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Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of hibiscus tiliaceus l. leaves from different extraction methods against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Get PDFThe leaves of sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) are known to have good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which is associated with the saponin, flavonoid, polyphenol, and tannin contents. Chemical compounds in plant extracts are, however, influenced by the extraction method used. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves obtained using four different extraction methods against E. coli and S. aureus. In the maceration, percolation, reflux, or Soxhlet method, 200 g of the crude drug (i.e., dried sea hibiscus leaf powder) was extracted with 96% ethanol, and the derived extract was tested at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% concentrations. The disk diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity by observing and statistically analyzing the diameter of the zones of inhibition. Results showed that all the ethanol extracts have antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus,with the maceration-produced extract forming significantly different zones of inhibition from the other methods (percolation, reflux, and the Soxhlet) at all concentrations
The Citrus sinensis peel extract’s increase HDL and reduce LDL levels in cigarette smoke-induced Rats
Get PDFBackground: Cigarette smoke contains various oxidative substances that can cause oxidative stress and can cause changes in the lipid profile especially in HDL and LDL. Oxidative stress changes can be inhibited by the administration of antioxidants from sweet orange peel which is expected to improve lipid profile. Objective: to find out the effect of sweet orange extract on changes in HDL and LDL levels.Method: Experimental research with pre and posttest group control design. The subjects were 25 white rats (Rattus novergicus) divided into five groups: negative, positive, dose 1 (37,5 mg / kgBW), dose 2 (75 mg / kgBW) and dose 3 (112,5 mg / KgBW) with each group consisting of 5 rats.Results: Statistic analysis of pretest and posttest HLD and LDL levels showed different mean (p = 0,043) for all groups. The highest difference in HDL levels was in the positive control group (37.55 mg / dL) and the lowest in the negative control group (2.66 mg / dL). The highest difference of LDL level was in positive control group (53,57 mg / dL) and lowest in negative control group (3,26 mg / dL). Conclusion: The results of this study can be concluded that the administration of sweet orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis) can inhibit the decrease in HDL cholesterol and increased levels of LDL in white rats (Rattus novergicus) induced by cigarette smoke
Antioxidant compounds and activity from the leaf of the mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) on Duku plant (Lansium domesticum Corr.)
Get PDFMistletoes or benalu in Indonesia is a parasitic plant that can live on a variety of hosts. In this study determined the antioxidant activity of mistletoes living on Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) was Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. The aim of the study determine antioxidant activity used n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol water fractions, and determine the compound groups and the IC50 values. The research methods used were extraction by maceration, fractionation by liquid fractionation method, isolation by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and column chromatography, and antioxidant activity test with DPPH. The results showed that the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions which had antioxidant activity and the methanol fraction were inactive. From the n-hexane fraction, the isolates NH.1 and NH.3 were obtained, the former of which belongs to terpenoids, while the latter belongs to flavonoids. From the ethyl acetate fraction, the isolate EA.3, which also belongs to flavonoids, was obtained. The isolate NH.1 has an IC50 value of 151.35 g/mL with weak antioxidant activity, while the isolate NH.3 has 96.64 g/mL, and EA.3 has 78.37 g/mL with moderate antioxidant activity
Effect of Papaya flower ethanolic extract (Carica Papaya) on the time kill of tetracyclin against Escherichia Coli
Get PDFPapaya (Carica papaya) is found throughout Indonesia. Papaya flowers contain saponin, tannin, alkaloid, and flavonoid compounds which functions as antibacterial. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod bacteria that could be found in the human large intestine as a cause of diarrhea. The study aimed to determine the effect of papaya flower extract and a combination of papaya flower extract with tetracycline antibiotics using the smallest concentration capable of inhibiting 50% of bacterial growth against Escherichia coli bacteria ATCC 25922 using the time-kill test method. This study was the method of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and time-kill. The MIC of the ethanol extract of papaya flower was 2 mg/mL. The time-kill test showed that the death phase was occurred at 4 - 24 hours. The bacteriostatic effect of the extract was obtained at 0 hours to 24 hours, while the antibiotic and its combination with the extracts had a bactericidal effect at 8 hours and 24 hours
Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Indonesian mangosteen peel extract in dyslipidemia-induced rats
No full textDyslipidemia, is due to an increase in blood lipid levels, which include cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein. Dyslipidemia is expected to remain as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetic and atherosclerosis. Mangosteen is an antioxidant agent that can exhibit a potential free radical scavenging property and protected oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. The aim of this research was to determine hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of mangosteen peel extract (MPE) in dyslipidemia rats. Lipid profile including cholesterol total (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) of dyslipidemia rats were measured using photometric method. Rats were fed cholesterol for 4 weeks until rats were indicated dyslipidemia. After rats suffered dyslipidemia, the high cholesterol feed was stopped and rats were given mangosteen peel extract 1000; 500; 250 mg/Kg body weight (bw) daily for 14 days (first treatment) and 28 days (second treatment), negative control (normal feed), and positive control (dyslipidemia rats). MDA plasma level also was measured. The CHOL, TG, LDL and HDL of dyslipidemia rats remarkable decreased after treated by 1000 mg/Kg mangosteen peel extract. After 28 days of treatment, the CHOL, TG and LDL were critically declined by 1000 mg/Kg mangosteen peel extract. MDA plasma level showed decreased in all treatments after 28 days of treatment. The dyslipidemia rats treated by mangosteen peel extract showed hypolipidemic activity, according to decreased level of lipid profile including cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL. The MDA level can also be decreased by mangosteen peel extract by increasing the concentration
In silico study: secondary metabolites from malay apple (Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) as potential breast cancer treatments
Get PDFBreast cancer has the highest prevalence of all cancers. Breast cancer has overtaken lung cancer as the leading cause of global cancer incidence in 2020, accounting for 2,261,419 new cases, or 11.7% of all new cancer cases worldwide. Among the efforts that can be done are efforts to find breast cancer medications that are safe and selective for the treatment and prevention of cancer, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. The Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry) is one plant that has been extensively examined and proved to have an antiproliferative effect. The pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic approach was conducted on 155 active compounds of Malay apple to alpha and beta estrogen receptors. According on the results of ER-lamda docking, numerous substances have binding free energy values less than 4-OHT yet are not bound to important amino acids, as the result, it is not continued to the next test. On other side, with a fit score of 45.81, rutin was potentially selective for ER-beta receptors, molecular docking to ER-beta obtained that rutin was predicted to have breast cancer activity with a free binding energy value of -10.6 kcal /mol with better conformation and affinity compared to native ligand (genistein), and bound to essential amino acids as anticancer breast at ARG 346, GLU 305, and molecular dynamics simulations show that the compound has good stability when binding to the receptor. In silico toxicity prediction from rutin showed outcomes that match the requirements for the candidate drug. However, because it does not match the ADME prediction and Lipinsky's rule of five, rutin must be optimalization to improve its pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profile before it can be further explored as a therapeutic option for the treatment of breast cancer that targets the ER- receptor
Development of transdermal patch preparations binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) and antihyperglycemia test in rats
Get PDFBinahong leaves are plants that have great potential as antihyperglycemics, and have chemical content including triterpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins. However, the development of binahong leaves in pharmaceutical preparations is still very lacking. Objectives of this study are knowing the transdermal patch formulation of binahong leaf extract (BLE) produces good physical properties and the development of BLE transdermal patches with different extract concentrations may blood glucose lower (BGL) levels in glucose-induced mice. This study uses a single-layer patch because it has the advantage of being able to penetrate faster and is suitable for compounds that have solubility in polar solvents. The research began with the extraction of binahong leaves, then formulated a transdermal BLE patch using a formula that includes HPMC (polymer), glycerol (plasticizer), oleic acid (enhancer) and tween 80 (enhancer). Diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats, negative control group (glucose + placebo), positive control group (glucose + insulin), FI group (glucose+ transdermal patch BLE 30%), and FII group (glucose + transdermal patch BLE 47%). BGL measurements are carried out on the 0th, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days. The physical characterization carried out includes organoleptic, weight uniformity, thickness, pH, folding resistance, and moisture content, obtained FI and FII results that meet the requirements set out by each test standard. BGL (mg/dL) from day 1 to day 7 decreased in each group, positive control (68.8±3.76), negative control (112.5±6.89), FI (81.0±4.04), and FII (72.33±5.12). Based on the statistical results of the T-test on the physical evaluation of BLE transdermal patch preparations of FI and FII there were significant differences in weight and thickness uniformity, but there were no significant differences in pH, folding power, and humidity tests. The administration of a 47% BLE transdermal patch provides a faster but insignificant BGL reduction effect compared to the 30% BLE FI transdermal patch
Proper practice Of unused medicine disposal: opinions of patients at puskesmas 1 Umbulharjo Yogyakarta
No full textManagement of unused medicines needs to be done correctly otherwise it will pose negative impacts on health and environment. The purpose of the study is to find out the opinion of patients and whether there is a relationship between demographic characteristics and opinions about patient's disposal practices of unused drugs. This type of research is an analytical observational with cross sectional approach. The number of samples determined by the Lameshow formula obtained a total sample of 96 patients. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling. The research sample was patients who visited Umbulharjo 1 public health center who met the inclusion criteria within the period of March-June 2022. The research instrument was data collection sheet, and data analysis was completed using the chi-square test. Regarding respondents’ opinions on unused medicine disposal practice, results show that most patients return unused drugs to health workers (46.9%). There is a significant relationship between gender and disposal practice methods namely keeping unused medicine at home (p=0.002) and giving it to the patients’ relatives (p=0.049). In addition, there is a significant relationship between educational history and the method of keeping unused medicine at home (p = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that many patients return unused drugs to health workers for as many as 45 patients (46.9%). There is a relationship between gender demographic characteristics and educational history with opinions about the practice of unused drug disposal
Analysis of soft gelatin capsule with real-time polymerase chain reaction for halal autenthication
Get PDFHalal medicine is an interesting topic to always discuss because it is a priority choice for Muslim consumers, one of which is halal capsules. Currently, molecular biology techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reactions are rapidly developing, including for the analysis of non-halal components based on DNA sequences. This study aimed to validate the quantitative PCR method for identifying DNA in gelatin-based products and to apply the confirmation method designed for capsule samples on the market circulating in Yogyakarta to prove the halalness of these samples. Validation of the porcine DNA detection analysis method on standard extraction of porcine gelatin using primer pairs obtained in previous studies. Validated methods are used for testing market capsule shells. The qPCR method using D-loop primers is specifically capable of amplifying porcine gelatin DNA up to a concentration of 0.5 pg/µL, with a CV value in the amplification response of porcine gelatin DNA isolates (1000 pg/µL) of 0.85% which meets the test criteria using the PCR. Three samples of commercial soft capsules tested gave a positive amplification response, meaning that the samples tested contained porcine DNA, and one negative sample, which probably had non-porcine gelatin. The application of this method is also very useful for ensuring the authenticity of the capsule shell, especially from cross-contamination and counterfeiting.
Repurposing drugs in endometrial cancer using genomic variants database
Get PDFEndometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most frequent gynecological cancers, and its incidence and mortality rates have increased over the last decade. Cytotoxic therapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel is the recommended first-line treatment for EC patients. However, the options for following therapy are limited. The latest advances in molecular studies have uncovered the nature of genetic alterations in EC, compelling methods for further research into the treatment of EC since they may disclose to tailored pharmacological therapy. The aim of this study to identify novel drug candidates in treating EC using genomics variants and biological pathway. The genomic variants of EC were downloaded from cBioportal database. We established connection between the biological EC risk genes from cBioportal database and the DrugBank database. Finally, we used Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis to identify possible drugs whose mechanisms coincided with therapeutic targets and rank them based on the scoring system. We identified novel potential candidate drugs for EC, they are Bosutinib and Nilutamide which exhibit robust scores in the CMap analysis compare to paclitaxel. We also discovered BCR-ABL1 and AR as potential biomarker-driven therapy in EC. This study demonstrates the possibility of using genetic network analysis combined with bioinformatics to repurpose drugs for the treatment of EC. Further study will investigate the mechanisms of using BCR-ABL1 and AR targeting in the treatment of EC