Pharmaciana
Not a member yet
486 research outputs found
Sort by
Antioxidant activity, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Muntingia calabura L. Extracts
Get PDFMuntingia calabura L. leaves were contained alkaloids, saponins, phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin. Phenolic and flavonoids compound had antioxidant activity. The present study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves and its fractions. Muntingia calabura L. leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and then evaporated until ethanol extract was obtained. The ethanol extract was dissolved into water and then partitioned with n hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain the n hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Determination of antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions was performed by free radical capture measurement method by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro. Vitamin C was used as a positive control with IC50 value of        25.74 µg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the colorimetric method using standard gallic acid for total phenolics and standard quercetin for flavonoid content. The results showed that ethyl acetat fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 79.37 μg/mL value compared to n hexane fraction (101.36 μg/mL), ethanol extract (126.47 μg/mL), and water fraction (129.85 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction contains the highest total phenolic of 510.57 mg GAE/g extract compared to ethanol extract (311.10 mg GAE/g extract), water fraction (292.74 mg GAE/g) extract, and n hexane fraction (103.95 mg GAE/g extract). The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest flavonoid content of 76.32 mg QE/g extract compared to ethanol extract (39.63 mg QE/g extract), water fraction (14.29 mg QE/g extract) and n hexane fraction (3.30 mg QE/g extract). Total phenolic and total flavonoid levels were positively correlated with antioxidant activit
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer to the flavonoid content of red amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus L.)
No full textABSTRACT Red amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus L.) is a vegetable that has been frequently consumed. The red color in red spinach leaves due to the anthocyanin that is included in the flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds are very usefull to the health, such as antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial. Biosynthesis of flavonoids in the plant is influenced by environmental factors, one of which is a nutrient that is nitrogen. This study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the content of flavonoids in Red amaranth leaves. The results of this study are expected to provide information to the public about the optimal nitrogen fertilizer to increase the levels of flavonoids in Red amaranth leaves. In this research, red amaranth seed planting with the addition of nitrogen fertilizers of different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) from week 1 through week 5. The leaves are harvested to extract and analyze the content of flavonoids. The parameters measured were the growth of a Red amaranth plant height, number of leaves and leaf width; and levels of flavonoids with aluminum chloride method. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increases the growth and flavonoids in Red amaranth.Keywords: red amaranth, nitrogen fertilizer, flavonoid
Aktivitas imunostimulan ekstrak bawang putih tunggal pada mencit yang diinduksi Escherichia coli
Get PDFABSTRAK Bawang putih tunggal telah banyak digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional salah satunya untuk meningkatkan stamina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak bawang putih tunggal sebagai imunostimulan melalui pengujian aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis makrofag serta berat limpa mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinduksi dengan bakteri Escherichia coli. Mencit jantan (Balb-C, umur 12 minggu, BB 20 ± 5 g) diberi ekstrak bawang putih tunggal selama 28 hari berturut-turut dengan dosis ekstrak bawang putih tunggal N 0%, P1 0,25%, P2 0,5%, P3 1%, dan P4 2%. Pada hari ke 29, mencit diinduksi dengan bakteri E.coli yang diberikan secara intraperitoneal (1 ml, 1,5 x 105 cfu/ml). Aktivitas fagositosis makrofag dihitung dari sediaan apusan cairan peritoneum. Ekstrak bawang putih tunggal meningkatkan jumlah dan kapasitas makrofag aktif secara nyata pada perlakuan P2, P3, dan P4 (p=0,000;α=0,05) dengan berat limpa yang berbeda secara signifikan (p=0,000;α=0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin tinggi ekstrak bawang putih tunggal yang diberikan maka semakin tinggi pula aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis makrofagnya dengan berat limpa yang semakin kecil. Kata kunci: bawang putih tunggal, fagositosis makrofag, imunostimulan. ABSTRACT Single garlic has been used as traditional medicine for increasing stamina. This research aim to knew the effect of single garlic as immunostimulant through activity and capacity fagocyte of macrophag test and mice weight spleen that induced by E.coli. Male mice (Balb-C, 12 weeks old, weight 20 ± 5 g) has been given sigle garlic extract for 28th days with various dosage (N 0%, P1 0,25%, P2 0,5%, P3 1%, and P4 2%). on day 29, mice ware induced by E.coli through intraperitoneal injection (1 ml, 1,5 x 105 cfu/ml). Fagocyte activity of macrophag counting by peritoneum liquid smear. Single garlic extract increase amount and capacity active macrophage in P2, P3, and P4 (p=0,000;α=0,05) with significant various spleen weight (p=0,000;α=0,05). The result show that the higher sigle garlic extract can make higer activity and capacity fagocyte of macrophag with lower spleen weight. Keywords: single garlic, macrophag, immunostimulant
Effectiveness of banana leaves extract (Musa paradisiaca L.) for wound healing
Get PDFBanana leaves (Musa Paradisiaca, L.) has not been widely used in the treatment purpose of this study was to examine the wound healing activity of the gel of banana leaves (Musa paradiasiaca L.) and determine the most effective concentration for wound healing.Target research is to provide natural wound treatment alternatives. The method used is eksperimental.Prosedur research study began with the identification of a banana leaf, banana leaf extraction, formulation of banana leaf extract gel with a concentration of 1%, 5%, 10% and testing to the test animals were harmed .Animal test are grouped into 5 groups the negative control group (base gel), a positive control (bioplacenton), and 3 groups treatment. Measuring of diameter wound on day-1 through day 7. The observation was tested by using ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD. ANOVA test results showed a significant difference between the mean percentage of wound healing all groups Treatment .The result of Post hoc Tukey HSD at the 95% confidence level showed significant differences in the negative control group when compared to the positive control group and the treatment group gel 5% and 10% .It indicates that the positive control, gel 5% and 10% have a wound healing effect. Positive control group compared with the group treated gel 5% and 10% showed significant differences that the average value of the percentage of wound healing is higher than the positive control treatment group. It means the difference meant that the positive control has better activity. While the group gel 5% when compared with the 10% gel group no significant difference in this case means the group gel 5% with 10% having a comparable effectiveness of wound healing
Pengaruh metode penyarian terhadap kadar alkaloid total daun jembirit (Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa. BL) dengan metode spektrofotometri visibel
Get PDFOne of the plants which contain the alkaloid is a plant jembirit (Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa BL. ).Sap and leaves from this plants have been used to treat skin diseases and sprain. Alkaloid from jembirit plants showed potent cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell. The goal of this research is to find out the influence of the extraction method against the level of total alkaloid jembirit leaves.Jembirit leaves were extracted by maceration method and extraction with Soxhlet apparatus used ethanol 70 % as a solvent . Standardization of extracts conducted by test of ash content, test of drying shrinkage, and extract yield. Qualitative analysis conducted by alkaloid test. Determination of total alkaloid was analyzed with visible spectrophotometry method using Bromocresol green as complexing agent. The results showed that jembirit leaves contained alkaloid compounds. The determination resulted the levels of total alkaloid of maceration was 0.727% ± 0.0032, levels of total alkaloid extraction with Soxhlet apparatus was 0.666% ± 0.0022. The stastitical analysis showed significance differences of total alkaloid levels between maceration method and extraction with Soxhlet apparatus viewed from siginificancy value (0.001<0.005)
Hubungan kualitas hidup dan persepsi pasien tentang penyakit diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dengan komplikasi
Get PDFKualitas hidup merupakan acuan penilaian outcome pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Kualitas hidup pasien DMT2 dapat semakin menurun akibat komplikasi yang menyertainya. Aspek penting dalam pertimbangan intervensi peningkatan kualitas hidup adalah persepsi tentang penyakit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk pengaruh persepsi tentang penyakit terhadap kualitas hidup pasien DMT2 dengan komplikasi.Studi potong lintang terhadap populasi terjangkau berlangsung selama Juli-September 2015 di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul. Kuesioner Short Form-36 digunakan untuk mengukur kualitas hidup dan Brief-Illness Perceptions Questionnaire untuk persepsi tentang penyakit. Analisis uji T dan Anova satu jalan dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kualitas hidup dan persepsi tentang penyakit berdasarkan karakteristik dasar pasien (jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, kadar gula darah sewaktu, tekanan darah, dan durasi diabetes), dan pengaruh persepsi tentang penyakit terhadap kualitas hidup.Penelitian melibatkan 51 pasien DMT2 dengan komplikasi. Subyek dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah memiliki peran fisik yang lebih buruk daripada subyek dengan pendidikan menengah dan tinggi (p=0,049). Persepsi subyek yang positif dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup pada aspek; peran fisik (p=0,032), vitalitas (p=0,032), kesehatan mental (p=0,001), dan fungsi sosial (p=0,037).           Kualitas hidup pasien DMT2 dengan komplikasi dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendidikan dan persepsi tentang penyakit
Gambaran pelaksanaan swamedikasi dan pendapat konsumen apotek mengenai konseling obat tanpa resep di wilayah Bantul
Get PDFPenggunaan obat tanpa resep dalam upaya swamedikasi telah dilakukan secara luas oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai kondisi penyakit ringan. Obat-obat yang sering digunakan dalam swamedikasi pada umumnya termasuk ke dalam golongan obat tanpa resep. Perilaku masyarakat daam swamedikasi dipengaruhi beberapa hal salah satunya kemudahan mengakses berbagai informasi mengenai obat, dan juga merupakan salah satu pertimbangan konsumen dalam pemilihan obat. . Perkembangan konsep “Pelayanan Kefarmasian†berarti Apoteker secara langsung bertanggung jawab pada pasien dalam peningkatkan mutu pelayanan sehingga Apoteker memiliki kewajiban dalam pemberian informasi yang benar terkait penggunaan obat-obat tanpa resep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pendapat konsumen apotek mengenaikonseling obat tandap resep dan gambaran pelaksanaan swamedikasi di wilayah bantul. Rancangan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode penelitian survei secara langsung menggunakan kuesioner dan lembar observasi. Penentuan sampel apotek dan pasien dilakukan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga golongan obat yang paling banyak dibeli dalam pelaksanaan swamedikasi adalah analgesik antipiretik (28,8%), vitamin/suplemen (19,3%), dan obat batuk pilek (15,1%). Sebagian besar konsumen telah mengetahui aturan pemakaian obat (71%0, dan Apoteker merupakan faktor pertimbangan dalam pemilihan obat (34%). Sebanyak 95,7% konsumen mengaku membaca label obat pada saat pertama kali pembelian (95,7%). Pendapat konsumen mengenai konseling yaitu bahwa sebagian besar memerlukan adanya konseling obat tanpa resep (89%), sebanyak 24,8% pernah mendapatkan konseling obat tanpa resep dengan durasi konseling 1-5 menit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Gambaran pelaksanaan swamedikasi obat tanpa resep di Wilayah Bantul menunjukkan bahwa golongan obat tanpa resep yang paling banyak dibeli adalah analgesik antipiretik. Pelaksanaan swamedikasi obat tanpa resep di wilayah Bantul sudah dilakukan dengan baik, ditunjukkan dengan sebagian besar konsumen pernah mendapatkan konseling dengan durasi 1-5 menit. Konsumen juga merasa perlu mendapatkan konseling obat tanpa resep oleh Apoteker
Antiobesity and antihypercholesterolemic effects of white tea (Camellia sinensis) infusion on high-fat diet induced obese rats
Get PDFObesity may cause the lipid metabolisms disorder so that a risk factor for hypercholesterolemic. Catechin and epigallocatechin gallate in white tea potentially inhibit lipase activity. Caffeine compounds and catechin derivatives have a role as antihypercholesterolemic. The objective of this study was to explore antiobesity and antihypercholesterolemic activity from white tea infusions to lipase and total cholesterol in rats model fed a high-fat-diet. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups. Negative control group was administered with distilled water. The positive control group was administered with orlistat dose 14.2 mg/kgBW. Group 3rd, 4th, and 5th were treated with white tea infussion doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kgBW/day, respectivelly. period and feed intake was calculated daily during the treatment. White tea doses of 500 mg/kgBW decrease the total cholesterol by 37.16±11 mg/dL, lipase level of 23.70±0.64 U/L, weight up to 3.53±1.21 g/day and decrease feed intake by 12.71±1.76 g/day. The infusion of white tea can decrease total cholesterol level, lipase level, body weight and feed intake. This study concluded that infusion of white tea has antiobesity and antihypercholesterolemic effect on rats fed high-fat-diet
Analytical method validation and determination of dexamethasone in divided powder using reverse phase HPLC
Get PDFDexamethasone as glucocorticoids has been widely used to reduce inflammation and tissue damage in a variety of conditions. It was commonly prescribed in combination with the other compounds such as chlorpheniramine maleate for the relief of asthma. It was important to observe the quality and safety of the combination dosage form, called pulveres or puyer in order to serve the patient oriented medication. This research aimed to develop analytical method validation and determine the content uniformity of the divided powder containing dexamethasone compounded by pharmacy in Yogyakarta and hospital in Central Java, Indonesia. A validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was chosen to determine dexamethasone in the samples. The column of ACE 5 C18 (250 x 4.6 mm) was used in this research and the methanol:water (65:35) was used as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The UV detection was performed at 239 nm. Analytical method validation was performed on the parameters of system suitability, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and linearity. The results showed that dexamethasone contains in divided powder compounded by pharmacy in Yogyakarta and hospital in Central Java were met the acceptance requirement. Â
Effect of Sargassum polycystum extract on liver and kidney of diabetic rats
Get PDFHyperglycemia has been known able to incuce the free radical formation. The reactivity of free radical can affect the dysfunction and structural adjustment on liver and kidney of the diabetic. Polyphenol is bioactive that able to ameliorate the reactivity of free radical. This substance is also contained in brown seaweed.One of brown seaweeds that found on the Indonesia waters is Sargassum polycystum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the S. polycystum extract (SPE) to reduce the damage of the function and structure of liver and kidney in diabetic rats. SPE was obtained by drying, milling, extraction by methanol, concentrating, degassing by nitrogen gas, and finally freeze-drying, respectively. The male of rat strain Wistar was induced to diabetic by streptozotocin. This study was divided into four groups, i.e., normal, diabetic, diabetic + gliclazide and diabetic + SPE, respectively. The treatments of this experiment were executed for 45 days. The polyphenol content, malondialdehyde level, SGPT and SGOT levels, and creatinine levels were measured by the spectrophotometer, the blood glucose level was quantified by glucometer, and the insulin content was determined by ELISA method. The altering of the tissue structure was analyzed by staining method of hematoxylin and eosin. The result showed that the treatment of SPE on diabetic rats able to reduce the blood glucose level, malondialdehyde level of liver, and kidney, SGPT and SGOT level of liver, creatinine level of blood, and increase of insulin level and improve the liver, and kidney tissue profiles, respectively. These results indicate that SPE can reduce the destruction of structure and function on liver and kidney of the diabetics.Â