Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences
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The Privatization of Social Security in Chile 1980-Present
Get PDFThe following paper is an analysis of Chile’s pension reform from 1980 to today, in 2019. In this paper, the authors analyze the structure, implementation, and transition process of the reform, while also highlighting strengths and identifying weaknesses that can be improved upon. This information can be used to assist Chile in its current pension reform, as well as be used as a potential model for future countries looking to overhaul their pension system.Keywords. Privatization, Social security, Chile.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Low numbers of Covid-19 related infereted individuals in regions having wind resources and energy: A case study
Get PDFAbstract. This paper investigates the relation between diffusion of COVID-19 and wind resources to provide insights on how sustainable policies for energy production can improve ecosystem, reduce environmental pollution, improve public health and prevent future epidemics. Results reveal that cities in regions with high wind energy production have a lower number of infected individuals of COVID-19, whereas polluted cities with less clean production and low production of energy from sustainable resources (i.e., wind) have higher numbers of infected individuals and deaths. These findings underscore the importance of sustainable energy production to support an ecosystem that protects human health and reduces the associated social welfare loss because of the COVID-19 pandemic and future similar infectious diseases.Keywords. COVID-19, Coronavirus, Wind Energy, Wind power plant, Clean energy, Climate, environmental sustainability, sustainable development, Environmental pollution.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Protection of indigenous minority voting rights in the Ethiopian electoral system: The case of Harari National Assembly
Get PDFAbstract. During the time of the election, indigenous minorities face enormous problems and difficulties. At times, their basic democratic rights are not always freely exercised. This paper explores the challenges encountered by one of Ethiopia’s indigenous minorities, the Hararis, during the sixth national election in Ethiopia. A descriptive, qualitative research method was used to investigate the nature of the problem and resolutions came up. Primary data (published legal documents, court cases and formal letters) were collected from various sources. The National Election Board of Ethiopia has inadvertently attempted to prevent the rights of indigenous minority Hararis (living in other parts of the country) from voting for candidates that form the Harari National Assembly. The basic reasons for the National Election Board to do so have no legal justification and are challenged by the federal and regional constitutions, particularly by articles explicitly addressing minorities and Hararis residing outside the Harari region to vote. The final decisions made by the federal cassation court were found to be correct, fair, acceptable, and in concurrence with the federal and regional constitutions. The study found out that the federal and regional constitutions of the country play a prominent role in protecting the rights of minorities to vote.Keywords. Indigenous minorities; Harari National Assembly; Election; National Election Board of Ethiopia; voting rights.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Kidney disease, donation, and transplantation in East Africa
Get PDFAbstract. The burden of kidney failure remains largely underreported in East Africa. Health systems face numerous challenges including a lack of kidney registries, shortages of trained skilled healthcare workers, a lack of diagnostic support, a lack of equipment, and underdeveloped policies to govern the provision of treatment for kidney failure. Kidney transplantation, an effective treatment option against kidney failure, is underused primarily because of its cost and the lack of laws governing it. In this paper, the author discusses the salient issues affecting kidney donation and transplantation in East Africa.Keywords. Risk factors, kidney donation, transplantation, compensation to donors, laws, costs, Uganda, East Africa.JEL. I11, I18
Attitudes towards privacy by design in e-government: Views from the trenches
Get PDFAbstract. In light of increasing public pressure and strict regulation, issues of information security and privacy gain prominence in the e-government domain. A promising approach to ensure data protection is to embrace the Privacy by Design principles and practices in the public sector but this remains a major challenge for practitioners. This article leverages in-depth interviews with e-government stakeholders in Bulgaria to explore their opinions and preferences on data protection issues, thus outlining the main drivers and barriers for Privacy by Design implementations. The key insight is that increasing citizen demands and regulatory oversight engender a change in privacy thinking that defies the current status quo. Limited understanding, scarcity of best practices, legacy systems and insufficient financial and administrative capacity seem to be the main implementation obstacles.Keywords. Privacy by Design, e-government, data protection, personal data.JEL. C80, H10, H11
Effect of crypto currency on the government backed currency
Get PDFAbstract. As international financial systems are becoming political tools to manipulate the exchange of money for good, cryptocurrency, and its potential to avoid the international banking system becomes more popular. Thus, the question becomes what happens to the nation’s monitory system if cryptocurrency’s electronic payment transaction and system replace the current system? Most nation’s central bank controls the financial systems, which affect institutions, rules, regulations, and laws of the land that affect this system. Robinson (2016) suggests money as a commodity in the national scope. International banks use BIC for transferring money with each other. Cryptocurrency, so far, does not need BIC to transfer money from one location to another. Bitcoin, the system is a peer-to-peer internet currency allowing verified, and decentralized transfers of value between individuals and businesses. This article is a short introduction discussing the legacy money and cryptocurrency and the potential of cryptocurrency as a new currency and its possible implications.Keywords. Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Currency, Money, Bitcoin, BIC, SWIFT.JEL. O30, O35, O36
Public-private partnership models for improving electricity generation in Tanzania: The case of independent power producers and Tanzania electric supply company
Get PDFAbstract. Public – Private Partnerships (PPPs) have become a popular global strategy for addressing energy infrastructure challenges. However, the question on which PPPs model works best for a particular project in the range of more than a dozen different models, remains unsettled by different governments of the world. This study examined the necessary conditions for enhancing Public- Private Partnership (PPPs) models for improving electricity generation in Tanzania. Overall, the study findings revealed that, performance of PPPs in electricity generation projects was being hindered by elements such as unpredictable payments guarantee, skewed contracts for PPAs, lack of transparency and fair competition and high costs of electricity. Findings suggests that, the quality of political, economic and social institutions, both formal and informal are important for influencing the functioning of PPPs projects and its economic outcomes. Also, robust and inclusive institutions, the quality of governance structures, laws, rules, regulations, and policies as well as the accepted norms and customs, predict the best outcomes. The reverse is equally true. In addition, rent seeking activities decrease appreciably as institutional competence improves accordingly as well as the capacity of the state to regulate activities of private investors.Keywords. Public – Private –Partnerships, Independent Power Producers, electricity generation projects, Tanzania.JEL. ???????????????
