoundé, Georg August Zenker (1855-1922), Richard Kund (1852–1904), Hans Tappenbeck (1861-1889), Kurt von Morgen (1858-1928), Hans Dominik (1870-1910), Essono Ela, Omgba Bisogo, Jaunde, Kamerun, Colonisation allemand
Comportement thermique des géopolymères obtenus à partir d'une argile kaolinite
No full textThe aim of this work is to study the thermal behavior of geopolymers derived from kaolinite (clay). The geopolymers were characterized by various technics: Thermal analysis (DTA, TGA and dilatometer), X-ray diffractography (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Certain physical properties of the products were equally determined: linear shrinkage of curing, percentage of water absorption and compressive strength. The results obtained after drying and thermal treatment showed that the products preserved their initial forms, but showed variable colours based on the temperatures they were treated at. The products obtained at 90, 300 and 500 °C contained hydroxysodalite. The synthesis of geopolymers is not complete at 300 °C (presence of kaolinite in the material) but the products obtained are quite consolidated. The geopolymers obtained have weak values of linear shrinkage of curing (less than 0.6 %) and the compressive strength increases from room temperature (4.9 Mpa) up to 400 °C (8.9 MPa) then becomes constant between 400 and 500 °C. The combination of results demonstrates the efficiency of the temperature parameter during the synthesis of geopolymers based on kaolinite. // L’objet de ce travail est l’étude du comportement thermique des géopolymères à base d’une argile kaolinite. Les produits obtenus ont été caractérisés au moyen de plusieurs techniques : analyses thermiques (ATD, ATG et dilatométrie), microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), analyse par diffraction de rayons X (DRX), analyse infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (IRTF). Certaines propriétés physiques des produits obtenus ont également été déterminées : retrait linéaire de cuisson, pourcentage d’absorption d’eau et résistance à la compression. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’après le séchage et à la fin du traitement thermique, les éprouvettes des produits conservent leur forme initiale mais présentent une variation de couleur en fonction de la température de traitement. Les produits obtenus à 90, 300 et 500 °C contiennent de l’hydroxysodalite. La réaction de synthèse géopolymère n’est pas encore terminée au moins à 300 °C (présence de kaolinite dans le matériau) mais les produits obtenus sont assez consolidés. Les géopolymères obtenus présentent de faibles valeurs de retrait linéaire de cuisson (inférieure à 0,6 %) et une résistance à la compression qui augmente de la température ambiante (4,9 MPa) jusqu’à 400 °C (8,9 MPa) puis devient constante entre 400 et 500 °C. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de mettre en exergue l’efficacité du paramètre « température » au cours de la synthèse des géopolymères à base de kaolinite
The socio-cultural impact of the introduction of motorbike taxis in the rural community of Tombel, South West region, Cameroon
Get PDF“The socio-cultural impact of the introduction of motorbike taxis in the rural community of Tombel, South West region, Cameroon” seeks to bring out the impact of commercial motorbike taxis on the lifestyle of the Bakossi. The principal objective of this research is to show how the introduction of motorbike taxis has modified the lifestyle of the Tombel population.
This anthropological research defines the profile of a motorbike taxi rider, his role in society, the perception of the population towards this activity and the impact of this activity on the lifestyle of the rural population of Tombel.
This study reveals that motorbike taxi riders are essentially made up of youths from all works of life who earn a living by riding a motorbike taxi on a daily bases for commercial purposes. The revenue earn here goes a long way to sustain the livelihood of the rider and his entourage, becoming an ascension tool into the social ladder. The activity is very dangerous not only for the riders buts also for the passengers because of the risks involved in riding for most of the riders do not have the basic knowledge of the road code. This research also reveals that motorbike taxi has become the preferred means of public transport of most inhabitants of Tombel to the point of monopolising certain destinations. The population of Tombel perceives this activity as an instrument of change that has brought development and progress. But this activity also constitutes a social ill because of the prevalent sexual promiscuity encouraged by the riders. This activity has also gotten a cultural impact on the society, changing perceptions and being involve in rituals. Motorbike taxis have become a force to reckon with in the organisation of the community. They are a “response from below” to the transport crises in Cameroon